Ubuntu Manpage: GRANT - define access privileges

Provided by: postgresql-client-16_16.9-0ubuntu0.24.10.1_amd64

NAME

       GRANT - define access privileges

SYNOPSIS

       GRANT { { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | TRUNCATE | REFERENCES | TRIGGER }
           [, ...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
           ON { [ TABLE ] table_name [, ...]
                | ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA schema_name [, ...] }
           TO role_specification [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
           [ GRANTED BY role_specification ]

       GRANT { { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | REFERENCES } ( column_name [, ...] )
           [, ...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] ( column_name [, ...] ) }
           ON [ TABLE ] table_name [, ...]
           TO role_specification [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
           [ GRANTED BY role_specification ]

       GRANT { { USAGE | SELECT | UPDATE }
           [, ...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
           ON { SEQUENCE sequence_name [, ...]
                | ALL SEQUENCES IN SCHEMA schema_name [, ...] }
           TO role_specification [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
           [ GRANTED BY role_specification ]

       GRANT { { CREATE | CONNECT | TEMPORARY | TEMP } [, ...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
           ON DATABASE database_name [, ...]
           TO role_specification [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
           [ GRANTED BY role_specification ]

       GRANT { USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
           ON DOMAIN domain_name [, ...]
           TO role_specification [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
           [ GRANTED BY role_specification ]

       GRANT { USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
           ON FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER fdw_name [, ...]
           TO role_specification [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
           [ GRANTED BY role_specification ]

       GRANT { USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
           ON FOREIGN SERVER server_name [, ...]
           TO role_specification [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
           [ GRANTED BY role_specification ]

       GRANT { EXECUTE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
           ON { { FUNCTION | PROCEDURE | ROUTINE } routine_name [ ( [ [ argmode ] [ arg_name ] arg_type [, ...] ] ) ] [, ...]
                | ALL { FUNCTIONS | PROCEDURES | ROUTINES } IN SCHEMA schema_name [, ...] }
           TO role_specification [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
           [ GRANTED BY role_specification ]

       GRANT { USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
           ON LANGUAGE lang_name [, ...]
           TO role_specification [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
           [ GRANTED BY role_specification ]

       GRANT { { SELECT | UPDATE } [, ...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
           ON LARGE OBJECT loid [, ...]
           TO role_specification [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
           [ GRANTED BY role_specification ]

       GRANT { { SET | ALTER SYSTEM } [, ... ] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
           ON PARAMETER configuration_parameter [, ...]
           TO role_specification [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
           [ GRANTED BY role_specification ]

       GRANT { { CREATE | USAGE } [, ...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
           ON SCHEMA schema_name [, ...]
           TO role_specification [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
           [ GRANTED BY role_specification ]

       GRANT { CREATE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
           ON TABLESPACE tablespace_name [, ...]
           TO role_specification [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
           [ GRANTED BY role_specification ]

       GRANT { USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
           ON TYPE type_name [, ...]
           TO role_specification [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
           [ GRANTED BY role_specification ]

       GRANT role_name [, ...] TO role_specification [, ...]
           [ WITH { ADMIN | INHERIT | SET } { OPTION | TRUE | FALSE } ]
           [ GRANTED BY role_specification ]

       where role_specification can be:

           [ GROUP ] role_name
         | PUBLIC
         | CURRENT_ROLE
         | CURRENT_USER
         | SESSION_USER

DESCRIPTION

The GRANT command has two basic variants: one that grants privileges on a database object (table, column,
view, foreign table, sequence, database, foreign-data wrapper, foreign server, function, procedure,
procedural language, large object, configuration parameter, schema, tablespace, or type), and one that
grants membership in a role. These variants are similar in many ways, but they are different enough to be
described separately.

GRANT on Database Objects
This variant of the GRANT command gives specific privileges on a database object to one or more roles.
These privileges are added to those already granted, if any.

The key word PUBLIC indicates that the privileges are to be granted to all roles, including those that
might be created later. PUBLIC can be thought of as an implicitly defined group that always includes all
roles. Any particular role will have the sum of privileges granted directly to it, privileges granted to
any role it is presently a member of, and privileges granted to PUBLIC.

If WITH GRANT OPTION is specified, the recipient of the privilege can in turn grant it to others. Without
a grant option, the recipient cannot do that. Grant options cannot be granted to PUBLIC.

If GRANTED BY is specified, the specified grantor must be the current user. This clause is currently
present in this form only for SQL compatibility.

There is no need to grant privileges to the owner of an object (usually the user that created it), as the
owner has all privileges by default. (The owner could, however, choose to revoke some of their own
privileges for safety.)

The right to drop an object, or to alter its definition in any way, is not treated as a grantable
privilege; it is inherent in the owner, and cannot be granted or revoked. (However, a similar effect can
be obtained by granting or revoking membership in the role that owns the object; see below.) The owner
implicitly has all grant options for the object, too.

The possible privileges are:

SELECT
INSERT
UPDATE
DELETE
TRUNCATE
REFERENCES
TRIGGER
CREATE
CONNECT
TEMPORARY
EXECUTE
USAGE
SET
ALTER SYSTEM
Specific types of privileges, as defined in Section 5.7.

TEMP
Alternative spelling for TEMPORARY.

ALL PRIVILEGES
Grant all of the privileges available for the object's type. The PRIVILEGES key word is optional in
PostgreSQL, though it is required by strict SQL.

The FUNCTION syntax works for plain functions, aggregate functions, and window functions, but not for
procedures; use PROCEDURE for those. Alternatively, use ROUTINE to refer to a function, aggregate
function, window function, or procedure regardless of its precise type.

There is also an option to grant privileges on all objects of the same type within one or more schemas.
This functionality is currently supported only for tables, sequences, functions, and procedures. ALL
TABLES also affects views and foreign tables, just like the specific-object GRANT command. ALL FUNCTIONS
also affects aggregate and window functions, but not procedures, again just like the specific-object
GRANT command. Use ALL ROUTINES to include procedures.

GRANT on Roles
This variant of the GRANT command grants membership in a role to one or more other roles, and the
modification of membership options SET, INHERIT, and ADMIN; see Section 22.3 for details. Membership in a
role is significant because it potentially allows access to the privileges granted to a role to each of
its members, and potentially also the ability to make changes to the role itself. However, the actual
permissions conferred depend on the options associated with the grant. To modify that options of an
existing membership, simply specify the membership with updated option values.

Each of the options described below can be set to either TRUE or FALSE. The keyword OPTION is accepted as
a synonym for TRUE, so that WITH ADMIN OPTION is a synonym for WITH ADMIN TRUE. When altering an existing
membership the omission of an option results in the current value being retained.

The ADMIN option allows the member to in turn grant membership in the role to others, and revoke
membership in the role as well. Without the admin option, ordinary users cannot do that. A role is not
considered to hold WITH ADMIN OPTION on itself. Database superusers can grant or revoke membership in any
role to anyone. This option defaults to FALSE.

The INHERIT option controls the inheritance status of the new membership; see Section 22.3 for details on
inheritance. If it is set to TRUE, it causes the new member to inherit from the granted role. If set to
FALSE, the new member does not inherit. If unspecified when creating a new role membership, this defaults
to the inheritance attribute of the new member.

The SET option, if it is set to TRUE, allows the member to change to the granted role using the SET ROLE
command. If a role is an indirect member of another role, it can use SET ROLE to change to that role only
if there is a chain of grants each of which has SET TRUE. This option defaults to TRUE.

To create an object owned by another role or give ownership of an existing object to another role, you
must have the ability to SET ROLE to that role; otherwise, commands such as ALTER ... OWNER TO or CREATE
DATABASE ... OWNER will fail. However, a user who inherits the privileges of a role but does not have the
ability to SET ROLE to that role may be able to obtain full access to the role by manipulating existing
objects owned by that role (e.g. they could redefine an existing function to act as a Trojan horse).
Therefore, if a role's privileges are to be inherited but should not be accessible via SET ROLE, it
should not own any SQL objects.

If GRANTED BY is specified, the grant is recorded as having been done by the specified role. A user can
only attribute a grant to another role if they possess the privileges of that role. The role recorded as
the grantor must have ADMIN OPTION on the target role, unless it is the bootstrap superuser. When a grant
is recorded as having a grantor other than the bootstrap superuser, it depends on the grantor continuing
to possess ADMIN OPTION on the role; so, if ADMIN OPTION is revoked, dependent grants must be revoked as
well.

Unlike the case with privileges, membership in a role cannot be granted to PUBLIC. Note also that this
form of the command does not allow the noise word GROUP in role_specification.

NOTES

The REVOKE command is used to revoke access privileges.

Since PostgreSQL 8.1, the concepts of users and groups have been unified into a single kind of entity
called a role. It is therefore no longer necessary to use the keyword GROUP to identify whether a grantee
is a user or a group. GROUP is still allowed in the command, but it is a noise word.

A user may perform SELECT, INSERT, etc. on a column if they hold that privilege for either the specific
column or its whole table. Granting the privilege at the table level and then revoking it for one column
will not do what one might wish: the table-level grant is unaffected by a column-level operation.

When a non-owner of an object attempts to GRANT privileges on the object, the command will fail outright
if the user has no privileges whatsoever on the object. As long as some privilege is available, the
command will proceed, but it will grant only those privileges for which the user has grant options. The
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES forms will issue a warning message if no grant options are held, while the other
forms will issue a warning if grant options for any of the privileges specifically named in the command
are not held. (In principle these statements apply to the object owner as well, but since the owner is
always treated as holding all grant options, the cases can never occur.)

It should be noted that database superusers can access all objects regardless of object privilege
settings. This is comparable to the rights of root in a Unix system. As with root, it's unwise to operate
as a superuser except when absolutely necessary.

If a superuser chooses to issue a GRANT or REVOKE command, the command is performed as though it were
issued by the owner of the affected object. In particular, privileges granted via such a command will
appear to have been granted by the object owner. (For role membership, the membership appears to have
been granted by the bootstrap superuser.)

GRANT and REVOKE can also be done by a role that is not the owner of the affected object, but is a member
of the role that owns the object, or is a member of a role that holds privileges WITH GRANT OPTION on the
object. In this case the privileges will be recorded as having been granted by the role that actually
owns the object or holds the privileges WITH GRANT OPTION. For example, if table t1 is owned by role g1,
of which role u1 is a member, then u1 can grant privileges on t1 to u2, but those privileges will appear
to have been granted directly by g1. Any other member of role g1 could revoke them later.

If the role executing GRANT holds the required privileges indirectly via more than one role membership
path, it is unspecified which containing role will be recorded as having done the grant. In such cases it
is best practice to use SET ROLE to become the specific role you want to do the GRANT as.

Granting permission on a table does not automatically extend permissions to any sequences used by the
table, including sequences tied to SERIAL columns. Permissions on sequences must be set separately.

See Section 5.7 for more information about specific privilege types, as well as how to inspect objects'
privileges.

EXAMPLES

       Grant insert privilege to all users on table films:

           GRANT INSERT ON films TO PUBLIC;

       Grant all available privileges to user manuel on view kinds:

           GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON kinds TO manuel;

       Note that while the above will indeed grant all privileges if executed by a superuser or the owner of
       kinds, when executed by someone else it will only grant those permissions for which the someone else has
       grant options.

       Grant membership in role admins to user joe:

           GRANT admins TO joe;

COMPATIBILITY