Provided by: cpuid_20241023-1_amd64 
NAME
cpuid - Dump CPUID information for each CPU
SYNOPSIS
cpuid [options...]
DESCRIPTION
cpuid dumps detailed information about the CPU(s) gathered from the CPUID instruction, and
also determines the exact model of CPU(s) from that information.
It dumps all information available from the CPUID instruction. The exact collection of
information available varies between manufacturers and processors. The following
information is available consistently on all modern CPUs:
vendor_id
version information (1/eax)
miscellaneous (1/ebx)
feature information (1/ecx)
It also produces synthetic fields based on information from multiple CPUID functions.
Currently, the synthetic fields are the exact model of each CPU (but see LIMITATIONS
below) as (synth); the multiprocessing characteristics including the number of cores per
chip (c) and the number of hyperthreads per core (t) as (multi-processing synth); and a
decoding of the APIC physical ID as (APIC synth).
The determination of the model is based on the following information:
version information (1/eax), processor type
version information (1/eax), family
version information (1/eax), model
version information (1/eax), stepping id
version information (1/eax), extended family
version information (1/eax), extended model
feature information (1/ecx), virtual machine extensions
brand id (1/ebx)
brand (0x80000004)
cache and TLB information (2)
deterministic cache parameters (4/eax), extra processor cores
AMD extended brand id (0x80000001/ebx)
AMD extended processor signature (0x80000001/eax)
Transmeta processor revision ID (0x80860001/ebx & ecx)
The determination of the multiprocessing characteristics and decoding of APIC physical ID
is based on the following information:
feature information (1/edx), hyper-threading / multi-core supported
miscellaneous (1/ebx), cpu count
deterministic cache parameters (4/eax), extra processor cores on this die
x2APIC features / processor topology (0xb)
AMD feature flags (0x80000001/ecx)
AMD Logical CPU cores (0x80000008/ecx), number of logical CPU cores - 1
In addition, a simpler and coarser determination of the CPU is performed using only the
information listed above under version information (1/eax). It is provided as (simple
synth) under version information (1/eax). However, it tends to be unable to distinguish
between various modern CPUs.
OPTIONS
cpuid accepts the following command line arguments:
-1, --one-cpu
Display information only for the first CPU. This cuts down on the output on a
multiprocessor system, and is useful when certain that all CPUs are identical.
-f FILE, --file=FILE
Read raw hex information from FILE instead of from executions of the cpuid
instruction. If the filename is '-', instead read from standard input.
-l LEAF, --leaf=LEAF
Display information only for the specified LEAF.
-s SUBLEAF, --subleaf=SUBLEAF
Display information only for the specified SUBLEAF. It requires the -l or --leaf
option to specify the LEAF.
-h, -H, --help
Display help information.
-i, --inst
Use the CPUID instruction. The information it provides is reliable. It is not
necessary to be root to use this option. (This option is the default.)
-k, --kernel
Use the CPUID kernel module. The information does not seem to be reliable on all
combinations of CPU type and kernel version. Typically, it is necessary to be
root to use this option.
-r, --raw
Display only raw hex information with no decoding.
-v, --version
Display cpuid version.
LIMITATIONS
There are numerous cases where there is no way to distinguish between various CPUs in the
(synth) information. In some cases, the sizes of caches, number of cores, brand strings,
etc., can be used to distinguish multiple CPUs with the same family and model. But there
are cases where that information is insufficient. Whenever cpuid is unable to distinguish
between multiple CPUs, it will list all known possibilities.
If you believe that a certain processor should be distinguishable from another and it
isn't, please inform the author of this tool.
The (multi-processing synth) information is unreliable on many processors. It faithfully
reports the information provided by the CPUID instruction and decodes it as recommended by
the processor manufacturers, but often that information is incorrect. The information
seems to indicate the architecture's capabilities, rather than what the particular chip
actually does. In particular, it seems commonplace to claim the presence of multiple
hyperthreads when there is only one.
INFORMATION SOURCES
Information on the CPUID instruction and on specific CPUs is available from the following
documents from Intel Corporation <http://www.intel.com/support/processors/index.htm>, with
the specified Document Numbers:
241618: Intel Processor Identification and the CPUID Instruction, Application Note
485
242480: Pentium Processor Specification Update
242689: Pentium Pro Processor Specification Update
243326: 60- and 66-MHz Pentium Processor Specification Update
243337: Intel Pentium II Processor Specification Update
243748: Intel Celeron Processor Specification Update
243776: Intel Pentium II Xeon Processor Specification Update
243887: Mobile Intel Pentium II Processor Specification Update
244444: Mobile Intel Celeron Processor at 466 MHz, 433 MHz, 400 MHz, 366 MHz, 333
MHz, 300 MHz, and 266 MHz Specification Update
244453: Intel Pentium III Processor Specification Update
244460: Intel Pentium III Xeon Processor Specification Update
245306: Mobile Intel Pentium III Processor and Mobile Intel Pentium III Processor-M
Specification Update
245421: Mobile Intel Celeron Processor (0.18u and 0.13u) Specification Update
249199: Intel Pentium 4 Processor Specification Update
249678: Intel Xeon Processor Specification Update
250721: Mobile Intel Pentium 4 Processor-M Specification Update
251309: Mobile Intel Celeron Processor on .13 Micron Process in Micro-FCPGA Package
Specification Update
252665: Intel Pentium M Processor Specification Update
253176: Mobile Intel Pentium 4 Processor with 533 MHz System Bus Specification
Update
253666: 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual Volume 2A:
Instruction Set Reference, A-M.
276613: Detecting Multi-Core Processor Topology in an IA-32 Platform by Khang
Nguyen and Shihjong Kuo
290741: Intel Xeon Processor MP Specification Update
290749: Intel Celeron Processor in the 478-Pin Package Specification Update
300303: Intel Celeron M Processor Specification Update
302209: Intel Pentium M Processor on 90nm Process with 2-MB L2 Cache Specification
Update
302352: Intel Pentium 4 Processor on 90 nm Process Specification Update
302354: Intel Celeron D Processor 3xx Sequence Specification Update
302402: Intel Xeon Processor with 800 MHz System Bus
302441: Mobile Intel Pentium 4 Processor supporting Hyper-Threading Technology on
90-nm process technology Specification Update
306752: 64-bit Intel Xeon Processor MP with 1 MB L2 Cache Specification Update
306757: 64-bit Intel Xeon Processor MP with up to 8 MB L3 Cache Specification
Update
306832: Intel Pentium Processor Extreme Edition and Intel Pentium D Processor
Specification Update
309159: Dual-Core Intel Xeon Processor 2.80 GHz Specification Update
309222: Intel Core Duo Processor and Intel Core Solo Processor on 65 nm Process
Specification Update
309627: Dual-Core Intel Xeon Processor 7000 Sequence Specification Update
310307: Intel Pentium D Processor 900 Sequence and Intel Pentium Processor Extreme
Edition 955, 965 Specification Update
310309: Intel Pentium 4 Processor 6x1 Sequence Specification Update
311392: Dual-Core Intel Xeon Processor LV and ULV Specification Update 311827:
Intel Celeron D Processor 300 Sequence Specification Update
313065: Dual-Core Intel Xeon Processor 5000 Series Specification Update
313279: Intel Core 2 Extreme Processor X6800 and Intel Core 2 Duo Desktop Processor
E6000 Sequence Specification Update
313356: Dual-Core Intel Xeon Processor 5100 Series Specification Update
313515: Intel Pentium Dual-Core Processor Specification Update
314079: Intel Core 2 Duo and Intel Core 2 Solo Processor for Intel Centrino Duo
Processor Technology Intel Celeron Processor 500 Series Specification Update
314554: Dual-Core Intel Xeon Processor 7100 Series Specification Update
314916: Dual-Core Intel Xeon Processor 3000 Series Specification Update
315593: Intel Core 2 Extreme Quad-Core Processor QX6000 Sequence and Intel Core 2
Quad Processor Q6000 Sequence Specification Update
316134: Quad-Core Intel Xeon Processor 3200 Series Specification Update
316515: Intel Pentium Dual-Core Processor Specification Update
316964: Intel Celeron Processor 400 Series Specification Update
316982: Intel Pentium Dual-Core Desktop Processor E2000 Series Specification Update
317667: Intel Celeron Processor 500 Series Specification Update
318081: Intel Xeon Processor 7200 and 7300 Series Specification Update
318547: Intel Celeron Processor 200 Sequence Specification Update
318585: Intel Xeon Processor 5400 Series Specification Update
318586: Intel Xeon Processor 5200 Series Specification Update
318727: Intel Core 2 Extreme Processor QX9000 Series and Intel Core 2 Quad
Processor Q9000, Q9000S, Q8000, Q8000S Series Specification Update
318733: Intel Core 2 Duo Processor E8000 and E7000 Series Specification Update
318915: Intel Core 2 Duo Processor and Intel Core 2 Extreme Processor on 45-nm
Process Specification Update
318925: Intel Celeron Dual-Core Processor E1000 Series Specification Update
319006: Dual-Core Intel Xeon Processor 3100 Series Specification Update
319007: Quad-Core Intel Xeon Processor 3300 Series Specification Update
319129: Intel Core 2 Extreme Processor QX9775 Specification Update
319433: Intel Architecture Instruction Set Extensions Programming Reference
319536: Intel Atom Processor Z5xx Series Specification Update
319735: Intel Celeron Dual-Core Processor T1x00 Series Specification Update
319978: Intel Atom Processor 200 Series Specification Update
320047: Intel Atom Processor N270 Series Specification Update
320121: Intel Core 2 Extreme Quad-Core Mobile Processor, Intel Core 2 Quad Mobile
Processor, Intel Core 2 Extreme Mobile Processor, Intel Core 2 Duo Mobile
Processor, Intel Core 2 Solo Mobile Processor and Intel Celeron Processor on 45-nm
Process Specification Update
320257: Intel EP80579 Integrated Processor Product Line Specification Update
320336: Intel Xeon Processor 7400 Series Specification Update
320468: Intel Pentium Dual-Core E6000 and E5000 Series Specification Update
320529: Intel Atom Processor 300 Series Specification Update
320767: Intel Core i7-900 Mobile Processor Extreme Edition Series, Intel Core
i7-800 and i7-700 Mobile Processor Series Specification Update
320836: Intel Core i7-900 Desktop Processor Extreme Edition Series and Intel Core
i7-900 Desktop Processor Series Specification Update
321324: Intel Xeon Processor 5500 Series Specification Update
321333: Intel Xeon Processor 3500 Series Specification Update
322166: Intel Core i7-800 and i5-700 Desktop Processor Series Specification Update
322373: Intel Xeon Processor 3400 Series Specification Update
322568: Intel Celeron Processor E3x00 Series Specification Update
322849: Intel Atom Processor N400 Series Specification Update
322861: Intel Atom Processor D400 Series (Single Core) Specification Update
322862: Intel Atom Processor D500 Series (Dual Core) Specification Update
322814: Intel Core i7-600, i5-500, i5-400 and i3-300 Mobile Processor Series
Specification Update
322911: Intel Core i5-600, i3-500 Desktop Processor Series and Intel Pentium
Processor G6950 Specification Update
323056: Intel Xeon Processor L3406 Specification Update
323179: Intel Core i7-660UE, i7-620LE/UE, i7-610E, i5-520E, i3-330E and Intel
Celeron Processor P4505, U3405 Series Datasheet Addendum Specification Update
323105: Intel Xeon Processor C5500/C3500 Series Specification Update
323254: Intel Core i7-900 Desktop Processor Extreme Edition Series and Intel Core
i7-900 Desktop Processor Series on 32-nm Process Specification Update
323338: Intel Xeon Processor 3600 Series Specification Update
323344: Intel Xeon Processor 7500 Series Specification Update
323372: Intel Xeon Processor 5600 Series Specification Update
323874: Intel Pentium P6000 and U5000 Mobile Processor Series Specification Update
324209: Intel Atom Processor E6xx Series Specification Update
324341: Intel Atom Processor N500 Series Specification Update
Intel 64 Architecture Processor Topology Enumeration (Whitepaper) by Shih Kuo
324456: Intel Celeron Mobile Processor P4000 and U3000 Series Specification Update
324643: 2nd Generation Intel Core Processor Family Desktop Specification Update
324827: 2nd Generation Intel Core Processor Family Mobile Specification Update
324972: Intel Xeon Processor E3-1200 Product Family Specification Update
325122: Intel Xeon Processor E7-8800 / 4800 / 2800 Product Families Specification
Update
325307: Intel Atom Processor Z600 Series Specification Update
325309: Intel Atom Processor Z6000 Series Specification Update
325462: Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual Combined
Volumes: 1, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 3A, 3B, 3C, 3D, and 4
325630: Intel Atom Processor Z6xx Series Specification Update
326140: Intel Atom Processor N2000 and D2000 Series Specification Update
326198: Intel Core i7 Processor Family for the LGA-2011 Socket Specification Update
326510: Intel Xeon Processor E5 Family Specification Update
326766: Desktop 3rd Generation Intel Core Processor Family Specification Update
326770: Mobile 3rd Generation Intel Core Processor Family Specification Update
326774: Intel Xeon Processor E3-1200 v2 Product Family Specification Update
327335: Intel Xeon and Intel Core Processors For Communications Infrastructure
Specification Update
328105: Intel Atom Processor Z2760 Specification Update
328198: Intel Atom Processor S1200 Product Family for Microserver Specification
Update
328205: Intel Xeon Phi Coprocessor x100 Product Family Specification Update
328899: Desktop 4th Generation Intel Core Processor Family Specification Update
328903: Mobile 4th Generation Intel Core Processor Family Specification Update
328908: Intel Xeon Processor E3-1200 v3 Product Family Specification Update
329189: Intel Xeon Processor E5 v2 Product Family Specification Update
329376: Intel Xeon E3-1125C v2, E3-1105C v2, Intel Core 3115C and Intel Pentium
Processor B925C Specification Update
329460: Intel Atom Processor C2000 Product Family Specification Update
329475: Intel Atom Processor Z3600 and Z3700 Series Specification Update
329597: Intel Xeon Processor E7 v2 Product Family Specification Update
329671/600827: Intel Pentium Processor N3500-series, J2850, J2900 and Intel Celeron
Processor N2900-series, N2800-series, J1800-series, J1900, J1750 Specification
Update
329676: Intel Quark SoC X1000 Datasheet
329901/600834: Intel Atom Processor E3800 Specification Update
330785: Intel Xeon Processor E5 v3 Product Family Specification Update
330836: 5th Generation Intel Core Processor Family, Intel Core M Processor Family,
Mobile Intel Pentium Processor Family, and Mobile Intel Celeron Processor Family
Specification Update
330841: Intel Core i7 Processor Family for LGA2011-v3 Socket Specification Update
332054: Intel Xeon Processor D-1500 Product Family Specification Update
332067: Intel Atom Z8000 Processor Series Specification Update
332095: Intel N-Series Intel Pentium Processors and Intel Celeron Processors
Specification Update
332317: Intel Xeon Processor E7 v3 Product Family Specification Update
332381: Mobile/Desktop 5th Generation Intel Core Processor Family Specification
Update
332689: 6th Generation Intel Core Processor Family Specification Update
333133: Intel Xeon Processor E3-1200 v5 Product Family Specification Update
333811: Intel Xeon Processor E5-2600 v4 Product Family Specification Update
334165: Intel Xeon Processor E7-8800/4800 v4 Product Family Specification Update
334208: Intel Core i7 Processor Family for LGA2011-v3 Socket Specification Update
334525: Control-flow Enforcement Technology Preview
334646: Intel Xeon Phi Processor x200 Product Family Preliminary Specification
Update
334663: 7th Generation Intel Processor Family Specification Update Supporting 7th
Generation Intel Core Processor Families based on U/Y-Processor Line
334820: Intel Pentium and Celeron Processor N- and J- Series Specification Update
335252: 5-Level Paging and 5-Level EPT White Paper
335718/730694: Intel Xeon Processor E3-1200 v6 Product Family Specification Update
335864: Intel Celeron Processor J1800, J1900, N2807, and N2930 for Internet of
Things Specification Update Addendum
335901: Intel Core X-Series Processor Family Specification Update
336065/613537: Intel Xeon Processor Scalable Family Specification Update
336345: Intel Atom Processor C3000 Product Family Specification Update
336466: 8th Generation Intel Processor Family for S-Processor Platforms
Specification Update
336505: Intel Xeon Processor Scalable Family Specification Update
336562: Intel Pentium Silver and Intel Celeron Processors Specification Update
337346: 8th and 9th Generation Intel Core Processor Family Specification Update
336907: Intel Architecture Memory Encryption Technologies Specification
338014: Intel Xeon E-2100 and E-2200 Processor Family Specification Update
338025: 8th Generation Intel Core Processor Families Specification Update
338848: Second Generation Intel Xeon Scalable Processors Specification Update
338854: Intel Xeon D-2100 Processor Product Family Specification Update
341079: 10th Generation Intel Core Processor Families Specification Update
343754: Intel Trust Domain CPU Architectural Extensions
344425: Architecture Specification: Intel Trust Domain Extensions (Intel TDX)
Module
346466: Intel Flexible Return and Event Delivery (FRED) Specification
355828: Intel Advanced Performance Extensions (Intel APX) Architecture
Specification.
615213: 10th Generation Intel Core Processor Specification Update
631123: 11th Generation Intel Core Processor Family Specification Update
634808: 11th Generation Intel Core Processor Specification Update Supporting 11th
Generation Intel Core Processor Families for S Platform, formerly known as Rocket
Lake
634542: Intel Pentium Silver and Intel Celeron Processor Specification Update
634897: 3rd Generation Intel Xeon Scalable Processors, Codename Cooper Lake
Specification Update
636674: Intel Atom x6000E Series, and Intel Pentium and Celeron N and J Series
Processors for Internet of Things (IoT) Applications Specification Update - Public
637780: 3rd Gen Intel Xeon Scalable Processors, Codename Ice Lake Specification
Update
682436: 12th Generation Intel Core Processor Specification Update Supporting 12th
Generation Intel Core Processor for S Processor Line Platforms, formerly known as
Alder Lake
709192: Intel Xeon E-2300 Processor Family Specification Update
714071: Intel Xeon D-2700 Processor Family Specification Update
743844: 13th Generation Intel Core Processors Datasheet, Volume 1 of 2 Supporting
13th Generation Intel Core Processor for S/P/PX/H/HX/U Processor Line Platforms,
formerly known as Raptor Lake
759603: Intel Processor and Intel Core i3 N-Series Datasheet, Volume 1 of 2
764616: Intel Processor and Intel Core i3 N-series Specification Update
772415: 4th Gen Intel Xeon Scalable Processors Codename Sapphire Rapids
Specification Update
792254: Intel Core Ultra Processor Specification Update
793902: 5th Gen Intel Xeon Processor Scalable Family, Codename Emerald Rapids
Specification Update
827538: Intel Core Ultra 200V Series Processors Specification Update
834774: Intel Core Ultra 200S Series Processors Specification Update
Intel Microcode Update Guidance
Branch History Injection and Intra-mode Branch Target Injection / CVE-2022-0001,
CVE-2022-0002 / INTEL-SA-00598
Intel Transactional Synchronization Extensions (Intel TSX) Memory and Performance
Monitoring Update for Intel Processors (Article ID 000059422)
Retpoline: A Branch Target Injection Mitigation
Special Register Buffer Data Sampling
Information on the CPUID instruction and on specific CPUs is available from the following
documents from Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. <http://www.amd.com/us-
en/Processors/TechnicalResources>, with the specified Publication Numbers:
20734: AMD Processor Recognition Application Note
21266: AMD-K6 Processor Revision Guide Model 6
21641: AMD-K6-2 Processor Revision Guide Model 8
21846: AMD-K6 Processor Revision Guide Model 7
22473: AMD-K6-III Processor Revision Guide Model 9
23614: AMD Athlon Processor Model 4 Revision Guide
23865: AMD Duron Processor Model 3 Revision Guide
24332: AMD Athlon Processor Model 6 Revision Guide
24594: AMD64 Architecture Programmer's Manual Volume 3: General-Purpose and System
Instructions
24806: AMD Duron Processor Model 7 Revision Guide
25481: CPUID Specification
25703: AMD Athlon Processor Model 8 Revision Guide
25759: Revision Guide for AMD Athlon 64 and AMD Opteron Processors
26094: BIOS and Kernel Developer's Guide for AMD Athlon 64 and AMD Opteron
Processors
27532: AMD Athlon Processor Model 10 Revision Guide
31177H: AMD Geode NX Processors Data Book
31610: Revision Guide for AMD NPT Family 0Fh Processors
33234F: AMD Geode LX Processors Data Book
40332: AMD64 Architecture Programmer's Manual: Volumes 1-5
41322: Revision Guide for AMD Family 10h Processors
41788: Revision Guide for AMD Family 11h Processors
44739: Revision Guide for AMD Family 12h Processors
47534: Revision Guide for AMD Family 14h Models 00h-0Fh Processors
48063: Revision Guide for AMD Family 15h Models 00h-0Fh Processors
48931: Revision Guide for AMD Family 15h Models 10h-1Fh Processors
51603: Revision Guide for AMD Family 15h Models 30h-3Fh Processors
51810: Revision Guide for AMD Family 16h Models 00h-0Fh Processors
53072: Revision Guide for AMD Family 16h Models 30h-3Fh Processors
54945: Processor Programming Reference (PPR) for AMD Family 17h Models 01h,0h,
Revision B2 Processors
54945: Processor Programming Reference (PPR) for AMD Family 17h Models 01h,08h
Revision B2 Processors
55370: Revision Guide for AMD Family 15h Models 70h-7Fh Processors
55449: Revision Guide for AMD Family 17h Models 00h-0Fh processors
55570-B1: Processor Programming Reference (PPR) for AMD Family 17h Model 18h,
Revision B1 Processors
55766: Secure Encrypted Virtualization API Version 0.16 Technical Preview
55772-A1: Processor Programming Reference (PPR) for AMD Family 17h Model 20h,
Revision A1 Processors
55898: Preliminary Processor Programming Reference (PPR) for AMD Family 19h Model
01h, Revision B1 Processors
56214: Processor Programming Reference (PPR) for AMD Family 19h Model 21h, Revision
B0 Processors
56569: Processor Programming Reference (PPR) for AMD Family 19h Model 51h, Revision
A1 Processors
55901: Preliminary Processor Programming Reference (PPR) for AMD Family 19h Model
11h, Revision B2 Processors
55922-A1: Processor Programming Reference (PPR) for AMD Family 17h Model 60h,
Revision A1 Processors
55803: Preliminary Processor Programming Reference (PPR) for AMD Family 17h Model
31h, Revision B0 Processors
56176: Processor Programming Reference (PPR) for AMD Family 17h Model 71h, Revision
B0 Processors
56375: AMD64 Technology Platform Quality of Service Extensions
57095: Revision Guide for AMD Family 19h Models 10h-1Fh Processors
57228: Processor Programming Reference (PPR) for AMD Family 19h Model A0h, Revision
A2 Processors
57238: Processor Programming Reference (PPR) for AMD Family 1Ah Model 02h, Revision
C1 Processors
58015: AMD EPYC 9004 Series Architecture Overview
58268: AMD EPYC 8004 Series Architecture Overview
AMD64 Technology Indirect Branch Control Extension (White Paper), Revision 4.10.18
AMD64 Technology Speculative Store Bypass Disable (White Paper), Revision 5.21.18
Technical Guidance For Mitigating Branch Type Confusion (White Paper), Revision
2022-07-12
Information on the CPUID instruction and on specific CPUs is available from the following
documents from Transmeta Corporation
<http://www.transmeta.com/crusoe_docs/Crusoe_CPUID_5-7-02.pdf>:
Processor Recognition, 2002/05/07
Information on the CPUID instruction and on specific CPUs is available from the following
documents from Cyrix:
Application Note 112: Cyrix CPU Detection Guide
Cyrix 6x86 Processor, Instruction Set
The linux kernel can be a source of information on CPUID flags, using X86_FEATURE_*
definitions in arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeatures.h. Also, it can be used to learn about
Intel microarchitectures in arch/x86/include/asm/intel-family.h.
Information on generic hypervisor CPUID leaves is available from this proposal:
<http://lwn.net/Articles/301888/>.
Information on KVM hypervisor CPUID leaves is available from the Linux kernel under
Documentation/virtual/kvm/cpuid.txt.
Information on XEN hypervisor CPUID leaves is deduced from source inspection, mainly from
xen's include/public/arch-x86/cpuid.h and arch/x86/traps.c.
Information on Microsoft hypervisor CPUID leaves is available from the following documents
from Microsoft: <https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/virtualization/hyper-v-on-
windows/reference/tlfs> and <http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-
us/library/windows/hardware/ff542428%28v=vs.85%29.aspx>.
Also, information is available from the following web sites:
<http://www.sandpile.org/x86/cpuid.htm>
<http://instlatx64.atw.hu/>
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_CPU_microarchitectures>
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_AMD_CPU_microarchitectures>
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_microprocessors>
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_AMD_microprocessors>
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:X86_microprocessors>
AUTHOR
Todd Allen <cpuid@etallen.com>