NAME

       pow, powf, powl - power functions

LIBRARY

       Math library (libm, -lm)

SYNOPSIS

       #include <math.h>

       double pow(double x, double y);
       float powf(float x, float y);
       long double powl(long double x, long double y);

   Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see feature_test_macros(7)):

       powf(), powl():
           _ISOC99_SOURCE || _POSIX_C_SOURCE >= 200112L
               || /* Since glibc 2.19: */ _DEFAULT_SOURCE
               || /* glibc <= 2.19: */ _BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE

DESCRIPTION

       These functions return the value of x raised to the power of y.

RETURN VALUE

       On success, these functions return the value of x to the power of y.

       If  the  result  overflows,  a  range  error  occurs,  and  the  functions return HUGE_VAL, HUGE_VALF, or
       HUGE_VALL, respectively, with the mathematically correct sign.

       If result underflows, and is not representable, a range error occurs, and 0.0 with the  appropriate  sign
       is returned.

       If  x  is  +0 or -0, and y is an odd integer less than 0, a pole error occurs and HUGE_VAL, HUGE_VALF, or
       HUGE_VALL, is returned, with the same sign as x.

       If x is +0 or -0, and y is less than 0 and not an  odd  integer,  a  pole  error  occurs  and  +HUGE_VAL,
       +HUGE_VALF, or +HUGE_VALL, is returned.

       If x is +0 (-0), and y is an odd integer greater than 0, the result is +0 (-0).

       If x is 0, and y greater than 0 and not an odd integer, the result is +0.

       If x is -1, and y is positive infinity or negative infinity, the result is 1.0.

       If x is +1, the result is 1.0 (even if y is a NaN).

       If y is 0, the result is 1.0 (even if x is a NaN).

       If  x  is  a  finite value less than 0, and y is a finite noninteger, a domain error occurs, and a NaN is
       returned.

       If the absolute value of x is less than 1, and y is negative infinity, the result is positive infinity.

       If the absolute value of x is greater than 1, and y is negative infinity, the result is +0.

       If the absolute value of x is less than 1, and y is positive infinity, the result is +0.

       If the absolute value of x is greater than 1,  and  y  is  positive  infinity,  the  result  is  positive
       infinity.

       If x is negative infinity, and y is an odd integer less than 0, the result is -0.

       If x is negative infinity, and y less than 0 and not an odd integer, the result is +0.

       If x is negative infinity, and y is an odd integer greater than 0, the result is negative infinity.

       If x is negative infinity, and y greater than 0 and not an odd integer, the result is positive infinity.

       If x is positive infinity, and y less than 0, the result is +0.

       If x is positive infinity, and y greater than 0, the result is positive infinity.

       Except as specified above, if x or y is a NaN, the result is a NaN.

ERRORS

       See  math_error(7)  for  information on how to determine whether an error has occurred when calling these
       functions.

       The following errors can occur:

       Domain error: x is negative, and y is a finite noninteger
              errno is set to EDOM.  An invalid floating-point exception (FE_INVALID) is raised.

       Pole error: x is zero, and y is negative
              errno is set to ERANGE (but see BUGS).  A divide-by-zero floating-point  exception  (FE_DIVBYZERO)
              is raised.

       Range error: the result overflows
              errno is set to ERANGE.  An overflow floating-point exception (FE_OVERFLOW) is raised.

       Range error: the result underflows
              errno is set to ERANGE.  An underflow floating-point exception (FE_UNDERFLOW) is raised.

ATTRIBUTES

       For an explanation of the terms used in this section, see attributes(7).

       ┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┬───────────────┬─────────┐
       │Interface                                                                     │ Attribute     │ Value   │
       ├──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┼───────────────┼─────────┤
       │pow(), powf(), powl()                                                         │ Thread safety │ MT-Safe │
       └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┴───────────────┴─────────┘

STANDARDS

       C11, POSIX.1-2008.

HISTORY

       C99, POSIX.1-2001.

       The variant returning double also conforms to SVr4, 4.3BSD, C89.

BUGS

   Historical bugs (now fixed)
       Before  glibc  2.28,  on some architectures (e.g., x86-64) pow() may be more than 10,000 times slower for
       some inputs than for other nearby inputs.  This affects only pow(), and  not  powf()  nor  powl().   This
       problem was fixed in glibc 2.28.

       A number of bugs in the glibc implementation of pow() were fixed in glibc 2.16.

       In  glibc  2.9  and earlier, when a pole error occurs, errno is set to EDOM instead of the POSIX-mandated
       ERANGE.  Since glibc 2.10, glibc does the right thing.

       In glibc 2.3.2 and earlier, when an overflow or underflow error occurs, glibc's pow() generates  a  bogus
       invalid floating-point exception (FE_INVALID) in addition to the overflow or underflow exception.

SEE ALSO

       cbrt(3), cpow(3), sqrt(3)