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PROLOG
This manual page is part of the POSIX Programmer's Manual. The Linux implementation of this interface
may differ (consult the corresponding Linux manual page for details of Linux behavior), or the interface
may not be implemented on Linux.
NAME
setpgid — set process group ID for job control
SYNOPSIS
#include <unistd.h> int setpgid(pid_t pid, pid_t pgid);
DESCRIPTION
The setpgid() function shall either join an existing process group or create a new process group within
the session of the calling process.
The process group ID of a session leader shall not change.
Upon successful completion, the process group ID of the process with a process ID that matches pid shall
be set to pgid.
As a special case, if pid is 0, the process ID of the calling process shall be used. Also, if pgid is 0,
the process ID of the indicated process shall be used.
RETURN VALUE
Upon successful completion, setpgid() shall return 0; otherwise, -1 shall be returned and errno shall be
set to indicate the error.
ERRORS
The setpgid() function shall fail if:
EACCES The value of the pid argument matches the process ID of a child process of the calling process and
the child process has successfully executed one of the exec functions.
EINVAL The value of the pgid argument is less than 0, or is not a value supported by the implementation.
EPERM The process indicated by the pid argument is a session leader.
EPERM The value of the pid argument matches the process ID of a child process of the calling process and
the child process is not in the same session as the calling process.
EPERM The value of the pgid argument is valid but does not match the process ID of the process indicated
by the pid argument and there is no process with a process group ID that matches the value of the
pgid argument in the same session as the calling process.
ESRCH The value of the pid argument does not match the process ID of the calling process or of a child
process of the calling process.
The following sections are informative.
EXAMPLES
None.
APPLICATION USAGE
None.
RATIONALE
The setpgid() function shall group processes together for the purpose of signaling, placement in
foreground or background, and other job control actions.
The setpgid() function is similar to the setpgrp() function of 4.2 BSD, except that 4.2 BSD allowed the
specified new process group to assume any value. This presents certain security problems and is more
flexible than necessary to support job control.
To provide tighter security, setpgid() only allows the calling process to join a process group already in
use inside its session or create a new process group whose process group ID was equal to its process ID.
When a job control shell spawns a new job, the processes in the job must be placed into a new process
group via setpgid(). There are two timing constraints involved in this action:
1. The new process must be placed in the new process group before the appropriate program is launched
via one of the exec functions.
2. The new process must be placed in the new process group before the shell can correctly send signals
to the new process group.
To address these constraints, the following actions are performed. The new processes call setpgid() to
alter their own process groups after fork() but before exec. This satisfies the first constraint. Under
4.3 BSD, the second constraint is satisfied by the synchronization property of vfork(); that is, the
shell is suspended until the child has completed the exec, thus ensuring that the child has completed the
setpgid(). A new version of fork() with this same synchronization property was considered, but it was
decided instead to merely allow the parent shell process to adjust the process group of its child
processes via setpgid(). Both timing constraints are now satisfied by having both the parent shell and
the child attempt to adjust the process group of the child process; it does not matter which succeeds
first.
Since it would be confusing to an application to have its process group change after it began executing
(that is, after exec), and because the child process would already have adjusted its process group before
this, the [EACCES] error was added to disallow this.
One non-obvious use of setpgid() is to allow a job control shell to return itself to its original process
group (the one in effect when the job control shell was executed). A job control shell does this before
returning control back to its parent when it is terminating or suspending itself as a way of restoring
its job control ``state'' back to what its parent would expect. (Note that the original process group of
the job control shell typically matches the process group of its parent, but this is not necessarily
always the case.)
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
None.
SEE ALSO
exec, getpgrp(), setsid(), tcsetpgrp()
The Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2017, <sys_types.h>, <unistd.h>
COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form from IEEE Std 1003.1-2017, Standard
for Information Technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 7, 2018 Edition, Copyright (C) 2018 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between this version and the original
IEEE and The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee document.
The original Standard can be obtained online at http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .
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https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/reporting_bugs.html .