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NAME

     tcp — Internet Transmission Control Protocol

SYNOPSIS

     #include <sys/types.h>
     #include <sys/socket.h>
     #include <netinet/in.h>
     #include <netinet/tcp.h>

     int
     socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);

DESCRIPTION

     The TCP protocol provides reliable, flow-controlled, two-way transmission of data.  It is a
     byte-stream protocol used to support the SOCK_STREAM abstraction.  TCP uses the standard
     Internet address format and, in addition, provides a per-host collection of “port
     addresses”.  Thus, each address is composed of an Internet address specifying the host and
     network, with a specific TCP port on the host identifying the peer entity.

     Sockets utilizing the TCP protocol are either “active” or “passive”.  Active sockets
     initiate connections to passive sockets.  By default, TCP sockets are created active; to
     create a passive socket, the listen(2) system call must be used after binding the socket
     with the bind(2) system call.  Only passive sockets may use the accept(2) call to accept
     incoming connections.  Only active sockets may use the connect(2) call to initiate
     connections.

     Passive sockets may “underspecify” their location to match incoming connection requests from
     multiple networks.  This technique, termed “wildcard addressing”, allows a single server to
     provide service to clients on multiple networks.  To create a socket which listens on all
     networks, the Internet address INADDR_ANY must be bound.  The TCP port may still be
     specified at this time; if the port is not specified, the system will assign one.  Once a
     connection has been established, the socket's address is fixed by the peer entity's
     location.  The address assigned to the socket is the address associated with the network
     interface through which packets are being transmitted and received.  Normally, this address
     corresponds to the peer entity's network.

     TCP supports a number of socket options which can be set with setsockopt(2) and tested with
     getsockopt(2):

     TCP_INFO          Information about a socket's underlying TCP session may be retrieved by
                       passing the read-only option TCP_INFO to getsockopt(2).  It accepts a
                       single argument: a pointer to an instance of struct tcp_info.

                       This API is subject to change; consult the source to determine which
                       fields are currently filled out by this option.  FreeBSD specific
                       additions include send window size, receive window size, and bandwidth-
                       controlled window space.

     TCP_CCALGOOPT     Set or query congestion control algorithm specific parameters.  See
                       mod_cc(4) for details.

     TCP_CONGESTION    Select or query the congestion control algorithm that TCP will use for the
                       connection.  See mod_cc(4) for details.

     TCP_FUNCTION_BLK  Select or query the set of functions that TCP will use for this
                       connection.  This allows a user to select an alternate TCP stack.  The
                       alternate TCP stack must already be loaded in the kernel.  To list the
                       available TCP stacks, see functions_available in the MIB Variables section
                       further down.  To list the default TCP stack, see functions_default in the
                       MIB Variables section.

     TCP_KEEPINIT      This setsockopt(2) option accepts a per-socket timeout argument of u_int
                       in seconds, for new, non-established TCP connections.  For the global
                       default in milliseconds see keepinit in the MIB Variables section further
                       down.

     TCP_KEEPIDLE      This setsockopt(2) option accepts an argument of u_int for the amount of
                       time, in seconds, that the connection must be idle before keepalive probes
                       (if enabled) are sent for the connection of this socket.  If set on a
                       listening socket, the value is inherited by the newly created socket upon
                       accept(2).  For the global default in milliseconds see keepidle in the MIB
                       Variables section further down.

     TCP_KEEPINTVL     This setsockopt(2) option accepts an argument of u_int to set the per-
                       socket interval, in seconds, between keepalive probes sent to a peer.  If
                       set on a listening socket, the value is inherited by the newly created
                       socket upon accept(2).  For the global default in milliseconds see
                       keepintvl in the MIB Variables section further down.

     TCP_KEEPCNT       This setsockopt(2) option accepts an argument of u_int and allows a per-
                       socket tuning of the number of probes sent, with no response, before the
                       connection will be dropped.  If set on a listening socket, the value is
                       inherited by the newly created socket upon accept(2).  For the global
                       default see the keepcnt in the MIB Variables section further down.

     TCP_NODELAY       Under most circumstances, TCP sends data when it is presented; when
                       outstanding data has not yet been acknowledged, it gathers small amounts
                       of output to be sent in a single packet once an acknowledgement is
                       received.  For a small number of clients, such as window systems that send
                       a stream of mouse events which receive no replies, this packetization may
                       cause significant delays.  The boolean option TCP_NODELAY defeats this
                       algorithm.

     TCP_MAXSEG        By default, a sender- and receiver-TCP will negotiate among themselves to
                       determine the maximum segment size to be used for each connection.  The
                       TCP_MAXSEG option allows the user to determine the result of this
                       negotiation, and to reduce it if desired.

     TCP_NOOPT         TCP usually sends a number of options in each packet, corresponding to
                       various TCP extensions which are provided in this implementation.  The
                       boolean option TCP_NOOPT is provided to disable TCP option use on a per-
                       connection basis.

     TCP_NOPUSH        By convention, the sender-TCP will set the “push” bit, and begin
                       transmission immediately (if permitted) at the end of every user call to
                       write(2) or writev(2).  When this option is set to a non-zero value, TCP
                       will delay sending any data at all until either the socket is closed, or
                       the internal send buffer is filled.

     TCP_MD5SIG        This option enables the use of MD5 digests (also known as TCP-MD5) on
                       writes to the specified socket.  Outgoing traffic is digested; digests on
                       incoming traffic are verified.  When this option is enabled on a socket,
                       all inbound and outgoing TCP segments must be signed with MD5 digests.

                       One common use for this in a FreeBSD router deployment is to enable based
                       routers to interwork with Cisco equipment at peering points.  Support for
                       this feature conforms to RFC 2385.

                       In order for this option to function correctly, it is necessary for the
                       administrator to add a tcp-md5 key entry to the system's security
                       associations database (SADB) using the setkey(8) utility.  This entry can
                       only be specified on a per-host basis at this time.

                       If an SADB entry cannot be found for the destination, the system does not
                       send any outgoing segments and drops any inbound segments.

                       Each dropped segment is taken into account in the TCP protocol statistics.

     The option level for the setsockopt(2) call is the protocol number for TCP, available from
     getprotobyname(3), or IPPROTO_TCP.  All options are declared in <netinet/tcp.h>.

     Options at the IP transport level may be used with TCP; see ip(4).  Incoming connection
     requests that are source-routed are noted, and the reverse source route is used in
     responding.

     The default congestion control algorithm for TCP is cc_newreno(4).  Other congestion control
     algorithms can be made available using the mod_cc(4) framework.

   MIB Variables
     The TCP protocol implements a number of variables in the net.inet.tcp branch of the
     sysctl(3) MIB.

     TCPCTL_DO_RFC1323  (rfc1323) Implement the window scaling and timestamp options of RFC 1323
                        (default is true).

     TCPCTL_MSSDFLT     (mssdflt) The default value used for the maximum segment size (“MSS”)
                        when no advice to the contrary is received from MSS negotiation.

     TCPCTL_SENDSPACE   (sendspace) Maximum TCP send window.

     TCPCTL_RECVSPACE   (recvspace) Maximum TCP receive window.

     log_in_vain        Log any connection attempts to ports where there is not a socket
                        accepting connections.  The value of 1 limits the logging to SYN
                        (connection establishment) packets only.  That of 2 results in any TCP
                        packets to closed ports being logged.  Any value unlisted above disables
                        the logging (default is 0, i.e., the logging is disabled).

     msl                The Maximum Segment Lifetime, in milliseconds, for a packet.

     keepinit           Timeout, in milliseconds, for new, non-established TCP connections.  The
                        default is 75000 msec.

     keepidle           Amount of time, in milliseconds, that the connection must be idle before
                        keepalive probes (if enabled) are sent.  The default is 7200000 msec (2
                        hours).

     keepintvl          The interval, in milliseconds, between keepalive probes sent to remote
                        machines, when no response is received on a keepidle probe.  The default
                        is 75000 msec.

     keepcnt            Number of probes sent, with no response, before a connection is dropped.
                        The default is 8 packets.

     always_keepalive   Assume that SO_KEEPALIVE is set on all TCP connections, the kernel will
                        periodically send a packet to the remote host to verify the connection is
                        still up.

     icmp_may_rst       Certain ICMP unreachable messages may abort connections in SYN-SENT
                        state.

     do_tcpdrain        Flush packets in the TCP reassembly queue if the system is low on mbufs.

     blackhole          If enabled, disable sending of RST when a connection is attempted to a
                        port where there is not a socket accepting connections.  See
                        blackhole(4).

     delayed_ack        Delay ACK to try and piggyback it onto a data packet.

     delacktime         Maximum amount of time, in milliseconds, before a delayed ACK is sent.

     path_mtu_discovery
                        Enable Path MTU Discovery.

     tcbhashsize        Size of the TCP control-block hash table (read-only).  This may be tuned
                        using the kernel option TCBHASHSIZE or by setting
                        net.inet.tcp.tcbhashsize in the loader(8).

     pcbcount           Number of active process control blocks (read-only).

     syncookies         Determines whether or not SYN cookies should be generated for outbound
                        SYN-ACK packets.  SYN cookies are a great help during SYN flood attacks,
                        and are enabled by default.  (See syncookies(4).)

     isn_reseed_interval
                        The interval (in seconds) specifying how often the secret data used in
                        RFC 1948 initial sequence number calculations should be reseeded.  By
                        default, this variable is set to zero, indicating that no reseeding will
                        occur.  Reseeding should not be necessary, and will break TIME_WAIT
                        recycling for a few minutes.

     reass.cursegments  The current total number of segments present in all reassembly queues.

     reass.maxsegments  The maximum limit on the total number of segments across all reassembly
                        queues.  The limit can be adjusted as a tunable.

     reass.maxqueuelen  The maximum number of segments allowed in each reassembly queue.  By
                        default, the system chooses a limit based on each TCP connection's
                        receive buffer size and maximum segment size (MSS).  The actual limit
                        applied to a session's reassembly queue will be the lower of the system-
                        calculated automatic limit and the user-specified reass.maxqueuelen
                        limit.

     rexmit_initial, rexmit_min, rexmit_slop
                        Adjust the retransmit timer calculation for TCP.  The slop is typically
                        added to the raw calculation to take into account occasional variances
                        that the SRTT (smoothed round-trip time) is unable to accommodate, while
                        the minimum specifies an absolute minimum.  While a number of TCP RFCs
                        suggest a 1 second minimum, these RFCs tend to focus on streaming
                        behavior, and fail to deal with the fact that a 1 second minimum has
                        severe detrimental effects over lossy interactive connections, such as a
                        802.11b wireless link, and over very fast but lossy connections for those
                        cases not covered by the fast retransmit code.  For this reason, we use
                        200ms of slop and a near-0 minimum, which gives us an effective minimum
                        of 200ms (similar to Linux).  The initial value is used before an RTT
                        measurement has been performed.

     initcwnd_segments  Enable the ability to specify initial congestion window in number of
                        segments.  The default value is 10 as suggested by RFC 6928.  Changing
                        the value on fly would not affect connections using congestion window
                        from the hostcache.  Caution: This regulates the burst of packets allowed
                        to be sent in the first RTT.  The value should be relative to the link
                        capacity.  Start with small values for lower-capacity links.  Large
                        bursts can cause buffer overruns and packet drops if routers have small
                        buffers or the link is experiencing congestion.

     rfc6675_pipe       Calculate the bytes in flight using the algorithm described in RFC 6675,
                        and is also a prerequisite to enable Proportional Rate Reduction.

     rfc3042            Enable the Limited Transmit algorithm as described in RFC 3042.  It helps
                        avoid timeouts on lossy links and also when the congestion window is
                        small, as happens on short transfers.

     rfc3390            Enable support for RFC 3390, which allows for a variable-sized starting
                        congestion window on new connections, depending on the maximum segment
                        size.  This helps throughput in general, but particularly affects short
                        transfers and high-bandwidth large propagation-delay connections.

     sack.enable        Enable support for RFC 2018, TCP Selective Acknowledgment option, which
                        allows the receiver to inform the sender about all successfully arrived
                        segments, allowing the sender to retransmit the missing segments only.

     sack.maxholes      Maximum number of SACK holes per connection.  Defaults to 128.

     sack.globalmaxholes
                        Maximum number of SACK holes per system, across all connections.
                        Defaults to 65536.

     maxtcptw           When a TCP connection enters the TIME_WAIT state, its associated socket
                        structure is freed, since it is of negligible size and use, and a new
                        structure is allocated to contain a minimal amount of information
                        necessary for sustaining a connection in this state, called the
                        compressed TCP TIME_WAIT state.  Since this structure is smaller than a
                        socket structure, it can save a significant amount of system memory.  The
                        net.inet.tcp.maxtcptw MIB variable controls the maximum number of these
                        structures allocated.  By default, it is initialized to
                        kern.ipc.maxsockets / 5.

     nolocaltimewait    Suppress creating of compressed TCP TIME_WAIT states for connections in
                        which both endpoints are local.

     fast_finwait2_recycle
                        Recycle TCP FIN_WAIT_2 connections faster when the socket is marked as
                        SBS_CANTRCVMORE (no user process has the socket open, data received on
                        the socket cannot be read).  The timeout used here is finwait2_timeout.

     finwait2_timeout   Timeout to use for fast recycling of TCP FIN_WAIT_2 connections.
                        Defaults to 60 seconds.

     ecn.enable         Enable support for TCP Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN).  ECN
                        allows a TCP sender to reduce the transmission rate in order to avoid
                        packet drops.  Settings:
                        0       Disable ECN.
                        1       Allow incoming connections to request ECN.  Outgoing connections
                                will request ECN.
                        2       Allow incoming connections to request ECN.  Outgoing connections
                                will not request ECN.

     ecn.maxretries     Number of retries (SYN or SYN/ACK retransmits) before disabling ECN on a
                        specific connection.  This is needed to help with connection
                        establishment when a broken firewall is in the network path.

     pmtud_blackhole_detection
                        Turn on automatic path MTU blackhole detection.  In case of retransmits
                        OS will lower the MSS to check if it's MTU problem.  If current MSS is
                        greater than configured value to try, it will be set to configured value,
                        otherwise, MSS will be set to default values (net.inet.tcp.mssdflt and
                        net.inet.tcp.v6mssdflt).

     pmtud_blackhole_mss
                        MSS to try for IPv4 if PMTU blackhole detection is turned on.

     v6pmtud_blackhole_mss
                        MSS to try for IPv6 if PMTU blackhole detection is turned on.

     pmtud_blackhole_activated
                        Number of times configured values were used in an attempt to downshift.

     pmtud_blackhole_activated_min_mss
                        Number of times default MSS was used in an attempt to downshift.

     pmtud_blackhole_failed
                        Number of connections for which retransmits continued even after MSS
                        downshift.

     functions_available
                        List of available TCP function blocks (TCP stacks).

     functions_default  The default TCP function block (TCP stack).

     functions_inherit_listen_socket_stack
                        Determines whether to inherit listen socket's tcp stack or use the
                        current system default tcp stack, as defined by functions_default
                        ).  Default is true.

     insecure_rst       Use criteria defined in RFC793 instead of RFC5961 for accepting RST
                        segments.  Default is false.

     insecure_syn       Use criteria defined in RFC793 instead of RFC5961 for accepting SYN
                        segments.  Default is false.

     ts_offset_per_conn
                        When initializing the TCP timestamps, use a per connection offset instead
                        of a per host pair offset.  Default is to use per connection offsets as
                        recommended in RFC 7323.

ERRORS

     A socket operation may fail with one of the following errors returned:

     [EISCONN]          when trying to establish a connection on a socket which already has one;

     [ENOBUFS] or [ENOMEM]
                        when the system runs out of memory for an internal data structure;

     [ETIMEDOUT]        when a connection was dropped due to excessive retransmissions;

     [ECONNRESET]       when the remote peer forces the connection to be closed;

     [ECONNREFUSED]     when the remote peer actively refuses connection establishment (usually
                        because no process is listening to the port);

     [EADDRINUSE]       when an attempt is made to create a socket with a port which has already
                        been allocated;

     [EADDRNOTAVAIL]    when an attempt is made to create a socket with a network address for
                        which no network interface exists;

     [EAFNOSUPPORT]     when an attempt is made to bind or connect a socket to a multicast
                        address.

     [EINVAL]           when trying to change TCP function blocks at an invalid point in the
                        session;

     [ENOENT]           when trying to use a TCP function block that is not available;

SEE ALSO

     getsockopt(2), socket(2), sysctl(3), blackhole(4), inet(4), intro(4), ip(4), mod_cc(4),
     siftr(4), syncache(4), setkey(8), tcp_functions(9)

     V. Jacobson, R. Braden, and D. Borman, TCP Extensions for High Performance, RFC 1323.

     A. Heffernan, Protection of BGP Sessions via the TCP MD5 Signature Option, RFC 2385.

     K. Ramakrishnan, S. Floyd, and D. Black, The Addition of Explicit Congestion Notification
     (ECN) to IP, RFC 3168.

HISTORY

     The TCP protocol appeared in 4.2BSD.  The RFC 1323 extensions for window scaling and
     timestamps were added in 4.4BSD.  The TCP_INFO option was introduced in Linux 2.6 and is
     subject to change.