Ubuntu Manpage: qpdf - PDF transformation software

NAME

       qpdf - PDF transformation software

SYNOPSIS

       qpdf [ options ] infilename [ outfilename ]

DESCRIPTION

       The  qpdf  program  is used to convert one PDF file to another equivalent PDF file.  It is
       capable of performing a variety of transformations such as linearization  (also  known  as
       web  optimization  or fast web viewing), encryption, and decryption of PDF files.  It also
       has many options for inspecting or checking PDF files, some of which are useful  primarily
       to PDF developers.

       For a summary of qpdf's options, please run qpdf --help. A complete manual can be found at
       https://qpdf.readthedocs.io.

USAGE (basic invocation)

       Read a PDF file, apply transformations or modifications, and write a new PDF file.

       Usage: qpdf [infile] [options] [outfile]
          OR  qpdf --help[={topic|--option}]

       •      infile, options, and outfile may be  in  any  order  as  long  as  infile  precedes
              outfile.

       •      Use --empty in place of an input file for a zero-page, empty input

       •      Use --replace-input in place of an output file to overwrite the input file with the
              output

       •      outfile may be - to write to stdout; reading from stdin is not supported

       •      @filename is an argument file; each line is  treated  as  a  separate  command-line
              argument

       •      @- may be used to read arguments from stdin

       •      Later options may override earlier options if contradictory

       Related Options:

       --empty -- use empty file as input
              Use in place of infile for an empty input. Especially useful with --pages.

       --replace-input -- overwrite input with output
              Use in place of outfile to overwrite the input file with the output.

       --job-json-file -- job JSON file
              --job-json-file=file

              Specify  the  name  of a file whose contents are expected to contain a QPDFJob JSON
              file. Run qpdf --job-json-help for a description of the JSON input file format.

EXIT-STATUS (meanings of qpdf's exit codes)

       Meaning of exit codes:

       •      0: no errors or warnings

       •      1: not used by qpdf but may be used by the shell if unable to invoke qpdf

       •      2: errors detected

       •      3: warnings detected, unless --warning-exit-0 is given

       Related Options:

       --warning-exit-0 -- exit 0 even with warnings
              Use exit status 0 instead of 3 when warnings are present. When combined with  --no-
              warn, warnings are completely ignored.

COMPLETION (shell completion)

       Shell  completion  is  supported  with bash and zsh. Use eval $(qpdf --completion-bash) or
       eval  $(qpdf  --completion-zsh)  to  enable.  The  QPDF_EXECUTABLE  environment   variable
       overrides the path to qpdf that these commands output.

       Related Options:

       --completion-bash -- enable bash completion
              Output a command that enables bash completion

       --completion-zsh -- enable zsh completion
              Output a command that enables zsh completion

HELP (information about qpdf)

       Help  options  provide  some information about qpdf itself. Help options are only valid as
       the first and only command-line argument.

       Related Options:

       --help -- provide help
              --help[=--option|topic]

              --help: provide general information and a list of topics  --help=--option:  provide
              help on a specific option --help=topic: provide help on a topic

       --version -- show qpdf version
              Display the version of qpdf.

       --copyright -- show copyright information
              Display copyright and license information.

       --show-crypto -- show available crypto providers
              Show  a  list  of available crypto providers, one per line. The default provider is
              shown first.

       --job-json-help -- show format of job JSON
              Describe the format of the QPDFJob JSON input used by --job-json-file.

GENERAL (general options)

General options control qpdf's behavior in ways that are not directly related to the
operation it is performing.

Related Options:

--password -- password for encrypted file
--password=password

Specify a password for an encrypted, password-protected file. Not needed for
encrypted files without a password.

--password-file -- read password from a file
--password-file=filename

The first line of the specified file is used as the password. This is used in
place of the --password option.

--verbose -- print additional information
Output additional information about various things qpdf is doing, including
information about files created and operations performed.

--progress -- show progress when writing
Indicate progress when writing files.

--no-warn -- suppress printing of warning messages
Suppress printing of warning messages. If warnings were encountered, qpdf still
exits with exit status 3. Use --warning-exit-0 with --no-warn to completely ignore
warnings.

--deterministic-id -- generate ID deterministically
Generate a secure, random document ID only using static information, such as the
page contents. Does not use the file's name or attributes or the current time.

--allow-weak-crypto -- allow insecure cryptographic algorithms
Allow creation of files with weak cryptographic algorithms. This option is
necessary to create 40-bit files or 128-bit files that use RC4 encryption.

--keep-files-open -- manage keeping multiple files open
--keep-files-open=[y|n]

When qpdf needs to work with many files, as when merging large numbers of files,
explicitly indicate whether files should be kept open. The default behavior is to
determine this based on the number of files.

--keep-files-open-threshold -- set threshold for --keep-files-open
--keep-files-open-threshold=count

Set the threshold used by --keep-files-open, overriding the default value of 200.

ADVANCED-CONTROL (tweak qpdf's behavior)

       Advanced control options control qpdf's behavior in ways  that  would  normally  never  be
       needed  by  a  user  but that may be useful to developers or people investigating problems
       with specific files.

       Related Options:

       --password-is-hex-key -- provide hex-encoded encryption key
              Provide the underlying file encryption key as  a  hex-encoded  string  rather  than
              supplying a password. This is an expert option.

       --suppress-password-recovery -- don't try different password encodings
              Suppress qpdf's usual behavior of attempting different encodings of a password that
              contains non-ASCII Unicode characters if the first attempt doesn't succeed.

       --password-mode -- tweak how qpdf encodes passwords
              --password-mode=mode

              Fine-tune how qpdf controls encoding of Unicode passwords. Valid options are  auto,
              bytes, hex-bytes, and unicode.

       --suppress-recovery -- suppress error recovery
              Avoid attempting to recover when errors are found in a file's cross reference table
              or stream lengths.

       --ignore-xref-streams -- use xref tables rather than streams
              Ignore any cross-reference streams in the file,  falling  back  to  cross-reference
              tables or triggering document recovery.

TRANSFORMATION (make structural PDF changes)

The options below tell qpdf to apply transformations that change the structure without
changing the content.

Related Options:

--linearize -- linearize (web-optimize) output
Create linearized (web-optimized) output files.

--encrypt -- start encryption options
--encrypt [options] --

Run qpdf --help=encryption for details.

--decrypt -- remove encryption from input file
Create an unencrypted output file even if the input file was encrypted. Normally
qpdf preserves whatever encryption was present on the input file. This option
overrides that behavior.

--remove-restrictions -- remove security restrictions from input file
Remove restrictions associated with digitally signed PDF files. This may be
combined with --decrypt to allow free editing of previously signed/encrypted files.
This option invalidates and disables any digital signatures but leaves their visual
appearances intact.

--copy-encryption -- copy another file's encryption details
--copy-encryption=file

Copy encryption details from the specified file instead of preserving the input
file's encryption. Use --encryption-file-password to specify the encryption file's
password.

--encryption-file-password -- supply password for --copy-encryption
--encryption-file-password=password

If the file named in --copy-encryption requires a password, use this option to
supply the password.

--qdf -- enable viewing PDF code in a text editor
Create a PDF file suitable for viewing in a text editor and even editing. This is
for editing the PDF code, not the page contents. All streams that can be
uncompressed are uncompressed, and content streams are normalized, among other
changes. The companion tool "fix-qdf" can be used to repair hand-edited QDF files.
QDF is a feature specific to the qpdf tool. Please see the "QDF Mode" chapter in
the manual.

--no-original-object-ids -- omit original object IDs in qdf
Omit comments in a QDF file indicating the object ID an object had in the original
file.

--compress-streams -- compress uncompressed streams
--compress-streams=[y|n]

Setting --compress-streams=n prevents qpdf from compressing uncompressed streams.
This can be useful if you are leaving some streams uncompressed intentionally.

--decode-level -- control which streams to uncompress
--decode-level=parameter

When uncompressing streams, control which types of compression schemes should be
uncompressed:

• none: don't uncompress anything. This is the default with --json-output.

• generalized: uncompress streams compressed with a general-purpose compression
algorithm. This is the default except when --json-output is given.

• specialized: in addition to generalized, also uncompress streams compressed with a
special-purpose but non-lossy compression scheme

• all: in addition to specialized, uncompress streams compressed with lossy
compression schemes like JPEG (DCT) qpdf does not know how to uncompress all
compression schemes.

--stream-data -- control stream compression
--stream-data=parameter

This option controls how streams are compressed in the output. It is less granular
than the newer options, --compress-streams and --decode-level.

Parameters:

• compress: same as --compress-streams=y --decode-level=generalized

• preserve: same as --compress-streams=n --decode-level=none

• uncompress: same as --compress-streams=n --decode-level=generalized

--recompress-flate -- uncompress and recompress flate
The default generalized compression scheme used by PDF is flate, which is the same
as used by zip and gzip. Usually qpdf just leaves these alone. This option tells
qpdf to uncompress and recompress streams compressed with flate. This can be useful
when combined with --compression-level.

--compression-level -- set compression level for flate
--compression-level=level

Set a compression level from 1 (least, fastest) to 9 (most, slowest) when
compressing files with flate (used in zip and gzip), which is the default
compression for most PDF files. You need --recompress-flate with this option if
you want to change already compressed streams.

--normalize-content -- fix newlines in content streams
--normalize-content=[y|n]

Normalize newlines to UNIX-style newlines in PDF content streams, which is useful
for viewing them in a programmer's text editor across multiple platforms. This is
also turned on by --qdf.

--object-streams -- control use of object streams
--object-streams=mode

Control what qpdf does regarding object streams. Options:

• preserve: preserve original object streams, if any (the default)

• disable: create output files with no object streams

• generate: create object streams, and compress objects when possible

--preserve-unreferenced -- preserve unreferenced objects
Preserve all objects from the input even if not referenced.

--remove-unreferenced-resources -- remove unreferenced page resources
--remove-unreferenced-resources=parameter

Remove from a page's resource dictionary any resources that are not referenced in
the page's contents. Parameters: "auto" (default), "yes", "no".

--preserve-unreferenced-resources -- use --remove-unreferenced-resources=no
Synonym for --remove-unreferenced-resources=no. Use that instead.

--newline-before-endstream -- force a newline before endstream
For an extra newline before endstream. Using this option enables qpdf to preserve
PDF/A when rewriting such files.

--coalesce-contents -- combine content streams
If a page has an array of content streams, concatenate them into a single content
stream.

--externalize-inline-images -- convert inline to regular images
Convert inline images to regular images.

--ii-min-bytes -- set minimum size for --externalize-inline-images
--ii-min-bytes=size-in-bytes

Don't externalize inline images smaller than this size. The default is 1,024. Use 0
for no minimum.

--min-version -- set minimum PDF version
--min-version=version

Force the PDF version of the output to be at least the specified version. The
version number format is "major.minor[.extension-level]", which sets the version
header to "major.minor" and the extension level, if specified, to "extension-
level".

--force-version -- set output PDF version
--force-version=version

Force the output PDF file's PDF version header to be the specified value, even if
the file uses features that may not be available in that version.

PAGE-RANGES (page range syntax)

       A full description of the page range syntax, with examples, can be found in the manual. In
       summary, a range is a comma-separated list of groups. A group is a number or  a  range  of
       numbers separated by a dash. A group may be prepended by x to exclude its members from the
       previous group. A number may be one of

       •      <n>        where <n> represents a number is the <n>th page

       •      r<n>       is the <n>th page from the end

       •      z          the last page, same as r1

       •      a,b,c      pages a, b, and c

       •      a-b        pages a through b inclusive; if a > b, this counts down

       •      a-b,xc     pages a through b except page c

       •      a-b,xc-d   pages a through b except pages c through d

              You can append :even or :odd to select every other page from the resulting  set  of
              pages, where :odd starts with the first page and :even starts with the second page.
              These are odd and even pages from the resulting set, not based on the original page
              numbers.

MODIFICATION (change parts of the PDF)

Modification options make systematic changes to certain parts of the PDF, causing the PDF
to render differently from the original.

Related Options:

--pages -- begin page selection
--pages [--file=]file [options] [...] --

Run qpdf --help=page-selection for details.

--file -- source for pages
--file=file

Specify the file for the current page operation. This is used with --pages,
--overlay, and --underlay and appears between the option and the terminating --.
Run qpdf --help=page-selection for details.

--range -- page range
--range=numeric-range

Specify the page range for the current page operation with --pages. If omitted, all
pages are selected. This is used with --pages and appears between --pages and --.
Run qpdf --help=page-selection for details.

--collate -- collate with --pages
--collate[=n[,m,...]]

Collate rather than concatenate pages specified with --pages. With a numeric
parameter, collate in groups of n. The default is 1. With comma-separated numeric
parameters, take n from the first file, m from the second, etc. Run qpdf
--help=page-selection for additional details.

--split-pages -- write pages to separate files
--split-pages[=n]

This option causes qpdf to create separate output files for each page or group of
pages rather than a single output file.

File names are generated from the specified output file as follows:

• If the string %d appears in the output file name, it is replaced with a zero-padded
page range starting from 1

• Otherwise, if the output file name ends in .pdf (case insensitive), a zero-padded
page range, preceded by a dash, is inserted before the file extension

• Otherwise, the file name is appended with a zero-padded page range preceded by a
dash.

Page ranges are single page numbers for single-page groups or first-last for multi-
page groups.

--overlay -- begin overlay options
--overlay file [options] --

Overlay pages from another file on the output. Run qpdf --help=overlay-underlay
for details.

--underlay -- begin underlay options
--underlay file [options] --

Underlay pages from another file on the output. Run qpdf --help=overlay-underlay
for details.

--flatten-rotation -- remove rotation from page dictionary
For each page that is rotated using the /Rotate key in the page's dictionary,
remove the /Rotate key and implement the identical rotation semantics by modifying
the page's contents. This can be useful if a broken PDF viewer fails to properly
consider page rotation metadata.

--flatten-annotations -- push annotations into content
--flatten-annotations=parameter

Push page annotations into the content streams. This may be necessary in some case
when printing or splitting files. Parameters: "all", "print", "screen".

--rotate -- rotate pages
--rotate=[+|-]angle[:page-range]

Rotate specified pages by multiples of 90 degrees specifying either absolute or
relative angles. "angle" may be 0, 90, 180, or 270. You almost always want to use
+angle or -angle rather than just angle, as discussed in the manual. Run qpdf
--help=page-ranges for help with page ranges.

--generate-appearances -- generate appearances for form fields
PDF form fields consist of values and appearances, which may be inconsistent with
each other if a form field value has been modified without updating its appearance.
This option tells qpdf to generate new appearance streams. There are some
limitations, which are discussed in the manual.

--optimize-images -- use efficient compression for images
Attempt to use DCT (JPEG) compression for images that fall within certain
constraints as long as doing so decreases the size in bytes of the image. See also
help for the following options:
--oi-min-width
--oi-min-height
--oi-min-area
--keep-inline-images

--oi-min-width -- minimum width for --optimize-images
--oi-min-width=width

Don't optimize images whose width is below the specified value.

--oi-min-height -- minimum height for --optimize-images
--oi-min-height=height

Don't optimize images whose height is below the specified value.

--oi-min-area -- minimum area for --optimize-images
--oi-min-area=area-in-pixels

Don't optimize images whose area in pixels is below the specified value.

--keep-inline-images -- exclude inline images from optimization
Prevent inline images from being considered by --optimize-images.

--remove-page-labels -- remove explicit page numbers
Exclude page labels (explicit page numbers) from the output file.

--set-page-labels -- number pages for the entire document
--set-page-labels label-spec ... --

Set page labels (explicit page numbers) for the entire file. Each label-spec has
the form

first-page:[type][/start[/prefix]]

where

• "first-page" represents a sequential page number using the same format as page
ranges: a number, a number preceded by "r" to indicate counting from the end, or
"z" indicating the last page

• "type" is one of - D: Arabic numerals (digits) - A: Upper-case alphabetic
characters - a: Lower-case alphabetic characters - R: Upper-case Roman numerals -
r: Lower-case Roman numerals - omitted: the page number does not appear, though the
prefix,
if specified will still appear

• "start" must be a number >= 1

• "prefix"` may be any string and is prepended to each page label

The first label spec must have a first-page value of 1, indicating the first page
of the document. If multiple page label specs are specified, they must be given in
increasing order.

If multiple page label specs are specified, they must be given in increasing order.

A given page label spec causes pages to be numbered according to that scheme
starting with first-page and continuing until the next label spec or the end of the
document. If you want to omit numbering starting at a certain page, you can use
first-page: as the spec.

Example: "1:r 5:D" would number the first four pages i through iv, then the
remaining pages with Arabic numerals starting with 1 and continuing sequentially
until the end of the document. For additional examples, please consult the manual.

ENCRYPTION (create encrypted files)

Create encrypted files. Usage:

--encrypt [--user-password=user-password] [--owner-password=owner-password]
--bits=key-length [options] --

--encrypt user-password owner-password key-length [options] --

The first form, with flags for the passwords and bit length, was introduced in qpdf
11.7.0. Only the --bits option is is mandatory. This form allows you to use any text as
the password. If passwords are specified, they must be given before the --bits option.

The second form has been in qpdf since the beginning and wil continue to be supported.
Either or both of user-password and owner-password may be empty strings.

The key-length parameter must be either 40, 128, or 256. The user and/or owner password
may be omitted. Omitting either password enables the PDF file to be opened without a
password. Specifying the same value for the user and owner password and specifying an
empty owner password are both considered insecure.

Encryption options are terminated by "--" by itself.

40-bit encryption is insecure, as is 128-bit encryption without AES. Use 256-bit
encryption unless you have a specific reason to use an insecure format, such as testing or
compatibility with very old viewers. You must use the --allow-weak-crypto to create
encrypted files that use insecure cryptographic algorithms. The --allow-weak-crypto flag
appears outside of --encrypt ... -- (before --encrypt or after --).

Available options vary by key length. Not all readers respect all restrictions. Different
PDF readers respond differently to various combinations of options. Sometimes a PDF viewer
may show you restrictions that differ from what you selected. This is probably not a bug
in qpdf.

Options for 40-bit only:
--annotate=[y|n] restrict comments, filling forms, and signing
--extract=[y|n] restrict text/graphic extraction
--modify=[y|n] restrict document modification
--print=[y|n] restrict printing

Options for 128-bit or 256-bit:
--accessibility=[y|n] restrict accessibility (usually ignored)
--annotate=[y|n] restrict commenting/filling form fields
--assemble=[y|n] restrict document assembly
--extract=[y|n] restrict text/graphic extraction
--form=[y|n] restrict filling form fields
--modify-other=[y|n] restrict other modifications
--modify=modify-opt control modify access by level
--print=print-opt control printing access
--cleartext-metadata prevent encryption of metadata

For 128-bit only:
--use-aes=[y|n] indicates whether to use AES encryption
--force-V4 forces use of V=4 encryption handler

For 256-bit only:
--force-R5 forces use of deprecated R=5 encryption
--allow-insecure allow user password with empty owner password

Values for print-opt:
none disallow printing
low allow only low-resolution printing
full allow full printing

Values for modify-opt:
none allow no modifications
assembly allow document assembly only
form assembly + filling in form fields and signing
annotate form + commenting and modifying forms
all allow full document modification

Related Options:

--user-password -- specify user password
--user-password=user-password

Set the user password of the encrypted file.

--owner-password -- specify owner password
--owner-password=owner-password

Set the owner password of the encrypted file.

--bits -- specify encryption key length
--bits={48|128|256}

Specify the encryption key length. For best security, always use a key length of
256.

--accessibility -- restrict document accessibility
--accessibility=[y|n]

This option is ignored except with very old encryption formats. The current PDF
specification does not allow restriction of document accessibility. This option is
not available with 40-bit encryption.

--annotate -- restrict document annotation
--annotate=[y|n]

Enable/disable modifying annotations including making comments and filling in form
fields. For 128-bit and 256-bit encryption, this also enables editing, creating,
and deleting form fields unless --modify-other=n or --modify=none is also
specified.

--assemble -- restrict document assembly
--assemble=[y|n]

Enable/disable document assembly (rotation and reordering of pages). This option is
not available with 40-bit encryption.

--extract -- restrict text/graphic extraction
--extract=[y|n]

Enable/disable text/graphic extraction for purposes other than accessibility.

--form -- restrict form filling
--form=[y|n]

Enable/disable whether filling form fields is allowed even if modification of
annotations is disabled. This option is not available with 40-bit encryption.

--modify-other -- restrict other modifications
--modify-other=[y|n]

Enable/disable modifications not controlled by --assemble, --annotate, or --form.
--modify-other=n is implied by any of the other --modify options. This option is
not available with 40-bit encryption.

--modify -- restrict document modification
--modify=modify-opt

For 40-bit files, modify-opt may only be y or n and controls all aspects of
document modification.

For 128-bit and 256-bit encryption, modify-opt values allow enabling and disabling
levels of restriction in a manner similar to how some PDF creation tools do it.
modify-opt values map to other combinations of options as follows:

all: allow full modification (the default) annotate: --modify-other=n form:
--modify-other=n --annotate=n assembly: --modify-other=n --annotate=n --form=n
none: --modify-other=n --annotate=n --form=n --assemble=n

--print -- restrict printing
--print=print-opt

Control what kind of printing is allowed. For 40-bit encryption, print-opt may only
be y or n and enables or disables all printing. For 128-bit and 256-bit encryption,
print-opt may have the following values:

none: disallow printing low: allow low-resolution printing only full: allow full
printing (the default)

--cleartext-metadata -- don't encrypt metadata
If specified, don't encrypt document metadata even when encrypting the rest of the
document. This option is not available with 40-bit encryption.

--use-aes -- use AES with 128-bit encryption
--use-aes=[y|n]

Enables/disables use of the more secure AES encryption with 128-bit encryption.
Specifying --use-aes=y forces the PDF version to be at least 1.6. This option is
only available with 128-bit encryption. The default is "n" for compatibility
reasons. Use 256-bit encryption instead.

--allow-insecure -- allow empty owner passwords
Allow creation of PDF files with empty owner passwords and non-empty user passwords
when using 256-bit encryption.

--force-V4 -- force V=4 in encryption dictionary
This option is for testing and is never needed in practice since qpdf does this
automatically when needed.

--force-R5 -- use unsupported R=5 encryption
Use an undocumented, unsupported, deprecated encryption algorithm that existed only
in Acrobat version IX. This option should not be used except for compatibility
testing.

PAGE-SELECTION (select pages from one or more files)

       Use the --pages option to select pages from multiple files. Usage:

       qpdf in.pdf --pages --file=input-file     [--range=page-range] [--password=password] [...]
       -- out.pdf

       OR

       qpdf in.pdf --pages input-file [--password=password] [page-range]     [...] -- out.pdf

       Between --pages and the -- that terminates pages option, repeat the following:

       --file=filename [--range=page-range] [--password=password] [options]

       For compatibility, the file and range can be specified positionally. qpdf  versions  prior
       to  11.9.0  require  --password=password  to immediately follow the filename. In the older
       syntax, repeat the following:

       filename [--password=password] [page-range]

       Document-level information, such as outlines, tags, etc., is  taken  from  in.pdf  and  is
       preserved in out.pdf. You can use --empty in place of an input file to start from an empty
       file and just copy pages equally from all files. You can use "." as a  shorthand  for  the
       primary input file (if not --empty). In the above example, "."  would refer to in.pdf.

       Use  --password=password  to  specify the password for a password-protected input file. If
       the same input file is used more than once, you only need to supply the password the first
       time. If the page range is omitted, all pages are selected.

       Run qpdf --help=page-ranges for help with page ranges.

       Use  --collate=n to cause pages to be collated in groups of n pages (default 1) instead of
       concatenating the input.  Use --collate=i,j,k,... to take i from the first,  then  j  from
       the second, then k from the third, then i from the first, etc.

       Examples:

       •      Start  with  in.pdf  and append all pages from a.pdf and the even pages from b.pdf,
              and write  the  output  to  out.pdf.  Document-level  information  from  in.pdf  is
              retained. Note the use of "." to refer to in.pdf.

                qpdf in.pdf --pages . a.pdf b.pdf 1-z:even -- out.pdf

       •      Take  all the pages from a.pdf, all the pages from b.pdf in reverse, and only pages
              3 and 6 from c.pdf and write the result to out.pdf. Use password "x" to open b.pdf:

                qpdf --empty --pages a.pdf b.pdf --password=x z-1 c.pdf 3,6

              More examples are in the manual.

OVERLAY-UNDERLAY (overlay/underlay pages from other files)

These options allow pages from another file to be overlaid or underlaid on the primary
output. Overlaid pages are drawn on top of the destination page and may obscure the page.
Underlaid pages are drawn below the destination page. Usage:

{--overlay|--underlay} [--file=]file
[--password=password]
[--to=page-range]
[--from=[page-range]]
[--repeat=page-range]
--

Note the use of "--" by itself to terminate overlay/underlay options.

For overlay and underlay, a file and optional password are specified, along with a series
of optional page ranges. The default behavior is that each page of the overlay or underlay
file is imposed on the corresponding page of the primary output until it runs out of
pages, and any extra pages are ignored. You can also give a page range with --repeat to
cause those pages to be repeated after the original pages are exhausted.

This options are repeatable. Pages will be stacked in order of appearance: first
underlays, then the original page, then overlays.

Run qpdf --help=page-ranges for help with page ranges.

Related Options:

--to -- destination pages for underlay/overlay
--to=page-range

Specify the range of pages in the primary output to apply overlay/underlay to. See
qpdf --help=page-ranges for help with the page range syntax.

--from -- source pages for underlay/overlay
--from=[page-range]

Specify pages from the overlay/underlay file that are applied to the destination
pages. See qpdf --help=page-ranges for help with the page range syntax. The page
range may be omitted if --repeat is used.

--repeat -- overlay/underlay pages to repeat
--repeat=page-range

Specify pages from the overlay/underlay that are repeated after "from" pages have
been exhausted. See qpdf --help=page-ranges for help with the page range syntax.

ATTACHMENTS (work with embedded files)

       It  is  possible to list, add, or delete embedded files (also known as attachments) and to
       copy attachments from other files. See help on individual options for  details.  Run  qpdf
       --help=add-attachment   for   additional   details  about  adding  attachments.  See  also
       --help=--list-attachments and --help=--show-attachment.

       Related Options:

       --add-attachment -- start add attachment options
              --add-attachment file [options] --

              The --add-attachment  flag  and  its  options  may  be  repeated  to  add  multiple
              attachments. Run qpdf --help=add-attachment for details.

       --copy-attachments-from -- start copy attachment options
              --copy-attachments-from file [options] --

              The   --copy-attachments-from  flag  and  its  options  may  be  repeated  to  copy
              attachments from multiple files. Run qpdf --help=copy-attachments for details.

       --remove-attachment -- remove an embedded file
              --remove-attachment=key

              Remove an embedded file using its key. Get the key with --list-attachments.

PDF-DATES (PDF date format)

       When a date is required, the date should conform to the  PDF  date  format  specification,
       which  is  "D:yyyymmddhhmmssz"  where  "z" is either literally upper case "Z" for UTC or a
       timezone offset in the form "-hh'mm'" or "+hh'mm'".  Negative  timezone  offsets  indicate
       time before UTC. Positive offsets indicate how far after. For example, US Eastern Standard
       Time  (America/New_York)  is  "-05'00'",  and  Indian  Standard  Time  (Asia/Calcutta)  is
       "+05'30'".

       Examples:

       •      D:20210207161528-05'00'   February 7, 2021 at 4:15:28 p.m.

       •      D:20210207211528Z         February 7, 2021 at 21:15:28 UTC

ADD-ATTACHMENT (attach (embed) files)

The options listed below appear between --add-attachment and its terminating "--".

Related Options:

--key -- specify attachment key
--key=key

Specify the key to use for the attachment in the embedded files table. It defaults
to the last element (basename) of the attached file's filename.

--filename -- set attachment's displayed filename
--filename=name

Specify the filename to be used for the attachment. This is what is usually
displayed to the user and is the name most graphical PDF viewers will use when
saving a file. It defaults to the last element (basename) of the attached file's
filename.

--creationdate -- set attachment's creation date
--creationdate=date

Specify the attachment's creation date in PDF format; defaults to the current time.
Run qpdf --help=pdf-dates for information about the date format.

--moddate -- set attachment's modification date
--moddate=date

Specify the attachment's modification date in PDF format; defaults to the current
time. Run qpdf --help=pdf-dates for information about the date format.

--mimetype -- attachment mime type, e.g. application/pdf
--mimetype=type/subtype

Specify the mime type for the attachment, such as text/plain, application/pdf,
image/png, etc.

--description -- set attachment's description
--description="text"

Supply descriptive text for the attachment, displayed by some PDF viewers.

--replace -- replace attachment with same key
Indicate that any existing attachment with the same key should be replaced by the
new attachment. Otherwise, qpdf gives an error if an attachment with that key is
already present.

COPY-ATTACHMENTS (copy attachments from another file)

       The options listed below appear between --copy-attachments-from and its terminating "--".

       To copy attachments from a password-protected file, use the --password  option  after  the
       file name.

       Related Options:

       --prefix -- key prefix for copying attachments
              --prefix=prefix

              Prepend a prefix to each key; may be needed if there are duplicate attachment keys.
              This affects the key only, not the file name.

INSPECTION (inspect PDF files)

These options provide tools for inspecting PDF files. When any of the options in this
section are specified, no output file may be given.

Related Options:

--is-encrypted -- silently test whether a file is encrypted
Silently exit with a code indicating the file's encryption status:

0: the file is encrypted 1: not used 2: the file is not encrypted

This can be used with password-protected files even if you don't know the password.

--requires-password -- silently test a file's password
Silently exit with a code indicating the file's password status:

0: a password, other than as supplied, is required 1: not used 2: the file is not
encrypted 3: the file is encrypted, and correct password (if any) has been supplied

--check -- partially check whether PDF is valid
Check the structure of the PDF file as well as a number of other aspects of the
file, and write information about the file to standard output. Note that qpdf does
not perform any validation of the actual PDF page content or semantic correctness
of the PDF file. It merely checks that the PDF file is syntactically valid. See
also qpdf --help=exit-status.

--show-encryption -- information about encrypted files
Show document encryption parameters. Also show the document's user password if the
owner password is given and the file was encrypted using older encryption formats
that allow user password recovery.

--show-encryption-key -- show key with --show-encryption
When used with --show-encryption or --check, causes the underlying encryption key
to be displayed.

--check-linearization -- check linearization tables
Check to see whether a file is linearized and, if so, whether the linearization
hint tables are correct.

--show-linearization -- show linearization hint tables
Check and display all data in the linearization hint tables.

--show-xref -- show cross reference data
Show the contents of the cross-reference table or stream (object locations in the
file) in a human-readable form. This is especially useful for files with cross-
reference streams, which are stored in a binary format.

--show-object -- show contents of an object
--show-object={trailer|obj[,gen]}

Show the contents of the given object. This is especially useful for inspecting
objects that are inside of object streams (also known as "compressed objects").

--raw-stream-data -- show raw stream data
When used with --show-object, if the object is a stream, write the raw (compressed)
binary stream data to standard output instead of the object's contents. See also
--filtered-stream-data.

--filtered-stream-data -- show filtered stream data
When used with --show-object, if the object is a stream, write the filtered
(uncompressed, potentially binary) stream data to standard output instead of the
object's contents. See also --raw-stream-data.

--show-npages -- show number of pages
Print the number of pages in the input file on a line by itself. Useful for
scripts.

--show-pages -- display page dictionary information
Show the object and generation number for each page dictionary object and for each
content stream associated with the page.

--with-images -- include image details with --show-pages
When used with --show-pages, also shows the object and generation numbers for the
image objects on each page.

--list-attachments -- list embedded files
Show the key and stream number for each embedded file. Combine with --verbose for
more detailed information.

--show-attachment -- export an embedded file
--show-attachment=key

Write the contents of the specified attachment to standard output as binary data.
Get the key with --list-attachments.

JSON (JSON output for PDF information)

Show information about the PDF file in JSON format. Please see the JSON chapter in the
qpdf manual for details.

Related Options:

--json -- show file in JSON format
--json[=version]

Generate a JSON representation of the file. This is described in depth in the JSON
section of the manual. "version" may be a specific version or "latest" (the
default). Run qpdf --json-help for a description of the generated JSON object.

--json-help -- show format of JSON output
--json-help[=version]

Describe the format of the JSON output by writing to standard output a JSON object
with the same keys and with values containing descriptive text.

--json-key -- limit which keys are in JSON output
--json-key=key

This option is repeatable. If given, only the specified top-level keys will be
included in the JSON output. Otherwise, all keys will be included. With --json-
output, when not given, only the "qpdf" key will appear in the output.

--json-object -- limit which objects are in JSON
--json-object={trailer|obj[,gen]}

This option is repeatable. If given, only specified objects will be shown in the
"objects" key of the JSON output. Otherwise, all objects will be shown.

--json-stream-data -- how to handle streams in json output
--json-stream-data={none|inline|file}

When used with --json, this option controls whether streams in json output should
be omitted, written inline (base64-encoded) or written to a file. If "file" is
chosen, the file will be the name of the output file appended with -nnn where nnn
is the object number. The prefix can be overridden with --json-stream-prefix. The
default is "none", except when --json-output is specified, in which case the
default is "inline".

--json-stream-prefix -- prefix for json stream data files
--json-stream-prefix=file-prefix

When used with --json-stream-data=file, --json-stream-data=file-prefix sets the
prefix for stream data files, overriding the default, which is to use the output
file name. Whatever is given here will be appended with -nnn to create the name of
the file that will contain the data for the stream stream in object nnn.

--json-output -- apply defaults for JSON serialization
--json-output[=version]

Implies --json=version. Changes default values for certain options so that the JSON
output written is the most faithful representation of the original PDF and contains
no additional JSON keys. See also --json-stream-data, --json-stream-prefix, and
--decode-level.

--json-input -- input file is qpdf JSON
Treat the input file as a JSON file in qpdf JSON format. See the "qpdf JSON Format"
section of the manual for information about how to use this option.

--update-from-json -- update a PDF from qpdf JSON
--update-from-json=qpdf-json-file

Update a PDF file from a JSON file. Please see the "qpdf JSON" chapter of the
manual for information about how to use this option.

TESTING (options for testing or debugging)

       The options below are useful when writing automated test code that includes files  created
       by qpdf or when testing qpdf itself.

       Related Options:

       --static-id -- use a fixed document ID
              Use a fixed value for the document ID. This is intended for testing only. Never use
              it for production files. See also qpdf --help=--deterministic-id.

       --static-aes-iv -- use a fixed AES vector
              Use a static initialization vector for AES-CBC. This is intended for  testing  only
              so  that  output files can be reproducible. Never use it for production files. This
              option is not secure since it significantly weakens the encryption.

       --linearize-pass1 -- save pass 1 of linearization
              --linearize-pass1=file

              Write the first pass of linearization to the named file. The resulting file is  not
              a valid PDF file. This option is useful only for debugging qpdf.

       --test-json-schema -- test generated json against schema
              This  is  used by qpdf's test suite to check consistency between the output of qpdf
              --json and the output of qpdf --json-help.

       --report-memory-usage -- best effort report of memory usage
              This is used by qpdf's performance test suite  to  report  the  maximum  amount  of
              memory used in supported environments.

NAME

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

USAGE (basic invocation)

EXIT-STATUS (meanings of qpdf's exit codes)

COMPLETION (shell completion)

HELP (information about qpdf)

GENERAL (general options)

ADVANCED-CONTROL (tweak qpdf's behavior)

TRANSFORMATION (make structural PDF changes)

PAGE-RANGES (page range syntax)

MODIFICATION (change parts of the PDF)

ENCRYPTION (create encrypted files)

PAGE-SELECTION (select pages from one or more files)

OVERLAY-UNDERLAY (overlay/underlay pages from other files)

ATTACHMENTS (work with embedded files)

PDF-DATES (PDF date format)

ADD-ATTACHMENT (attach (embed) files)

COPY-ATTACHMENTS (copy attachments from another file)

INSPECTION (inspect PDF files)

JSON (JSON output for PDF information)

TESTING (options for testing or debugging)

SEE ALSO