Provided by: abcmidi_20070318-3_amd64 
NAME
abc2midi - converts abc file to MIDI file(s)
SYNOPSIS
abc2midi infile [refnum] [-c] [-v] [-ver] [-t] [-n limit] [-RS] [-quiet] [-Q tempo] [-NFNP] [-OCC] [-o
outfile]
DESCRIPTION
The default action is to write a MIDI file for each abc tune
with the filename <stem>N.mid, where <stem> is the filestem
of the abc file and N is the tune reference number. If the -o
option is used, only one file is written. This is the tune
specified by the reference number or, if no reference number
is given, the first tune in the file.
OPTIONS
refnum process the tune with reference number refnum
-c selects checking only
-v selects verbose option
-ver prints version number and exits
-t selects filenames derived from tune titles
-RS use 3:1 instead of 2:1 for broken rhythms
-quiet Suppresses some commong warnings.
-n X limits the length of the file name stem to X characters
-Q tempo
sets the default tempo in quarter notes per minute if it was not specified in the abc header.
-NFNP Ignore any dynamic indications !f! !ff! etc.
-OCC Accept old chord convention (eg +D2G2+ instead of [DG]2).
-o outfile
write output to outfile
FEATURES
* Broken rythms (>, <), chords, n-tuples, slurring, ties, staccatto notes, repeats, in-tune
tempo/length/time signature changes are all supported.
* R:hornpipe or r:hornpipe is recognized and note timings are adjusted to give a broken rhythm (ab is
converted to a>b).
* Most errors in the abc input will generate a suitable error message in the output and the converter
keeps going.
* Comments and text fields in the abc source are converted to text events in the MIDI output
* If guitar chords are present, they are used to generate an accompaniment in the MIDI output.
* If there are mis-matched repeat signs in the abc, the program attempts to fix them. However, it will
not attempt this if a multi-part tune description has been used or if multiple voices are in use.
* Karaoke MIDI files can be generated by using the w: field to include lyrics.
* Nonnumeric voice id's, eg. V: soprano, as proposed for the new abc standard is accepted.
* Invisible rests specified by x are treated the same way as normal rests (z).
* Decorations may be indicated using either the deprecated notation (eg. !fermata!) or the standard
version 2.0 notation (eg. +fermata+).
LIMITATIONS
* No field is inherited from above the X: field of the tune.
ABC SYNTAX EXTENSIONS
* There are some extensions to the abc syntax of the form
%%MIDI channel n
These control channel and program selection, transposing and various other features of abc2midi.
Each of these should appear on a line by itself. All of them are allowed within the abc tune body. By
using these in combination with the part notation, one can, for example, play a part transposed or in a
different key.
The idea behind this syntax is that other programs will treat it as a comment and ignore it.
%%MIDI channel n
selects melody channel n (in the range 1-16).
%%MIDI program [c] n
selects program n (in the range 1-128) on channel c. If c is not given, the program is selected on the
current melody channel. Most modern tone generators follow the General MIDI standard which defines the
instrument type for each program number.
%%MIDI beat a b c n
controls the way note velocities are selected. The first note in a bar has velocity a. Other "strong"
notes have velocity b and all the rest have velocity c. a, b and c must be in the range 0-128. The
parameter n determines which notes are "strong". If the time signature is x/y, then each note is given a
position number k = 0, 1, 2 .. x-1 within each bar. Note that the units for n are not the unit note
length. If k is a multiple of n, then the note is "strong". The volume specifiers !ppp! to !fff! are
equivalent to the following :
!ppp! = %%MIDI beat 30 20 10 1
!pp! = %%MIDI beat 45 35 20 1
!p! = %%MIDI beat 60 50 35 1
!mp! = %%MIDI beat 75 65 50 1
!mf! = %%MIDI beat 90 80 65 1
!f! = %%MIDI beat 105 95 80 1
!ff! = %%MIDI beat 120 110 95 1
!fff! = %%MIDI beat 127 125 110 1
%%MIDI beatmod n
Increments by n (or decrements if n is negative) the velocities a, b and c described above. The
instructions !crescendo(! and !crescendo)! are equivalent to inserting a %%MIDI beatmod 15 whereever
they occur. (Alternatively you can use !<(! and !<)!.) Similarly the instructions !diminuendo(! and
!diminuendo)! are equivalent to %%MIDI beatmod -15.
%%MIDI deltaloudness n
where n is a small positive number. By default the crescendo and diminuendo instructions modify the beat
variables a, b, and c by 15 velocity units. This instruction allows you to set this default to value n.
%%MIDI nobeataccents
For instruments such as church organ that have no greatly emphasized beat notes, using this will force
use of the 'b' velocity (see %%MIDI beat) for every note irrespective of position in the bar. This
allows dynamics (ff, f, etc) to be used in the normal way.
%%MIDI beataccents
Revert to emphasizing notes the the usual way. (default)
%%MIDI beatstring <string of f, m and p>
This provides an alternative way of specifying where the strong and weak stresses fall within a bar. 'f'
means velocity a (normally strong), 'm' means velocity b (medium velocity) and 'p' means velocity c (soft
velocity). For example, if the time signature is 7/8 with stresses on the first, fourth and sixth notes
in the bar, we could use the following
%%MIDI beatstring fppmpmp
%%MIDI transpose n
transposes the output by the specified number of semitones. n may be positive or negative.
%%MIDI rtranspose n
Relative transpose by the specified number of semitones. i.e. %%MIDI transpose a followed by %%MIDI
rtranspose b results in a transposition of a+b. %%MIDI transpose b will result in a transposition of b
semitones, regardless of any previous transposition.
%%MIDI c n
specifies the MIDI pitch which corresponds to c. The default is 60. This number should normally be a
multiple of 12.
%%MIDI grace a/b
sets the fraction of the next note that grace notes will take up. a must be between 1 and b-1. The grace
notes may not sound natural in this approach, since the length of the individual grace notes vary with
the complexity of the grace and the length of the following note. A different approach (which is now the
default) assumes that the grace notes always have a fixed duration. To use the other approach you would
specify,
%%MIDI gracedivider b
where b specifies how many parts to divide the unit length specified by the L: field command. For example
if b = 4 and L: = 1/8, then every grace note would be 1/(8*4) or a 32nd note. Time would be stolen from
the note to which the grace notes are applied. If that note is not long enough to handle the grace then
the grace notes would be assigned 0 duration.
%%MIDI chordname name n1 n2 n3 n4 n5 n6
Defines how to play a guitar chord called "name". n1 is usually 0 and n2, n3 to n6 give the pitches of
the other notes in semitones relative to the root note. There may be fewer than 6 notes in the chord, but
not more.If "name" is already defined, this command re-defines it. Unlike most other commands, chordname
definitions stay in effect from where they are defined to the end of the abc file. The following
illustrates how m, 7, m7 and maj7 could be set up if they were not already defined.
%%MIDI chordname m 0 3 7
%%MIDI chordname 7 0 4 7 10
%%MIDI chordname m7 0 3 7 10
%%MIDI chordname maj7 0 4 7 11
%%MIDI gchord string
sets up how guitar chords are generated. The string is a sequence made of of z's, c's f's and b's for
rests, chords, fundamental and fundamental plus chord notes respectively. This specifies how each bar is
to be played. An optional length is allowed to follow the z's, c's f's and b's e.g. czf2zf3. If the
abc contains guitar chords, then abc2midi automatically adds chords and fundamentals after encountering
the first guitar chord. It keeps using that chord until a new chord is specified in the abc. Whenever the
M: field is encountered in the abc, an appropriate default string is set :
For 2/4 or 4/4 time default is equivalent to : %%MIDI gchord fzczfzcz
For 3/4 time default is equivalent to : %%MIDI gchord fzczcz
For 6/8 time default is equivalent to : %%MIDI gchord fzcfzc
For 9/8 time default is equivalent to : %%MIDI gchord fzcfzcfzc
The gchord command has been extended to allow you to play the individual notes comprising the guitar
chord. This allows you to play broken chords or arpeggios. The new codes g,h,i,j, G,H,I,J reference the
individual notes starting from the lowest note of the chord (not necessarily the root in the case of
inversions). For example for the C major chord, g refers to C, h refers to E and i refers to G. For a
gchord command such as,
%%MIDI gchord ghih
Abc2midi will arpeggiate the C major guitar chord to CEGE. The upper case letters G,H,I, and J refer to
the same notes except they are transposed down one octave. Note for the first inversion of the C major
chord (indicated by "C/E"), E would be the lowest note so g would reference the note E.
Like other gchord codes, you may append a numeral indicating the duration of the note. The same rules
apply as before. You can use any combination of the gchord codes, (fcbghijGHIJz).
%%MIDI chordprog n
Sets the MIDI instrument for the chords to be n.
%%MIDI bassprog n
Sets the MIDI instrument for the bass notes to be n.
%%MIDI chordvol n
Sets the volume (velocity) of the chord notes at n.
%%MIDI bassvol n
Sets the volume (velocity) of the bass notes at n. There is no corresponding melodyvol command since
there are 3 velocity values for melody, set using the beat command.
%%MIDI gchordon
Turns on guitar chords (they are turned on by default at the start of a tune).
%%MIDI gchordoff
Turns off guitar chords.
%%MIDI droneon
Turns on a continuous drone (used in bagpipe music) consisting of two notes. By default the notes are A,
and A,, played on a bassoon at a velocity of 80. This can be configured by the %%MIDI drone command
described below.
%%MIDI droneoff
Turns off the continous drone.
%%MIDI drone n1 n2 n3 n4 n5
Sets the drone parameters where n1 is the MIDI program, n2 and n3 specify the MIDI pitches of the two
notes in the chord, and n4 and n5 specify the MIDI velocities of the two notes. If you do not set these
parameters they are by default 70 45 33 80 80. A value of zero or less indicates that the setting of this
parameter should be left as it is.
%%MIDI drum string [drum programs] [drum velocities]
This sets up a drum pattern. The string determines when there is a drum beat and the drum program values
determine what each drum strike sounds like.
e.g. %%MIDI drum d2zdd 35 38 38 100 50 50
The string may contain 'd' for a drum strike or 'z' for a rest. By default a voice starts with no drum
pattern and '%%MIDI drumon' is needed to enable the drumming. The drum pattern is repeated during each
bar until '%%MIDI drumoff' is encountered. The %%MIDI drum command may be used within a tune to change
the drum pattern. This command places the drum sounds on channel 10 and assumes your tone generator
complies with the General Midi standard - if it does not, then you may hear tones instead of drum sounds.
In both the gchord and drum commands, the standard note length of a single note f,c,z or d is not set by
the L: command. Instead it is adjusted so that the entire gchord string or drum string fits exactly into
one bar. In other words the duration of each note is divided by the total duration of the string. This
means that, for example, the drum string "dd" is equivalent to drum string "d4d4". You cannot currently
specify fractions directly (eg. C3/2) as done in the body of the music, but it is still possible to
express complex rhythms. For example, to indicate a rhythm such as (3ddd d/d/d/d, you would write the
string "d4d4d4d3d3d3d3".
With version 1.54 Dec 4 2004 of abc2midi, notes in chords (eg. [FAc]) are not played in the same instant
but offsetted and shortened by 10 MIDI time units. Thus the first note in the chord (eg. F) is played for
the full indicated time, the second note (eg. A) starts 10 MIDI units later and is shortened by the same
amount and the third note starts another 10 MIDI units later and is shortened by another 10 units. This
introduces an "expressivo" option and avoids the heavy attack. (This does not apply to gchords or
multivoiced chords.) The amount of the delay and shortening may be configured by the MIDI command
%%MIDI chordattack n
where n is a small number. If n is zero, then abc2midi should behave as in earlier versions. The delay n
is in MIDI time units where there are 480 units in a quarter note beat. The program may not run correctly
if n is too large and there are short chords.
%%MIDI randomchordattack n
Like above except that the delay is a random variable uniformly distributed between 0 and n-1.
%%MIDI trim x/y
where x and y are two numbers. This command controls the articulation of notes and chords by placing
silent gaps between the notes. The length of these gaps is determined by x/y and the unit length
specified by the L: command. These gaps are produced by shortening the notes by the same amount. If the
note is already shorter than the specified gap, then the gap is set to half the length of the note. The
fraction x/y indicates a note duration in the same manner as specified in the abc file. The actual
duration is based on the unit length specified by the L: field command. It is recommended that x/y be a
fraction close to zero. Note trimming is disabled inside slurs as specified by parentheses. You can turn
off all note trimming by setting x to 0, eg 0/1. By default, note trimming is turned off at the beginning
of a tune or voice command.
%%MIDI drummap note midipitch
Please see abcguide.txt.
COMPATIBILITY WITH DRAFT STANDARD 2.0
The proposed standard introduces a new copyright field using the syntax
%%abc-copyright (c) Copyright John Smith 2003
Abc2midi now inserts this in the MIDI file in the form of a metatext copyright tag. Changes were made to
the event_specific function in store.c to process the copyright information. It is also copied into the
Karaoke track (if it is created) as as @T field.
SEE ALSO
abc2ps(1), midi2abc(1), yaps(1).
AUTHOR
James Allwright <J.R.Allwright@westminster.ac.uk>
SUPPORTED
by Seymour Shlien <seymour.shlien@crc.ca>
VERSION
This man page describes abc2midi version 1.85 June 25 2006.
COPYRIGHT
Copyright 1999 James Allwright
abc2midi is supplied "as is" without any warranty. It is free software and can be used, copied, modified
and distributed without fee under the terms of the GNU General Public License.
More complete documentation may be found in abcguide.txt which comes with the abcMIDI distribution.
25 June 2006 ABC2MIDI(1)