Provided by: pdl_2.007-2build1_amd64 bug

NAME

       PDL::QuickStart - Quick introduction to PDL features.

SYNOPSIS

       A brief summary of the main PDL features and how to use them.

DESCRIPTION

   Introduction
       Perl is an extremely good and versatile scripting language, well suited to beginners and
       allows rapid prototyping. However until recently it did not support data structures which
       allowed it to do fast number crunching.

       However with the development of Perl v5, Perl acquired 'Objects'. To put it simply users
       can define their own special data types, and write custom routines to manipulate them
       either in low level languages (C and Fortran) or in Perl itself.

       This has been fully exploited by the PerlDL developers. The 'PDL' module is a complete
       Object-Oriented extension to Perl (although you don't have to know what an object is to
       use it) which allows large N-dimensional data sets, such as large images, spectra, time
       series, etc to be stored  efficiently and manipulated en masse.  For example  with the PDL
       module we can write the Perl code "$a = $b + $c", where $b and $c are large datasets (e.g.
       2048x2048 images), and get the result in only a fraction of a second.

       PDL variables (or 'piddles' as they have come to be known) support a wide range of
       fundamental data types - arrays can be bytes, short integers (signed or unsigned), long
       integers, floats or double precision floats. And because of the Object-Oriented nature of
       PDL new customised datatypes can be derived from them.

       As well as the PDL modules, that can be used by normal Perl programs, PerlDL comes with a
       command line Perl shell, called 'perldl', which supports command line editing. In
       combination with the various PDL graphics modules this allows data to be easily played
       with and visualised.

   Help
       PDL contains extensive documentation, available both within the perldl or pdl2 shells and
       from the command line, using the "pdldoc" program.  For further information try either of:

        pdl> help help
        $ pdldoc

       HTML copies of the documentation should also be available.  To find their location, try
       the following:

        pdl> foreach ( map{"$_/PDL/HtmlDocs"}@INC ) { p "$_\n" if -d $_ }

   Perl Datatypes and how PDL extends them
       The fundamental Perl data structures are scalar variables, e.g. $x, which can hold numbers
       or strings, lists or arrays of scalars, e.g. @x, and associative arrays/hashes of scalars,
       e.g. %x.

       Perl v5 introduces to Perl data structures and objects. A simple scalar variable $x now be
       a user-defined data type or full blown object (it actually holds a reference (a smart
       "pointer") to this but that is not relevant for ordinary use of perlDL)

       The fundamental idea behind perlDL is to allow $x to hold a whole 1D spectrum, or a 2D
       image, a 3D data cube, and so on up to large N-dimensional data sets. These can be
       manipulated all at once, e.g.  "$a = $b + 2" does a vector operation on each value in the
       spectrum/image/etc.

       You may well ask: "Why not just store a spectrum as a simple Perl @x style list with each
       pixel being a list item?"  The two key answers to this are memory and speed.  Because we
       know our spectrum consists of pure numbers we can compactly store them in a single block
       of memory corresponding to a C style numeric array. This takes up a LOT less memory than
       the equivalent Perl list. It is then easy to pass this block of memory to a fast addition
       routine, or to any other C function which deals with arrays.  As a result perlDL is very
       fast --- for example one can multiply a 2048*2048 image in exactly the same time as it
       would take in C or FORTRAN (0.1 sec on my SPARC). A further advantage of this is that for
       simple operations (e.g. "$x += 2") one can manipulate the whole array without caring about
       its dimensionality.

       I find when using perlDL it is most useful to think of standard Perl @x variables as
       "lists" of generic "things" and PDL variables like $x as "arrays" which can be contained
       in lists or hashes. Quite often in my perlDL scripts I have @x contain a list of spectra,
       or a list of images (or even a mix!). Or perhaps one could have a hash (e.g.  %x) of
       images... the only limit is memory!

       perlDL variables support a range of data types - arrays can be bytes, short integers
       (signed or unsigned), long integers, floats or double precision floats.

   Usage
       PerlDL is loaded into your Perl script using this command:

        use PDL;  # in Perl scripts: use the standard perlDL modules

       There are also a lot of extension modules, e.g.  PDL::Graphics::TriD.  Most of these (but
       not all as sometimes it is not appropriate) follow a standard convention. If you say:

        use PDL::Graphics::TriD;

       You import everything in a standard list from the module. Sometimes you might want to
       import nothing (e.g. if you want to use OO syntax all the time and save the import tax).
       For these you say:

        use PDL::Graphics::TriD qw();

       And the empty "qw()"  quotes are recognised as meaning 'nothing'.  You can also specify a
       list of functions to import in the normal Perl way.

       There is also an interactive shell, "perldl" or "pdl2", see perldl or pdl2 for details.

   To create a new PDL variable
       Here are some ways of creating a PDL variable:

        $a = pdl [1..10];             # 1D array
        $a = pdl (1,2,3,4);           # Ditto
        $a = pdl '[1 2 3 4]';         # Ditto
        $b = pdl [[1,2,3],[4,5,6]];   # 2D 3x2 array
        $b = pdl '[1 2 3; 4 5 6]';    # Ditto
        $b = pdl q[1,2,3; 4,5,6];     # Ditto
        $b = pdl <<NEWPDL             # Ditto
          [1 2 3]
          [4 5 6]
        NEWPDL
        $c = pdl q[1 -2];             # 2-element piddle containing 1 and -2
        $c = pdl q[1 - 2];            # 2-element piddle containing 1 and -2
        $b = pdl 42                   # 0-dimensional scalar
        $c = pdl $a;                  # Make a new copy

        $d = byte [1..10];            # See "Type conversion"
        $e = zeroes(3,2,4);           # 3x2x4 zero-filled array

        $c = rfits $file;             # Read FITS file

        @x = ( pdl(42), zeroes(3,2,4), rfits($file) ); # Is a LIST of PDL variables!

       The pdl() function is used to initialise a PDL variable from a scalar, list, list
       reference, another PDL variable, or a properly formatted string.

       In addition all PDL functions automatically convert normal Perl scalars to PDL variables
       on-the-fly.

       (also see "Type Conversion" and "Input/Output" sections below)

   Arithmetic (and boolean expressions)
        $a = $b + 2; $a++; $a = $b / $c; # Etc.

        $c=sqrt($a); $d = log10($b+100); # Etc

        $e = $a>42; # Vector conditional

        $e = 42*($a>42) + $a*($a<=42); # Cap top

        $b = $a->log10 unless any ($a <= 0); # avoid floating point error

        $a = $a / ( max($a) - min($a) );

        $f = where($a, $a > 10); # where returns a piddle of elements for
                                 # which the condition is true

        print $a; # $a in string context prints it in a N-dimensional format

       (and other Perl operators/functions)

       When using piddles in conditional expressions (i.e. "if", "unless" and "while" constructs)
       only piddles with exactly one element are allowed, e.g.

        $a = pdl (1,0,0,1);
        print "is set" if $a->index(2);

       Note that the boolean operators return in general multi-element piddles. Therefore, the
       following will raise an error

        print "is ok" if $a > 3;

       since "$a > 3" is a piddle with 4 elements. Rather use all or any to test if all or any of
       the elements fulfill the condition:

        print "some are > 3" if any $a>3;
        print "can't take logarithm" unless all $a>0;

       There are also many predefined functions, which are described on other man pages. Check
       PDL::Index.

   Matrix functions
       'x' is hijacked as the matrix multiplication operator. e.g.  "$c = $a x $b";

       perlDL is row-major not column major so this is actually "c(i,j) = sum_k a(k,j) b(i,k)" -
       but when matrices are printed the results will look right. Just remember the indices are
       reversed.  e.g.:

        $a = [                   $b = [
              [ 1  2  3  0]            [1 1]
              [ 1 -1  2  7]            [0 2]
              [ 1  0  0  1]            [0 2]
             ]                         [1 1]
                                      ]

        gives $c = [
                    [ 1 11]
                    [ 8 10]
                    [ 2  2]
                   ]

       Note: transpose() does what it says and is a convenient way to turn row vectors into
       column vectors.

   How to write a simple function
        sub dotproduct {
            my ($a,$b) = @_;
            return sum($a*$b) ;
        }
        1;

       If put in file dotproduct.pdl would be autoloaded if you are using PDL::AutoLoader (see
       below).

       Of course, this function is already available as the inner function, see PDL::Primitive.

   Type Conversion
       Default for pdl() is double. Conversions are:

        $a = float($b);
        $c = long($d);   # "long" is generally a 4 byte int
        $d = byte($a);

       Also double(), short(), ushort(), indx().

         NOTE: The indx() routine is a special integer type that
         is the correct size for a PDL index value (dimension size,
         index, or offest) which can be either a 32bit (long) or
         64bit (longlong) quantity depending on whether the perl
         is built with 32bit or 64bit support.

       These routines also automatically convert Perl lists to allow the convenient shorthand:

        $a = byte [[1..10],[1..10]];  # Create 2D byte array
        $a = float [1..1000];         # Create 1D float array

       etc.

   Printing
       Automatically expands array in N-dimensional format:

        print $a;

        $b = "Answer is = $a ";

   Sections
       PDL has very powerful multidimensional slicing and sectioning operators; see the
       PDL::Slices(3) man page for details; we'll describe the most important one here.

       PDL shows its Perl/C heritage in that arrays are zero-offset.  Thus a 100x100 image has
       indices "0..99,0..99".  (The convention is that the center of pixel (0,0) is at coordinate
       (0.0,0.0). All PDL graphics functions conform to this definition and hide away the unit
       offsets of, for example, the PGPLOT FORTRAN library.

       Following the usual convention coordinate (0,0) is displayed at the bottom left when
       displaying an image. It appears at the top left when using ""print $a"" etc.

       Simple sectioning uses a syntax extension to Perl, PDL::NiceSlice, that allows you to
       specify subranges via a null-method modifier to a PDL:

         $b = $a->($x1:$x2,$y1:$y2,($z1)); # Take subsection

       Here, $a is a 3-dimensional variable, and $b gets a planar cutout that is defined by the
       limits $x1, $x2, $y1, $y2, at the location $z1.  The parenthesis around $z1 cause the
       trivial index to be omitted -- otherwise $b would be three-dimensional with a third
       dimension of order 1.

       You can put PDL slices on either side of the element-wise assignment operator ".=", like
       so:

         # Set part of $bigimage to values from $smallimage
         $bigimage->($xa:$xb,$ya:$yb) .= $smallimage;

       Some other miscellany:

        $c  = nelem($a); # Number of pixels

        $val = at($object, $x,$y,$z...)    # Pixel value at position, as a Perl scalar
        $val = $object->at($x,$y,$z...)    # equivalent (method syntax OK)

        $b = xvals($a); # Fill array with X-coord values (also yvals(), zvals(),
                        # axisvals($x,$axis) and rvals() for radial distance
                        # from centre).

   Input/Output
       The "PDL::IO" modules implement several useful IO format functions.  It would be too much
       to give examples of each, but you can find a nice overview at PDL::IO. Here is a sample of
       some of the supported IO formats in PDL.

       PDL::IO::Misc
               Ascii, FITS and FIGARO/NDF IO routines.

       PDL::IO::FastRaw
               Using the raw data types of your machine, an unportable but blindingly fast IO
               format. Also supports memory mapping to conserve memory as well as get more speed.

       PDL::IO::FlexRaw
               General raw data formats. Like FastRaw, only better.

       PDL::IO::Browser
               A Curses browser for arrays.

       PDL::IO::Pnm
               Portaple bitmap and pixmap support.

       PDL::IO::Pic
               Using the previous module and netpbm, makes it possible to easily write GIF, jpeg
               and whatever with simple commands.

   Graphics
       The philosophy behind perlDL is to make it work with a variety of existing graphics
       libraries since no single package will satisfy all needs and all people and this allows
       one to work with packages one already knows and likes.  Obviously there will be some
       overlaps in functionality and some lack of consistency and uniformity. However this allows
       PDL to keep up with a rapidly developing field - the latest PDL modules provide interfaces
       to OpenGL and VRML graphics!

       PDL::Graphics::PGPLOT
           PGPLOT provides a simple library for line graphics and image display.

           There is an easy interface to this in the internal module PDL::Graphics::PGPLOT, which
           calls routines in the separately available PGPLOT top-level module.

       PDL::Graphics::PLplot
           PLplot provides a simple library for creating graphics with multiple output drivers,
           including a direct-to-piddle driver.

           This module provides both high-level and low-level functionality built on PLplot. The
           low-level commands are pretty much direct bindings to PLplot's C interface. Read more
           at PDL::Graphics::PLplot.

       PDL::Graphics::IIS
           Many astronomers like to use SAOimage and Ximtool (or there derivations/clones). These
           are useful free widgets for inspection and visualisation of images. (They are not
           provided with perlDL but can easily be obtained from their official sites off the
           Net.)

           The PDL::Graphics::IIS package provides allows one to display images in these ("IIS"
           is the name of an ancient item of image display hardware whose protocols these tools
           conform to.)

       PDL::Graphics::TriD
           See PDL::Graphics::TriD, this is a collection of 3D routines for OpenGL and (soon)
           VRML and other 3D formats which allow 3D point, line, and surface plots from PDL.

   Autoloading
       See PDL::AutoLoader. This allows one to autoload functions on demand, in a way perhaps
       familiar to users of MatLab.

       One can also write PDL extensions as normal Perl modules.

   PDL shells
       The Perl script "pdl2" (or "perldl") provides a simple command line interface to PDL.  If
       the latest Readlines/ReadKey modules have been installed "pdl2" detects this and enables
       command line recall and editing.  See the man page for details.

       e.g.:

        % perldl
        perlDL shell v1.354
         PDL comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY. For details, see the file
         'COPYING' in the PDL distribution. This is free software and you
         are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions, see
         the same file for details.
        ReadLines, NiceSlice, MultiLines  enabled
        Reading PDL/default.perldlrc...
        Found docs database /home/pdl/dev/lib/perl5/site_perl/PDL/pdldoc.db
        Type 'help' for online help
        Type 'demo' for online demos
        Loaded PDL v2.4.9_003 (supports bad values)
        pdl> $x = rfits 'm51.fits'
        Reading IMAGE data...
        BITPIX =  32  size = 147456 pixels
        Reading  589824  bytes
        BSCALE =  &&  BZERO =

        pdl> use PDL::Graphics::PGPLOT;
        pdl> imag $x
        Displaying 384 x 384 image from 40 to 761, using 84 colors (16-99)...

       You can also run it from the Perl debugger ("perl -MPDL -d -e 1") if you want.

       Miscellaneous shell features:

       p   The shell aliases "p" to be a convenient short form of "print", e.g.

              pdl> p ones 5,3
              [
               [1 1 1 1 1]
               [1 1 1 1 1]
               [1 1 1 1 1]
              ]

       Initialization
           The files "~/.perldlrc" and "local.perldlrc" (in the current directory) are sourced if
           found. This allows the user to have global and local PDL code for startup.

       Help
           Type 'help'! One can search the PDL documentation, and look up documentation on any
           function.

       Escape
           Any line starting with the "#" character is treated as a shell escape. This character
           is configurable by setting the Perl variable $PERLDL_ESCAPE. This could, for example,
           be set in "~/.perldlrc".

   Overload operators
       The following builtin Perl operators and functions have been overloaded to work on PDL
       variables:

        + - * / > < >= <= << >> & | ^ == != <=> ** % ! ~
        sin log abs atan2 sqrt cos exp

       [All the unary functions (sin etc.) may be used with inplace() - see "Memory" below.]

   Object-Orientation and perlDL
       PDL operations are available as functions and methods.  Thus one can derive new types of
       object, to represent custom data classes.

       By using overloading one can make mathematical operators do whatever you please, and PDL
       has some built-in tricks which allow existing PDL functions to work unchanged, even if the
       underlying data representation is vastly changed!  See PDL::Objects

   Memory usage and references
       Messing around with really huge data arrays may require some care.  perlDL provides many
       facilities to let you perform operations on big arrays without generating extra copies
       though this does require a bit more thought and care from the programmer.

       NOTE: On some most systems it is better to configure Perl (during the build options) to
       use the system "malloc()" function rather than Perl's built-in one. This is because Perl's
       one is optimised for speed rather than consumption of virtual memory - this can result in
       a factor of two improvement in the amount of memory storage you can use.  The Perl malloc
       in 5.004 and later does have a number of compile-time options you can use to tune the
       behaviour.

       Simple arithmetic
           If $a is a big image (e.g. occupying 10MB) then the command

            $a = $a + 1;

           eats up another 10MB of memory. This is because the expression "$a+1" creates a
           temporary copy of $a to hold the result, then $a is assigned a reference to that.
           After this, the original $a is destroyed so there is no permanent memory waste. But on
           a small machine, the growth in the memory footprint can be considerable.  It is
           obviously done this way so "$c=$a+1" works as expected.

           Also if one says:

            $b = $a;     # $b and $a now point to same data
            $a = $a + 1;

           Then $b and $a end up being different, as one naively expects, because a new reference
           is created and $a is assigned to it.

           However if $a was a huge memory hog (e.g. a 3D volume) creating a copy of it may not
           be a good thing. One can avoid this memory overhead in the above example by saying:

            $a++;

           The operations "++,+=,--,-=", etc. all call a special "in-place" version of the
           arithmetic subroutine. This means no more memory is needed - the downside of this is
           that if "$b=$a" then $b is also incremented. To force a copy explicitly:

            $b = pdl $a; # Real copy

           or, alternatively, perhaps better style:

            $b = $a->copy;

       Functions
           Most functions, e.g. "log()", return a result which is a transformation of their
           argument. This makes for good programming practice. However many operations can be
           done "in-place" and this may be required when large arrays are in use and memory is at
           a premium. For these circumstances the operator inplace() is provided which prevents
           the extra copy and allows the argument to be modified. e.g.:

            $x = log($array);          # $array unaffected
            log( inplace($bigarray) ); # $bigarray changed in situ

           WARNINGS:

           1.  The usual caveats about duplicate references apply.

           2.  Obviously when used with some functions which can not be applied in situ (e.g.
               "convolve()") unexpected effects may occur! We try to indicate "inplace()"-safe
               functions in the documentation.

           3.  Type conversions, such as"float()", may cause hidden copying.

   Ensuring piddleness
       If you have written a simple function and you don't want it to blow up in your face if you
       pass it a simple number rather than a PDL variable. Simply call the function topdl() first
       to make it safe. e.g.:

        sub myfiddle { my $pdl = topdl(shift); $pdl->fiddle_foo(...); ... }

       "topdl()" does NOT perform a copy if a pdl variable is passed - it just falls through -
       which is obviously the desired behaviour. The routine is not of course necessary in normal
       user defined functions which do not care about internals.

AUTHOR

       Copyright (C) Karl Glazebrook (kgb@aaoepp.aao.gov.au), Tuomas J. Lukka,
       (lukka@husc.harvard.edu) and Christian Soeller (c.soeller@auckland.ac.nz) 1997.
       Commercial reproduction of this documentation in a different format is forbidden.