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NAME
capget, capset - set/get capabilities of thread(s)
LIBRARY
Standard C library (libc, -lc)
SYNOPSIS
#include <linux/capability.h> /* Definition of CAP_* and
_LINUX_CAPABILITY_* constants */
#include <sys/syscall.h> /* Definition of SYS_* constants */
#include <unistd.h>
int syscall(SYS_capget, cap_user_header_t hdrp,
cap_user_data_t datap);
int syscall(SYS_capset, cap_user_header_t hdrp,
const cap_user_data_t datap);
Note: glibc provides no wrappers for these system calls, necessitating the use of syscall(2).
DESCRIPTION
These two system calls are the raw kernel interface for getting and setting thread capabilities. Not
only are these system calls specific to Linux, but the kernel API is likely to change and use of these
system calls (in particular the format of the cap_user_*_t types) is subject to extension with each
kernel revision, but old programs will keep working.
The portable interfaces are cap_set_proc(3) and cap_get_proc(3); if possible, you should use those
interfaces in applications; see NOTES.
Current details
Now that you have been warned, some current kernel details. The structures are defined as follows.
#define _LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION_1 0x19980330
#define _LINUX_CAPABILITY_U32S_1 1
/* V2 added in Linux 2.6.25; deprecated */
#define _LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION_2 0x20071026
#define _LINUX_CAPABILITY_U32S_2 2
/* V3 added in Linux 2.6.26 */
#define _LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION_3 0x20080522
#define _LINUX_CAPABILITY_U32S_3 2
typedef struct __user_cap_header_struct {
__u32 version;
int pid;
} *cap_user_header_t;
typedef struct __user_cap_data_struct {
__u32 effective;
__u32 permitted;
__u32 inheritable;
} *cap_user_data_t;
The effective, permitted, and inheritable fields are bit masks of the capabilities defined in
capabilities(7). Note that the CAP_* values are bit indexes and need to be bit-shifted before ORing into
the bit fields. To define the structures for passing to the system call, you have to use the struct
__user_cap_header_struct and struct __user_cap_data_struct names because the typedefs are only pointers.
Kernels prior to Linux 2.6.25 prefer 32-bit capabilities with version _LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION_1. Linux
2.6.25 added 64-bit capability sets, with version _LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION_2. There was, however, an
API glitch, and Linux 2.6.26 added _LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION_3 to fix the problem.
Note that 64-bit capabilities use datap[0] and datap[1], whereas 32-bit capabilities use only datap[0].
On kernels that support file capabilities (VFS capabilities support), these system calls behave slightly
differently. This support was added as an option in Linux 2.6.24, and became fixed (nonoptional) in
Linux 2.6.33.
For capget() calls, one can probe the capabilities of any process by specifying its process ID with the
hdrp->pid field value.
For details on the data, see capabilities(7).
With VFS capabilities support
VFS capabilities employ a file extended attribute (see xattr(7)) to allow capabilities to be attached to
executables. This privilege model obsoletes kernel support for one process asynchronously setting the
capabilities of another. That is, on kernels that have VFS capabilities support, when calling capset(),
the only permitted values for hdrp->pid are 0 or, equivalently, the value returned by gettid(2).
Without VFS capabilities support
On older kernels that do not provide VFS capabilities support capset() can, if the caller has the
CAP_SETPCAP capability, be used to change not only the caller's own capabilities, but also the
capabilities of other threads. The call operates on the capabilities of the thread specified by the pid
field of hdrp when that is nonzero, or on the capabilities of the calling thread if pid is 0. If pid
refers to a single-threaded process, then pid can be specified as a traditional process ID; operating on
a thread of a multithreaded process requires a thread ID of the type returned by gettid(2). For
capset(), pid can also be: -1, meaning perform the change on all threads except the caller and init(1);
or a value less than -1, in which case the change is applied to all members of the process group whose ID
is -pid.
RETURN VALUE
On success, zero is returned. On error, -1 is returned, and errno is set to indicate the error.
The calls fail with the error EINVAL, and set the version field of hdrp to the kernel preferred value of
_LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION_? when an unsupported version value is specified. In this way, one can probe
what the current preferred capability revision is.
ERRORS
EFAULT Bad memory address. hdrp must not be NULL. datap may be NULL only when the user is trying to
determine the preferred capability version format supported by the kernel.
EINVAL One of the arguments was invalid.
EPERM An attempt was made to add a capability to the permitted set, or to set a capability in the
effective set that is not in the permitted set.
EPERM An attempt was made to add a capability to the inheritable set, and either:
• that capability was not in the caller's bounding set; or
• the capability was not in the caller's permitted set and the caller lacked the CAP_SETPCAP
capability in its effective set.
EPERM The caller attempted to use capset() to modify the capabilities of a thread other than itself, but
lacked sufficient privilege. For kernels supporting VFS capabilities, this is never permitted.
For kernels lacking VFS support, the CAP_SETPCAP capability is required. (A bug in kernels before
Linux 2.6.11 meant that this error could also occur if a thread without this capability tried to
change its own capabilities by specifying the pid field as a nonzero value (i.e., the value
returned by getpid(2)) instead of 0.)
ESRCH No such thread.
STANDARDS
Linux.
NOTES
The portable interface to the capability querying and setting functions is provided by the libcap library
and is available here:
⟨http://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/morgan/libcap.git⟩
SEE ALSO
clone(2), gettid(2), capabilities(7)