Ubuntu Manpage: AppArmor - kernel enhancement to confine programs to a limited set of resources.

Provided by: apparmor_4.1.0~beta5-0ubuntu14.2_amd64

NAME

       AppArmor - kernel enhancement to confine programs to a limited set of resources.

DESCRIPTION

AppArmor is a kernel enhancement to confine programs to a limited set of resources. AppArmor's unique
security model is to bind access control attributes to programs rather than to users.

AppArmor confinement is provided via profiles loaded into the kernel via apparmor_parser(8), typically
through the apparmor.service systemd unit, which is used like this:

# systemctl start apparmor
# systemctl reload apparmor

AppArmor can operate in two modes: enforcement, and complain or learning:

• enforcement - Profiles loaded in enforcement mode will result in enforcement of the policy defined
in the profile as well as reporting policy violation attempts to syslogd.

• complain - Profiles loaded in "complain" mode will not enforce policy. Instead, it will report
policy violation attempts. This mode is convenient for developing profiles. To manage complain mode
for individual profiles the utilities aa-complain(8) and aa-enforce(8) can be used. These utilities
take a program name as an argument.

Profiles are traditionally stored in files in /etc/apparmor.d/ under filenames with the convention of
replacing the / in pathnames with . (except for the root /) so profiles are easier to manage (e.g. the
/usr/sbin/nscd profile would be named usr.sbin.nscd).

Profiles are applied to a process at exec(3) time (as seen through the execve(2) system call): once a
profile is loaded for a program, that program will be confined on the next exec(3). If a process is
already running under a profile, when one replaces that profile in the kernel, the updated profile is
applied immediately to that process. On the other hand, a process that is already running unconfined
cannot be confined.

AppArmor supports the Linux kernel's securityfs filesystem, and makes available the list of the profiles
currently loaded; to mount the filesystem:

# mount -tsecurityfs securityfs /sys/kernel/security
$ cat /sys/kernel/security/apparmor/profiles
/usr/bin/mutt
/usr/bin/gpg
...

Normally, the initscript will mount securityfs if it has not already been done.

AppArmor also restricts what privileged operations a confined process may execute, even if the process is
running as root. A confined process cannot call the following system calls:

create_module(2) delete_module(2) init_module(2) ioperm(2)
iopl(2) ptrace(2) reboot(2) setdomainname(2)
sethostname(2) swapoff(2) swapon(2) sysctl(2)

Complain mode
Instead of denying access to resources the profile does not have a rule for AppArmor can "allow" the
access and log a message for the operation that triggers it. This is called complain mode. It is
important to note that rules that are present in the profile are still applied, so allow rules will still
quiet or force audit messages, and deny rules will still result in denials and quieting of denial
messages (see Turn off deny audit quieting if this is a problem).

Complain mode can be used to develop profiles incrementally as an application is exercised. The logged
accesses can be added to the profile and then can the application further exercised to discover further
additions that are needed. Because AppArmor allows the accesses the application will behave as it would
if AppArmor was not confining it.

Warning complain mode does not provide any security, only auditing, while it is enabled. It should not be
used in a hostile environment or bad behaviors may be logged and added to the profile as if they are
resource accesses that should be used by the application.

Note complain mode can be very noisy with new or empty profiles, but with developed profiles might not
log anything if the profile covers the application behavior well. See Audit Rate Limiting if complain
mode is generating too many log messages.

To set a profile and any children or hat profiles the profile may contain into complain mode use

aa-complain /etc/apparmor.d/<the-application>

To manually set a specific profile in complain mode, add the "complain" flag, and then manually reload
the profile:

profile foo flags=(complain) { ... }

Note that the "complain" flag must also be added manually to any hats or children profiles of the profile
or they will continue to use the previous mode.

To enable complain mode globally, run:

echo -n complain > /sys/module/apparmor/parameters/mode

or to set it on boot add:

apparmor.mode=complain

as a kernel boot parameter.

Warning Setting complain mode globally disables all apparmor security protections. It can be useful
during debugging or profile development, but setting it selectively on a per profile basis is safer.

ERRORS

       When  a  confined  process  tries to access a file it does not have permission to access, the kernel will
       report a message through audit, similar to:

               audit(1386511672.612:238): apparmor="DENIED" operation="exec"
                 parent=7589 profile="/tmp/sh" name="/bin/uname" pid=7605
                 comm="sh" requested_mask="x" denied_mask="x" fsuid=0 ouid=0

               audit(1386511672.613:239): apparmor="DENIED" operation="open"
                 parent=7589 profile="/tmp/sh" name="/bin/uname" pid=7605
                 comm="sh" requested_mask="r" denied_mask="r" fsuid=0 ouid=0

               audit(1386511772.804:246): apparmor="DENIED" operation="capable"
                 parent=7246 profile="/tmp/sh" pid=7589 comm="sh" pid=7589
                 comm="sh" capability=2  capname="dac_override"

       The permissions requested by the process are described in the operation= and denied_mask=  (for  files  -
       capabilities etc. use a slightly different log format).  The "name" and process id of the running program
       are  reported,  as  well  as  the profile name including any "hat" that may be active, separated by "//".
       ("Name" is in quotes, because the process name is limited to 15 bytes; it is the same as reported through
       the Berkeley process accounting.)

       For confined processes running under a profile that has been loaded in complain  mode,  enforcement  will
       not take place and the log messages reported to audit will be of the form:

               audit(1386512577.017:275): apparmor="ALLOWED" operation="open"
                 parent=8012 profile="/usr/bin/du" name="/etc/apparmor.d/tunables/"
                 pid=8049 comm="du" requested_mask="r" denied_mask="r" fsuid=1000 ouid=0

               audit(1386512577.017:276): apparmor="ALLOWED" operation="open"
                 parent=8012 profile="/usr/bin/du" name="/etc/apparmor.d/tunables/"
                 pid=8049 comm="du" requested_mask="r" denied_mask="r" fsuid=1000 ouid=0

       If  the  userland  auditd is not running, the kernel will send audit events to klogd; klogd will send the
       messages to syslog, which will log the messages with the KERN facility. Thus,  REJECTING  and  PERMITTING
       messages   may   go  to  either  /var/log/audit/audit.log  or  /var/log/messages,  depending  upon  local
       configuration.

DEBUGGING

AppArmor provides a few facilities to log more information, which can help debugging profiles.

Enable debug mode
When debug mode is enabled, AppArmor will log a few extra messages to dmesg (not via the audit
subsystem). For example, the logs will tell whether environment scrubbing has been applied.

To enable debug mode, run:

echo 1 > /sys/module/apparmor/parameters/debug

or to set it on boot add:

apparmor.debug=1

as a kernel boot parameter.

Turn off deny audit quieting
By default, operations that trigger "deny" rules are not logged. This is called deny audit quieting.

To turn off deny audit quieting, run:

echo -n noquiet >/sys/module/apparmor/parameters/audit

or to set it on boot add:

apparmor.audit=noquiet

as a kernel boot parameter.

Force audit mode
AppArmor can log a message for every operation that triggers a rule configured in the policy. This is
called force audit mode.

Warning! Force audit mode can be extremely noisy even for a single profile, let alone when enabled
globally.

To set a specific profile in force audit mode, add the "audit" flag:

profile foo flags=(audit) { ... }

To enable force audit mode globally, run:

echo -n all > /sys/module/apparmor/parameters/audit

or to set it on boot add:

apparmor.audit=all

as a kernel boot parameter.

Audit Rate Limiting

If auditd is not running, to avoid losing too many of the extra log messages, you will likely have to
turn off rate limiting by doing:

echo 0 > /proc/sys/kernel/printk_ratelimit

But even then the kernel ring buffer may overflow and you might lose messages.

Else, if auditd is running, see auditd(8) and auditd.conf(5).

FILES

       /etc/apparmor.d/
       /var/cache/apparmor/
       /var/log/audit/audit.log
       /var/log/messages

NAME

DESCRIPTION

ERRORS

DEBUGGING

FILES

SEE ALSO