Provided by: gdal-bin_3.12.0+dfsg-1_amd64 
NAME
gdal-vector-sql - Apply SQL statement(s) to a dataset
Added in version 3.11.
SYNOPSIS
Usage: gdal vector sql [OPTIONS] <INPUT> [<OUTPUT>]
Apply SQL statement(s) to a dataset.
Positional arguments:
-i, --input <INPUT> Input vector datasets [required]
-o, --output <OUTPUT> Output vector dataset
Mutually exclusive with --update
Common Options:
-h, --help Display help message and exit
--json-usage Display usage as JSON document and exit
--config <KEY>=<VALUE> Configuration option [may be repeated]
-q, --quiet Quiet mode (no progress bar)
Options:
-f, --of, --format, --output-format <OUTPUT-FORMAT> Output format ("GDALG" allowed)
--co, --creation-option <KEY>=<VALUE> Creation option [may be repeated]
--lco, --layer-creation-option <KEY>=<VALUE> Layer creation option [may be repeated]
--overwrite Whether overwriting existing output is allowed
--update Whether to open existing dataset in update mode
Mutually exclusive with --output
--overwrite-layer Whether overwriting existing output is allowed
--append Whether appending to existing layer is allowed
Mutually exclusive with --upsert
--skip-errors Skip errors when writing features
--sql <statement>|@<filename> SQL statement(s) [may be repeated] [required]
--output-layer <OUTPUT-LAYER> Output layer name(s) [may be repeated]
--dialect <DIALECT> SQL dialect (e.g. OGRSQL, SQLITE)
Advanced Options:
--if, --input-format <INPUT-FORMAT> Input formats [may be repeated]
--oo, --open-option <KEY>=<VALUE> Open options [may be repeated]
--output-oo, --output-open-option <KEY>=<VALUE> Output open options [may be repeated]
--upsert Upsert features (implies 'append')
Mutually exclusive with --append
DESCRIPTION
gdal vector sql returns one or several layers evaluated from SQL statements.
Starting with GDAL 3.12, when using --update, and without an output dataset specified, this can be used
to execute statements that modify the input dataset, such as UPDATE, DELETE, etc.
Standard options
-f, --of, --format, --output-format <OUTPUT-FORMAT>
Which output vector format to use. Allowed values may be given by gdal --formats | grep vector |
grep rw | sort
--co <NAME>=<VALUE>
Many formats have one or more optional dataset creation options that can be used to control
particulars about the file created. For instance, the GeoPackage driver supports creation options
to control the version.
May be repeated.
The dataset creation options available vary by format driver, and some simple formats have no
creation options at all. A list of options supported for a format can be listed with the --formats
command line option but the documentation for the format is the definitive source of information
on driver creation options. See Vector drivers format specific documentation for legal creation
options for each format.
Note that dataset creation options are different from layer creation options.
-lco <NAME>=<VALUE>
Layer creation option (format specific)
--overwrite
Allow program to overwrite existing target file or dataset. Otherwise, by default, gdal errors
out if the target file or dataset already exists.
--sql <sql_statement>|@<filename>
SQL statement to execute that returns a table/layer (typically a SELECT statement).
Can be repeated to generated multiple output layers (repeating --sql <value> for each output
layer)
--dialect <DIALECT>
SQL dialect.
By default the native SQL of an RDBMS is used when using gdal vector sql. If using sql as a step
of gdal vector pipeline, this is only true if the step preceding sql is read, otherwise the OGRSQL
dialect is used.
If a datasource does not support SQL natively, the default is to use the OGRSQL dialect, which can
also be specified with any data source.
The SQL SQLite dialect dialect can be chosen with the SQLITE and INDIRECT_SQLITE dialect values,
and this can be used with any data source. Overriding the default dialect may be beneficial
because the capabilities of the SQL dialects vary.
Supported dialects can be checked with gdal --format. For example:
$ gdal --format "PostgreSQL"
[...]
Supported SQL dialects: NATIVE OGRSQL SQLITE
[...]
$ gdal --format "ESRI Shapefile"
[...]
Supported SQL dialects: OGRSQL SQLITE
[...]
--output-layer <OUTPUT-LAYER>
Output SQL layer name(s). If not specified, a generic layer name such as "SELECT" may be
generated.
Must be specified as many times as there are SQL statements, either as several --output-layer
arguments, or a single one with the layer names combined with comma.
--update
Added in version 3.12.
Open the (input) dataset in update mode. This option is mutually exclusive with specifying an
output dataset.
--quiet
Added in version 3.12.
Silence potential information messages.
Advanced options
--oo <NAME>=<VALUE>
Dataset open option (format specific).
May be repeated.
--if <format>
Format/driver name to be attempted to open the input file(s). It is generally not necessary to
specify it, but it can be used to skip automatic driver detection, when it fails to select the
appropriate driver. This option can be repeated several times to specify several candidate
drivers. Note that it does not force those drivers to open the dataset. In particular, some
drivers have requirements on file extensions.
May be repeated.
GDALG OUTPUT (ON-THE-FLY / STREAMED DATASET)
This program supports serializing the command line as a JSON file using the GDALG output format. The
resulting file can then be opened as a vector dataset using the GDALG: GDAL Streamed Algorithm driver,
and apply the specified pipeline in a on-the-fly / streamed way.
EXAMPLES
Example 1: Generate a GeoPackage file with a layer sorted by descending population
$ gdal vector sql in.gpkg out.gpkg --output-layer country_sorted_by_pop --sql="SELECT * FROM country ORDER BY pop DESC"
Example 2: Generate a GeoPackage file with 2 SQL result layers
$ gdal vector sql in.gpkg out.gpkg --output-layer=beginning,end --sql="SELECT * FROM my_layer LIMIT 100" --sql="SELECT * FROM my_layer OFFSET 100000 LIMIT 100"
Example 3: Modify in-place a GeoPackage dataset
$ gdal vector sql --update my.gpkg --sql "DELETE FROM countries WHERE pop > 1e6"
Example 4: Append to an existing layer of a GeoPackage file
$ gdal vector pipeline read europe.gpkg ! \
sql --sql "SELECT * FROM country WHERE pop > 1e6" ! \
write --append --output-layer-name=world world.gpkg
AUTHOR
Even Rouault <even.rouault@spatialys.com>
COPYRIGHT
1998-2025
Nov 07, 2025 GDAL-VECTOR-SQL(1)