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NAME

       ld - The GNU linker

SYNOPSIS

       ld [options] objfile ...

DESCRIPTION

       ld  combines a number of object and archive files, relocates their data and ties up symbol
       references. Usually the last step in compiling a program is to run ld.

       ld accepts Linker Command Language files written in  a  superset  of  AT&T's  Link  Editor
       Command Language syntax, to provide explicit and total control over the linking process.

       This  man page does not describe the command language; see the ld entry in "info" for full
       details on the command language and on other aspects of the GNU linker.

       This version of ld uses the general purpose BFD libraries to operate on object files. This
       allows  ld  to  read,  combine,  and  write  object  files in many different formats---for
       example, COFF or "a.out".  Different  formats  may  be  linked  together  to  produce  any
       available kind of object file.

       Aside from its flexibility, the GNU linker is more helpful than other linkers in providing
       diagnostic information.  Many linkers abandon execution immediately upon  encountering  an
       error;  whenever  possible,  ld continues executing, allowing you to identify other errors
       (or, in some cases, to get an output file in spite of the error).

       The GNU linker ld is meant to cover a broad range of situations, and to be  as  compatible
       as  possible  with  other  linkers.   As  a  result,  you have many choices to control its
       behavior.

OPTIONS

       The linker supports a plethora of command-line options, but in actual practice few of them
       are  used  in  any  particular  context.   For  instance,  a frequent use of ld is to link
       standard Unix object files on a standard, supported Unix system.  On  such  a  system,  to
       link a file "hello.o":

               ld -o <output> /lib/crt0.o hello.o -lc

       This  tells  ld  to  produce  a  file  called  output  as  the  result of linking the file
       "/lib/crt0.o" with "hello.o" and the library "libc.a", which will come from  the  standard
       search directories.  (See the discussion of the -l option below.)

       Some  of the command-line options to ld may be specified at any point in the command line.
       However, options which refer to files, such as -l or -T, cause the file to be read at  the
       point  at  which  the option appears in the command line, relative to the object files and
       other file options.  Repeating non-file options with a different argument will either have
       no further effect, or override prior occurrences (those further to the left on the command
       line) of that option.  Options which may be meaningfully  specified  more  than  once  are
       noted in the descriptions below.

       Non-option  arguments  are object files or archives which are to be linked together.  They
       may follow, precede, or be mixed in with command-line options, except that an object  file
       argument may not be placed between an option and its argument.

       Usually  the  linker  is  invoked with at least one object file, but you can specify other
       forms of binary input files using -l, -R, and the script command language.  If  no  binary
       input  files  at all are specified, the linker does not produce any output, and issues the
       message No input files.

       If the linker cannot recognize the format of an object file, it will assume that it  is  a
       linker  script.   A  script specified in this way augments the main linker script used for
       the link (either the default linker script or  the  one  specified  by  using  -T).   This
       feature  permits  the  linker  to  link against a file which appears to be an object or an
       archive, but actually merely defines some symbol values, or uses  "INPUT"  or  "GROUP"  to
       load  other  objects.   Note that specifying a script in this way merely augments the main
       linker script; use the -T option to replace the default linker script entirely.

       For options whose names are a single letter,  option  arguments  must  either  follow  the
       option   letter  without  intervening  whitespace,  or  be  given  as  separate  arguments
       immediately following the option that requires them.

       For options whose names are multiple letters, either one  dash  or  two  can  precede  the
       option  name;  for example, -trace-symbol and --trace-symbol are equivalent.  Note---there
       is one exception to this rule.  Multiple letter options that start with a lower  case  'o'
       can  only  be preceded by two dashes.  This is to reduce confusion with the -o option.  So
       for example -omagic sets the output file name to magic whereas --omagic  sets  the  NMAGIC
       flag on the output.

       Arguments  to  multiple-letter options must either be separated from the option name by an
       equals sign, or be given as separate  arguments  immediately  following  the  option  that
       requires  them.   For  example,  --trace-symbol foo and --trace-symbol=foo are equivalent.
       Unique abbreviations of the names of multiple-letter options are accepted.

       Note---if the linker is being invoked indirectly, via a compiler driver  (e.g.  gcc)  then
       all the linker command line options should be prefixed by -Wl, (or whatever is appropriate
       for the particular compiler driver) like this:

                 gcc -Wl,--startgroup foo.o bar.o -Wl,--endgroup

       This is important, because otherwise the compiler driver program  may  silently  drop  the
       linker options, resulting in a bad link.

       Here is a table of the generic command line switches accepted by the GNU linker:

       @file
           Read  command-line  options  from file.  The options read are inserted in place of the
           original @file option.  If file does not exist, or cannot be  read,  then  the  option
           will be treated literally, and not removed.

           Options  in  file are separated by whitespace.  A whitespace character may be included
           in an option by surrounding the entire option in either single or double quotes.   Any
           character  (including  a  backslash)  may be included by prefixing the character to be
           included with a backslash.  The file may itself contain additional @file options;  any
           such options will be processed recursively.

       -akeyword
           This option is supported for HP/UX compatibility.  The keyword argument must be one of
           the strings archive, shared, or default.   -aarchive  is  functionally  equivalent  to
           -Bstatic,  and  the other two keywords are functionally equivalent to -Bdynamic.  This
           option may be used any number of times.

       -Aarchitecture
       --architecture=architecture
           In the current release of ld, this option is useful only for the Intel 960  family  of
           architectures.   In  that  ld  configuration, the architecture argument identifies the
           particular architecture in the 960 family, enabling some safeguards and modifying  the
           archive-library search path.

           Future  releases  of  ld  may  support  similar  functionality  for other architecture
           families.

       -b input-format
       --format=input-format
           ld may be configured to support more than one kind of object  file.   If  your  ld  is
           configured  this way, you can use the -b option to specify the binary format for input
           object files that follow this option on the command line.  Even when ld is  configured
           to  support  alternative object formats, you don't usually need to specify this, as ld
           should be configured to expect as a default input format the most usual format on each
           machine.   input-format is a text string, the name of a particular format supported by
           the BFD libraries.  (You can list the available binary formats with objdump -i.)

           You may want to use this option if you  are  linking  files  with  an  unusual  binary
           format.   You  can also use -b to switch formats explicitly (when linking object files
           of different formats), by including -b input-format before each group of object  files
           in a particular format.

           The default format is taken from the environment variable "GNUTARGET".

           You can also define the input format from a script, using the command "TARGET";

       -c MRI-commandfile
       --mri-script=MRI-commandfile
           For  compatibility with linkers produced by MRI, ld accepts script files written in an
           alternate, restricted command language, described in the MRI Compatible  Script  Files
           section  of  GNU ld documentation.  Introduce MRI script files with the option -c; use
           the -T option to run linker  scripts  written  in  the  general-purpose  ld  scripting
           language.  If MRI-cmdfile does not exist, ld looks for it in the directories specified
           by any -L options.

       -d
       -dc
       -dp These three options are equivalent; multiple forms  are  supported  for  compatibility
           with  other linkers.  They assign space to common symbols even if a relocatable output
           file is specified (with -r).  The script  command  "FORCE_COMMON_ALLOCATION"  has  the
           same effect.

       -e entry
       --entry=entry
           Use  entry as the explicit symbol for beginning execution of your program, rather than
           the default entry point.  If there is no symbol named entry, the linker  will  try  to
           parse  entry  as  a  number,  and  use  that  as the entry address (the number will be
           interpreted in base 10; you may use a leading 0x for base 16, or a leading 0 for  base
           8).

       --exclude-libs lib,lib,...
           Specifies  a  list of archive libraries from which symbols should not be automatically
           exported. The library  names  may  be  delimited  by  commas  or  colons.   Specifying
           "--exclude-libs  ALL" excludes symbols in all archive libraries from automatic export.
           This option is available only for the i386 PE targeted port of the linker and for  ELF
           targeted  ports.   For  i386  PE,  symbols  explicitly listed in a .def file are still
           exported, regardless of this option.  For ELF targeted ports, symbols affected by this
           option will be treated as hidden.

       -E
       --export-dynamic
           When  creating  a dynamically linked executable, add all symbols to the dynamic symbol
           table.  The dynamic symbol table is the set of symbols which are visible from  dynamic
           objects at run time.

           If  you  do  not  use this option, the dynamic symbol table will normally contain only
           those symbols which are referenced by some dynamic object mentioned in the link.

           If you use "dlopen" to load a dynamic object which needs to refer back to the  symbols
           defined  by the program, rather than some other dynamic object, then you will probably
           need to use this option when linking the program itself.

           You can also use the dynamic list to control what  symbols  should  be  added  to  the
           dynamic  symbol  table  if  the  output  format  supports  it.  See the description of
           --dynamic-list.

       -EB Link big-endian objects.  This affects the default output format.

       -EL Link little-endian objects.  This affects the default output format.

       -f
       --auxiliary name
           When creating an ELF shared  object,  set  the  internal  DT_AUXILIARY  field  to  the
           specified  name.   This  tells  the dynamic linker that the symbol table of the shared
           object should be used as an auxiliary filter on the symbol table of the shared  object
           name.

           If  you  later  link  a  program  against  this  filter object, then, when you run the
           program, the dynamic linker will see the DT_AUXILIARY field.  If  the  dynamic  linker
           resolves  any  symbols  from the filter object, it will first check whether there is a
           definition in the shared object name.  If there is one, it will be used instead of the
           definition  in  the  filter  object.  The shared object name need not exist.  Thus the
           shared object name may be used to provide an  alternative  implementation  of  certain
           functions, perhaps for debugging or for machine specific performance.

           This option may be specified more than once.  The DT_AUXILIARY entries will be created
           in the order in which they appear on the command line.

       -F name
       --filter name
           When creating an ELF shared object, set the internal DT_FILTER field to the  specified
           name.   This tells the dynamic linker that the symbol table of the shared object which
           is being created should be used as a filter on the symbol table of the  shared  object
           name.

           If  you  later  link  a  program  against  this  filter object, then, when you run the
           program, the dynamic linker will see the DT_FILTER field.   The  dynamic  linker  will
           resolve  symbols  according  to the symbol table of the filter object as usual, but it
           will actually link to the definitions found in  the  shared  object  name.   Thus  the
           filter  object  can  be  used to select a subset of the symbols provided by the object
           name.

           Some older  linkers  used  the  -F  option  throughout  a  compilation  toolchain  for
           specifying  object-file format for both input and output object files.  The GNU linker
           uses other mechanisms for this purpose:  the  -b,  --format,  --oformat  options,  the
           "TARGET" command in linker scripts, and the "GNUTARGET" environment variable.  The GNU
           linker will ignore the -F option when not creating an ELF shared object.

       -fini name
           When creating an ELF executable or shared object, call NAME  when  the  executable  or
           shared  object  is  unloaded,  by  setting DT_FINI to the address of the function.  By
           default, the linker uses "_fini" as the function to call.

       -g  Ignored.  Provided for compatibility with other tools.

       -Gvalue
       --gpsize=value
           Set the maximum size of objects to be optimized using the GP register to  size.   This
           is  only  meaningful for object file formats such as MIPS ECOFF which supports putting
           large and small objects into different sections.  This is  ignored  for  other  object
           file formats.

       -hname
       -soname=name
           When  creating an ELF shared object, set the internal DT_SONAME field to the specified
           name.  When an executable is linked with a shared object which has a DT_SONAME  field,
           then  when  the  executable  is run the dynamic linker will attempt to load the shared
           object specified by the DT_SONAME field rather than the using the file name  given  to
           the linker.

       -i  Perform an incremental link (same as option -r).

       -init name
           When  creating  an  ELF  executable or shared object, call NAME when the executable or
           shared object is loaded, by setting DT_INIT  to  the  address  of  the  function.   By
           default, the linker uses "_init" as the function to call.

       -lnamespec
       --library=namespec
           Add  the  archive  or  object file specified by namespec to the list of files to link.
           This option may be used any number of times.  If namespec is of the form :filename, ld
           will  search  the library path for a file called filename, otherise it will search the
           library path for a file called libnamespec.a.

           On systems which support shared libraries, ld may also search  for  files  other  than
           libnamespec.a.  Specifically, on ELF and SunOS systems, ld will search a directory for
           a library called libnamespec.so before searching for one  called  libnamespec.a.   (By
           convention,  a  ".so"  extension indicates a shared library.)  Note that this behavior
           does not apply to :filename, which always specifies a file called filename.

           The linker will search an archive only once, at the location where it is specified  on
           the  command line.  If the archive defines a symbol which was undefined in some object
           which appeared before the archive on the command line, the  linker  will  include  the
           appropriate  file(s)  from  the  archive.   However,  an undefined symbol in an object
           appearing later on the command line will not cause the linker to  search  the  archive
           again.

           See the -( option for a way to force the linker to search archives multiple times.

           You may list the same archive multiple times on the command line.

           This  type  of  archive  searching  is standard for Unix linkers.  However, if you are
           using ld on AIX, note that it is different from the behaviour of the AIX linker.

       -Lsearchdir
       --library-path=searchdir
           Add path searchdir to the list of paths that ld will search for archive libraries  and
           ld control scripts.  You may use this option any number of times.  The directories are
           searched in the order in which they are specified on the  command  line.   Directories
           specified  on  the  command  line are searched before the default directories.  All -L
           options apply to all -l options, regardless of the order in which the options appear.

           If searchdir begins with "=", then the "=" will be replaced by the sysroot  prefix,  a
           path specified when the linker is configured.

           The  default  set of paths searched (without being specified with -L) depends on which
           emulation mode ld is using, and in some cases also on how it was configured.

           The paths can also be specified in  a  link  script  with  the  "SEARCH_DIR"  command.
           Directories  specified  this  way are searched at the point in which the linker script
           appears in the command line.

       -memulation
           Emulate the emulation  linker.   You  can  list  the  available  emulations  with  the
           --verbose or -V options.

           If  the  -m  option  is  not  used,  the  emulation  is  taken  from the "LDEMULATION"
           environment variable, if that is defined.

           Otherwise, the default emulation depends upon how the linker was configured.

       -M
       --print-map
           Print a link map to the standard output.  A link map provides  information  about  the
           link, including the following:

           *   Where object files are mapped into memory.

           *   How common symbols are allocated.

           *   All  archive  members  included  in  the  link, with a mention of the symbol which
               caused the archive member to be brought in.

           *   The values assigned to symbols.

               Note - symbols whose values  are  computed  by  an  expression  which  involves  a
               reference  to  a  previous  value  of  the same symbol may not have correct result
               displayed in the link map.  This  is  because  the  linker  discards  intermediate
               results   and  only  retains  the  final  value  of  an  expression.   Under  such
               circumstances the linker will display the final value enclosed by square brackets.
               Thus for example a linker script containing:

                          foo = 1
                          foo = foo * 4
                          foo = foo + 8

               will produce the following output in the link map if the -M option is used:

                          0x00000001                foo = 0x1
                          [0x0000000c]                foo = (foo * 0x4)
                          [0x0000000c]                foo = (foo + 0x8)

               See Expressions for more information about expressions in linker scripts.

       -n
       --nmagic
           Turn off page alignment of sections, and mark the output as "NMAGIC" if possible.

       -N
       --omagic
           Set  the  text and data sections to be readable and writable.  Also, do not page-align
           the data segment, and disable linking against shared libraries.  If the output  format
           supports  Unix  style  magic  numbers,  mark  the output as "OMAGIC". Note: Although a
           writable text section is allowed for PE-COFF targets,  it  does  not  conform  to  the
           format specification published by Microsoft.

       --no-omagic
           This option negates most of the effects of the -N option.  It sets the text section to
           be read-only, and forces the data segment to be page-aligned.  Note - this option does
           not enable linking against shared libraries.  Use -Bdynamic for this.

       -o output
       --output=output
           Use  output  as  the  name  for  the  program  produced  by  ld; if this option is not
           specified, the name a.out is used by default.  The script command  "OUTPUT"  can  also
           specify the output file name.

       -O level
           If  level  is  a numeric values greater than zero ld optimizes the output.  This might
           take significantly longer and therefore probably should only be enabled for the  final
           binary.  At the moment this option only affects ELF shared library generation.  Future
           releases of the linker may make more use of this option.  Also currently there  is  no
           difference  in  the  linker's  behaviour for different non-zero values of this option.
           Again this may change with future releases.

       -q
       --emit-relocs
           Leave relocation sections  and  contents  in  fully  linked  executables.   Post  link
           analysis  and optimization tools may need this information in order to perform correct
           modifications of executables.  This results in larger executables.

           This option is currently only supported on ELF platforms.

       --force-dynamic
           Force the output file to have dynamic sections.  This option is  specific  to  VxWorks
           targets.

       -r
       --relocatable
           Generate  relocatable output---i.e., generate an output file that can in turn serve as
           input to ld.  This is often called partial linking.  As a side effect, in environments
           that  support  standard  Unix  magic  numbers, this option also sets the output file's
           magic number to "OMAGIC".  If this option  is  not  specified,  an  absolute  file  is
           produced.   When  linking  C++  programs,  this  option will not resolve references to
           constructors; to do that, use -Ur.

           When an input file does not have the same format as the output file,  partial  linking
           is  only  supported  if  that  input file does not contain any relocations.  Different
           output formats can have further restrictions; for example some  "a.out"-based  formats
           do not support partial linking with input files in other formats at all.

           This option does the same thing as -i.

       -R filename
       --just-symbols=filename
           Read symbol names and their addresses from filename, but do not relocate it or include
           it in the output.  This allows your output file  to  refer  symbolically  to  absolute
           locations  of  memory  defined  in  other programs.  You may use this option more than
           once.

           For compatibility with other ELF linkers, if the -R option is followed by a  directory
           name, rather than a file name, it is treated as the -rpath option.

       -s
       --strip-all
           Omit all symbol information from the output file.

       -S
       --strip-debug
           Omit debugger symbol information (but not all symbols) from the output file.

       -t
       --trace
           Print the names of the input files as ld processes them.

       -T scriptfile
       --script=scriptfile
           Use  scriptfile as the linker script.  This script replaces ld's default linker script
           (rather than adding to it),  so  commandfile  must  specify  everything  necessary  to
           describe  the  output  file.    If scriptfile does not exist in the current directory,
           "ld" looks for it in the directories specified by any preceding -L options.   Multiple
           -T options accumulate.

       -dT scriptfile
       --default-script=scriptfile
           Use scriptfile as the default linker script.

           This  option is similar to the --script option except that processing of the script is
           delayed until after the rest of the command line  has  been  processed.   This  allows
           options  placed  after  the  --default-script option on the command line to affect the
           behaviour of the linker script, which can be important when the  linker  command  line
           cannot  be  directly  controlled  by  the user.  (eg because the command line is being
           constructed by another tool, such as gcc).

       -u symbol
       --undefined=symbol
           Force symbol to be entered in the output file as an undefined symbol.  Doing this may,
           for example, trigger linking of additional modules from standard libraries.  -u may be
           repeated with different option arguments to enter additional undefined symbols.   This
           option is equivalent to the "EXTERN" linker script command.

       -Ur For  anything  other  than C++ programs, this option is equivalent to -r: it generates
           relocatable output---i.e., an output file that can in turn serve as input to ld.  When
           linking C++ programs, -Ur does resolve references to constructors, unlike -r.  It does
           not work to use  -Ur  on  files  that  were  themselves  linked  with  -Ur;  once  the
           constructor  table  has  been built, it cannot be added to.  Use -Ur only for the last
           partial link, and -r for the others.

       --unique[=SECTION]
           Creates a separate output section for every input section matching SECTION, or if  the
           optional  wildcard  SECTION  argument  is missing, for every orphan input section.  An
           orphan section is one not specifically mentioned in a linker script.  You may use this
           option  multiple  times  on the command line;  It prevents the normal merging of input
           sections with the same name, overriding output section assignments in a linker script.

       -v
       --version
       -V  Display the version number for ld.  The -V option also lists the supported emulations.

       -x
       --discard-all
           Delete all local symbols.

       -X
       --discard-locals
           Delete all temporary local symbols.  (These symbols start with  system-specific  local
           label prefixes, typically .L for ELF systems or L for traditional a.out systems.)

       -y symbol
       --trace-symbol=symbol
           Print  the name of each linked file in which symbol appears.  This option may be given
           any number of times.  On many systems it is necessary to prepend an underscore.

           This option is useful when you have an undefined symbol in your link  but  don't  know
           where the reference is coming from.

       -Y path
           Add  path  to  the  default  library  search  path.   This  option  exists for Solaris
           compatibility.

       -z keyword
           The recognized keywords are:

           combreloc
               Combines multiple reloc sections and sorts them  to  make  dynamic  symbol  lookup
               caching possible.

           defs
               Disallows  undefined  symbols  in  object  files.   Undefined  symbols  in  shared
               libraries are still allowed.

           execstack
               Marks the object as requiring executable stack.

           initfirst
               This option is only meaningful when building a shared object.  It marks the object
               so that its runtime initialization will occur before the runtime initialization of
               any other objects brought into the  process  at  the  same  time.   Similarly  the
               runtime  finalization  of  the object will occur after the runtime finalization of
               any other objects.

           interpose
               Marks the object that its symbol table  interposes  before  all  symbols  but  the
               primary executable.

           lazy
               When  generating  an  executable  or  shared  library, mark it to tell the dynamic
               linker to defer function call resolution to the point when the function is  called
               (lazy binding), rather than at load time.  Lazy binding is the default.

           loadfltr
               Marks  the object that its filters be processed immediately at runtime.

           muldefs
               Allows multiple definitions.

           nocombreloc
               Disables multiple reloc sections combining.

           nocopyreloc
               Disables production of copy relocs.

           nodefaultlib
               Marks  the  object that the search for dependencies of this object will ignore any
               default library search paths.

           nodelete
               Marks the object shouldn't be unloaded at runtime.

           nodlopen
               Marks the object not available to "dlopen".

           nodump
               Marks the object can not be dumped by "dldump".

           noexecstack
               Marks the object as not requiring executable stack.

           norelro
               Don't create an ELF "PT_GNU_RELRO" segment header in the object.

           now When generating an executable or shared library,  mark  it  to  tell  the  dynamic
               linker  to  resolve  all  symbols  when the program is started, or when the shared
               library is linked to using dlopen, instead of deferring function  call  resolution
               to the point when the function is first called.

           origin
               Marks the object may contain $ORIGIN.

           relro
               Create an ELF "PT_GNU_RELRO" segment header in the object.

           max-page-size=value
               Set the emulation maximum page size to value.

           common-page-size=value
               Set the emulation common page size to value.

           Other keywords are ignored for Solaris compatibility.

       -( archives -)
       --start-group archives --end-group
           The  archives  should  be  a  list of archive files.  They may be either explicit file
           names, or -l options.

           The specified archives are searched repeatedly until no new undefined  references  are
           created.  Normally, an archive is searched only once in the order that it is specified
           on the command line.  If a symbol in that archive is needed to  resolve  an  undefined
           symbol  referred to by an object in an archive that appears later on the command line,
           the linker would not be able to resolve that reference.   By  grouping  the  archives,
           they all be searched repeatedly until all possible references are resolved.

           Using  this option has a significant performance cost.  It is best to use it only when
           there are unavoidable circular references between two or more archives.

       --accept-unknown-input-arch
       --no-accept-unknown-input-arch
           Tells the linker to accept input files whose architecture cannot be  recognised.   The
           assumption  is  that the user knows what they are doing and deliberately wants to link
           in these unknown input files.  This was the default behaviour of  the  linker,  before
           release 2.14.  The default behaviour from release 2.14 onwards is to reject such input
           files, and so the --accept-unknown-input-arch option has been added to restore the old
           behaviour.

       --as-needed
       --no-as-needed
           This  option affects ELF DT_NEEDED tags for dynamic libraries mentioned on the command
           line after the --as-needed option.  Normally, the linker will add a DT_NEEDED tag  for
           each  dynamic library mentioned on the command line, regardless of whether the library
           is actually needed.   --as-needed  causes  DT_NEEDED  tags  to  only  be  emitted  for
           libraries  that  satisfy some symbol reference from regular objects which is undefined
           at the point that  the  library  was  linked.   --no-as-needed  restores  the  default
           behaviour.

       --add-needed
       --no-add-needed
           This  option  affects  the  treatment  of dynamic libraries from ELF DT_NEEDED tags in
           dynamic libraries mentioned on the command  line  after  the  --no-add-needed  option.
           Normally,  the linker will add a DT_NEEDED tag for each dynamic library from DT_NEEDED
           tags.  --no-add-needed causes DT_NEEDED tags will never be emitted for those libraries
           from DT_NEEDED tags. --add-needed restores the default behaviour.

       -assert keyword
           This option is ignored for SunOS compatibility.

       -Bdynamic
       -dy
       -call_shared
           Link against dynamic libraries.  This is only meaningful on platforms for which shared
           libraries are supported.  This option is normally the default on such platforms.   The
           different variants of this option are for compatibility with various systems.  You may
           use this option multiple times on the command line: it affects library  searching  for
           -l options which follow it.

       -Bgroup
           Set  the  "DF_1_GROUP"  flag  in  the "DT_FLAGS_1" entry in the dynamic section.  This
           causes the runtime linker to handle lookups in this object and its dependencies to  be
           performed  only  inside  the group.  --unresolved-symbols=report-all is implied.  This
           option is only meaningful on ELF platforms which support shared libraries.

       -Bstatic
       -dn
       -non_shared
       -static
           Do not link against shared libraries.  This is only meaningful on platforms for  which
           shared  libraries  are  supported.   The  different  variants  of  this option are for
           compatibility with various systems.  You may use this option  multiple  times  on  the
           command  line:  it  affects  library  searching  for -l options which follow it.  This
           option also implies --unresolved-symbols=report-all.  This option  can  be  used  with
           -shared.   Doing  so  means that a shared library is being created but that all of the
           library's external references must be resolved  by  pulling  in  entries  from  static
           libraries.

       -Bsymbolic
           When  creating  a  shared library, bind references to global symbols to the definition
           within the shared library, if any.  Normally, it is  possible  for  a  program  linked
           against  a  shared library to override the definition within the shared library.  This
           option is only meaningful on ELF platforms which support shared libraries.

       -Bsymbolic-functions
           When creating a shared library, bind references to  global  function  symbols  to  the
           definition  within  the shared library, if any.  This option is only meaningful on ELF
           platforms which support shared libraries.

       --dynamic-list=dynamic-list-file
           Specify the name of a dynamic list file to the linker.  This is  typically  used  when
           creating  shared  libraries  to  specify  a  list  of  global symbols whose references
           shouldn't  be  bound  to  the  definition  within  the  shared  library,  or  creating
           dynamically  linked  executables to specify a list of symbols which should be added to
           the symbol table in the executable.  This option is only meaningful on  ELF  platforms
           which support shared libraries.

           The  format of the dynamic list is the same as the version node without scope and node
           name.  See VERSION for more information.

       --dynamic-list-data
           Include all global data symbols to the dynamic list.

       --dynamic-list-cpp-new
           Provide the builtin dynamic list for C++ operator new and delete.  It is mainly useful
           for building shared libstdc++.

       --dynamic-list-cpp-typeinfo
           Provide the builtin dynamic list for C++ runtime type identification.

       --check-sections
       --no-check-sections
           Asks the linker not to check section addresses after they have been assigned to see if
           there are any overlaps.  Normally the linker will perform this check, and if it  finds
           any overlaps it will produce suitable error messages.  The linker does know about, and
           does make allowances for sections in overlays.  The default behaviour can be  restored
           by using the command line switch --check-sections.

       --cref
           Output  a  cross  reference table.  If a linker map file is being generated, the cross
           reference table is printed to the map file.  Otherwise, it is printed on the  standard
           output.

           The format of the table is intentionally simple, so that it may be easily processed by
           a script if necessary.  The symbols are printed out, sorted by name.  For each symbol,
           a list of file names is given.  If the symbol is defined, the first file listed is the
           location of the definition.  The remaining files contain references to the symbol.

       --no-define-common
           This option inhibits the assignment  of  addresses  to  common  symbols.   The  script
           command "INHIBIT_COMMON_ALLOCATION" has the same effect.

           The  --no-define-common  option  allows decoupling the decision to assign addresses to
           Common symbols from the choice of the output file type;  otherwise  a  non-Relocatable
           output  type  forces  assigning addresses to Common symbols.  Using --no-define-common
           allows Common symbols that are  referenced  from  a  shared  library  to  be  assigned
           addresses only in the main program.  This eliminates the unused duplicate space in the
           shared library, and also prevents any possible confusion over resolving to  the  wrong
           duplicate  when  there  are  many  dynamic  modules  with specialized search paths for
           runtime symbol resolution.

       --defsym symbol=expression
           Create a global symbol in the output file, containing the absolute  address  given  by
           expression.   You  may  use  this option as many times as necessary to define multiple
           symbols in the command line.  A limited  form  of  arithmetic  is  supported  for  the
           expression  in  this  context:  you  may give a hexadecimal constant or the name of an
           existing symbol, or use "+" and "-"  to  add  or  subtract  hexadecimal  constants  or
           symbols.   If  you  need more elaborate expressions, consider using the linker command
           language from a script.  Note: there should be no  white  space  between  symbol,  the
           equals sign ("="), and expression.

       --demangle[=style]
       --no-demangle
           These  options  control  whether  to demangle symbol names in error messages and other
           output.  When the linker is told to demangle, it tries to present symbol  names  in  a
           readable  fashion:  it  strips leading underscores if they are used by the object file
           format, and converts C++ mangled symbol names into  user  readable  names.   Different
           compilers  have different mangling styles.  The optional demangling style argument can
           be used to choose an appropriate demangling style for your compiler.  The linker  will
           demangle by default unless the environment variable COLLECT_NO_DEMANGLE is set.  These
           options may be used to override the default.

       --dynamic-linker file
           Set the name  of  the  dynamic  linker.   This  is  only  meaningful  when  generating
           dynamically  linked  ELF executables.  The default dynamic linker is normally correct;
           don't use this unless you know what you are doing.

       --fatal-warnings
           Treat all warnings as errors.

       --force-exe-suffix
           Make sure that an output file has a .exe suffix.

           If a successfully built fully linked output file does not  have  a  ".exe"  or  ".dll"
           suffix,  this option forces the linker to copy the output file to one of the same name
           with a ".exe" suffix. This option is useful when using unmodified Unix makefiles on  a
           Microsoft  Windows  host,  since some versions of Windows won't run an image unless it
           ends in a ".exe" suffix.

       --gc-sections
       --no-gc-sections
           Enable garbage collection of unused input sections.  It is ignored on targets that  do
           not  support this option.  This option is not compatible with -r or --emit-relocs. The
           default behaviour (of not performing this  garbage  collection)  can  be  restored  by
           specifying --no-gc-sections on the command line.

       --print-gc-sections
       --no-print-gc-sections
           List  all  sections  removed by garbage collection.  The listing is printed on stderr.
           This option is  only  effective  if  garbage  collection  has  been  enabled  via  the
           --gc-sections)  option.   The  default behaviour (of not listing the sections that are
           removed) can be restored by specifying --no-print-gc-sections on the command line.

       --help
           Print a summary of the command-line options on the standard output and exit.

       --target-help
           Print a summary of all target specific options on the standard output and exit.

       -Map mapfile
           Print a link map to the file mapfile.  See the description of the -M option, above.

       --no-keep-memory
           ld normally optimizes for speed over memory usage by  caching  the  symbol  tables  of
           input  files in memory.  This option tells ld to instead optimize for memory usage, by
           rereading the symbol tables as necessary.  This may be required  if  ld  runs  out  of
           memory space while linking a large executable.

       --no-undefined
       -z defs
           Report  unresolved  symbol references from regular object files.  This is done even if
           the   linker   is   creating   a   non-symbolic   shared    library.     The    switch
           --[no-]allow-shlib-undefined   controls   the   behaviour   for  reporting  unresolved
           references found in shared libraries being linked in.

       --allow-multiple-definition
       -z muldefs
           Normally when a symbol is defined multiple times,  the  linker  will  report  a  fatal
           error. These options allow multiple definitions and the first definition will be used.

       --allow-shlib-undefined
       --no-allow-shlib-undefined
           Allows  (the default) or disallows undefined symbols in shared libraries.  This switch
           is similar to  --no-undefined  except  that  it  determines  the  behaviour  when  the
           undefined  symbols are in a shared library rather than a regular object file.  It does
           not affect how undefined symbols in regular object files are handled.

           The reason that --allow-shlib-undefined is the default  is  that  the  shared  library
           being  specified at link time may not be the same as the one that is available at load
           time, so the symbols might actually be resolvable at load time.  Plus there  are  some
           systems, (eg BeOS) where undefined symbols in shared libraries is normal.  (The kernel
           patches them at load time to select which function is most appropriate for the current
           architecture.   This  is  used for example to dynamically select an appropriate memset
           function).  Apparently it is also normal for HPPA shared libraries to  have  undefined
           symbols.

       --no-undefined-version
           Normally  when  a  symbol  has  an  undefined version, the linker will ignore it. This
           option disallows symbols with undefined version and  a  fatal  error  will  be  issued
           instead.

       --default-symver
           Create and use a default symbol version (the soname) for unversioned exported symbols.

       --default-imported-symver
           Create and use a default symbol version (the soname) for unversioned imported symbols.

       --no-warn-mismatch
           Normally  ld  will  give  an  error  if  you try to link together input files that are
           mismatched for some reason, perhaps because they  have  been  compiled  for  different
           processors  or  for  different  endiannesses.   This  option  tells  ld that it should
           silently permit such possible errors.  This option should only be used with  care,  in
           cases  when you have taken some special action that ensures that the linker errors are
           inappropriate.

       --no-warn-search-mismatch
           Normally ld will give a warning if it finds an incompatible library during  a  library
           search.  This option silences the warning.

       --no-whole-archive
           Turn off the effect of the --whole-archive option for subsequent archive files.

       --noinhibit-exec
           Retain  the  executable output file whenever it is still usable.  Normally, the linker
           will not produce an output file if it encounters errors during the  link  process;  it
           exits without writing an output file when it issues any error whatsoever.

       -nostdlib
           Only  search  library  directories  explicitly specified on the command line.  Library
           directories specified in linker scripts (including linker  scripts  specified  on  the
           command line) are ignored.

       --oformat output-format
           ld  may  be  configured  to  support more than one kind of object file.  If your ld is
           configured this way, you can use the --oformat option to specify the binary format for
           the  output  object  file.   Even  when ld is configured to support alternative object
           formats, you don't usually need to specify this, as ld should be configured to produce
           as  a default output format the most usual format on each machine.  output-format is a
           text string, the name of a particular format supported by the BFD libraries.  (You can
           list   the   available   binary   formats   with  objdump  -i.)   The  script  command
           "OUTPUT_FORMAT" can also specify the output format, but this option overrides it.

       -pie
       --pic-executable
           Create a position independent executable.  This is currently  only  supported  on  ELF
           platforms.   Position  independent executables are similar to shared libraries in that
           they are relocated by the dynamic linker to the virtual address  the  OS  chooses  for
           them (which can vary between invocations).  Like normal dynamically linked executables
           they can be executed and symbols defined in the executable  cannot  be  overridden  by
           shared libraries.

       -qmagic
           This option is ignored for Linux compatibility.

       -Qy This option is ignored for SVR4 compatibility.

       --relax
           An  option  with  machine  dependent  effects.  This option is only supported on a few
           targets.

           On some platforms, the  --relax  option  performs  global  optimizations  that  become
           possible  when the linker resolves addressing in the program, such as relaxing address
           modes and synthesizing new instructions in the output object file.

           On some platforms these link time global optimizations may make symbolic debugging  of
           the  resulting executable impossible.  This is known to be the case for the Matsushita
           MN10200 and MN10300 family of processors.

           On platforms where this is not supported, --relax is accepted, but ignored.

       --retain-symbols-file filename
           Retain only the symbols listed in the file filename, discarding all others.   filename
           is  simply  a  flat  file,  with  one symbol name per line.  This option is especially
           useful in environments (such  as  VxWorks)  where  a  large  global  symbol  table  is
           accumulated gradually, to conserve run-time memory.

           --retain-symbols-file  does  not  discard  undefined  symbols,  or  symbols needed for
           relocations.

           You may only specify --retain-symbols-file once in the command line.  It overrides  -s
           and -S.

       -rpath dir
           Add  a directory to the runtime library search path.  This is used when linking an ELF
           executable with shared objects.  All -rpath arguments are concatenated and  passed  to
           the  runtime  linker, which uses them to locate shared objects at runtime.  The -rpath
           option is also used when locating shared objects which are needed  by  shared  objects
           explicitly  included  in  the link; see the description of the -rpath-link option.  If
           -rpath is not used when linking an ELF executable, the  contents  of  the  environment
           variable "LD_RUN_PATH" will be used if it is defined.

           The  -rpath  option  may also be used on SunOS.  By default, on SunOS, the linker will
           form a runtime search patch out of all the -L options it is given.  If a -rpath option
           is  used, the runtime search path will be formed exclusively using the -rpath options,
           ignoring the -L options.  This can be useful  when  using  gcc,  which  adds  many  -L
           options which may be on NFS mounted file systems.

           For  compatibility with other ELF linkers, if the -R option is followed by a directory
           name, rather than a file name, it is treated as the -rpath option.

       -rpath-link DIR
           When using ELF or SunOS, one shared library may require another.  This happens when an
           "ld -shared" link includes a shared library as one of the input files.

           When  the linker encounters such a dependency when doing a non-shared, non-relocatable
           link, it will automatically try to locate the required shared library and  include  it
           in the link, if it is not included explicitly.  In such a case, the -rpath-link option
           specifies the first set of directories to search.  The -rpath-link option may  specify
           a  sequence  of  directory  names  either  by  specifying a list of names separated by
           colons, or by appearing multiple times.

           This option should be used with caution as it overrides the search path that may  have
           been  hard  compiled  into  a  shared  library.  In  such a case it is possible to use
           unintentionally a different search path than the runtime linker would do.

           The linker uses the following search paths to locate required shared libraries:

           1.  Any directories specified by -rpath-link options.

           2.  Any directories specified by -rpath options.  The difference  between  -rpath  and
               -rpath-link  is  that  directories specified by -rpath options are included in the
               executable and used at runtime, whereas the -rpath-link option is  only  effective
               at link time. Searching -rpath in this way is only supported by native linkers and
               cross linkers which have been configured with the --with-sysroot option.

           3.  On an ELF system, if the -rpath and "rpath-link" options were not used, search the
               contents  of  the  environment variable "LD_RUN_PATH". It is for the native linker
               only.

           4.  On SunOS, if the -rpath option was not  used,  search  any  directories  specified
               using -L options.

           5.  For a native linker, the contents of the environment variable "LD_LIBRARY_PATH".

           6.  For a native ELF linker, the directories in "DT_RUNPATH" or "DT_RPATH" of a shared
               library are searched for shared libraries needed by it. The "DT_RPATH" entries are
               ignored if "DT_RUNPATH" entries exist.

           7.  The default directories, normally /lib and /usr/lib.

           8.  For a native linker on an ELF system, if the file /etc/ld.so.conf exists, the list
               of directories found in that file.

           If the required shared library is not found, the  linker  will  issue  a  warning  and
           continue with the link.

       -shared
       -Bshareable
           Create  a  shared  library.   This is currently only supported on ELF, XCOFF and SunOS
           platforms.  On SunOS, the linker will automatically create a shared library if the  -e
           option is not used and there are undefined symbols in the link.

       --sort-common
           This  option  tells  ld  to sort the common symbols by size when it places them in the
           appropriate output sections.  First come all the one byte symbols, then  all  the  two
           byte,  then  all  the  four  byte,  and then everything else.  This is to prevent gaps
           between symbols due to alignment constraints.

       --sort-section name
           This option will apply "SORT_BY_NAME" to all wildcard section patterns in  the  linker
           script.

       --sort-section alignment
           This  option  will  apply  "SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT" to all wildcard section patterns in the
           linker script.

       --split-by-file [size]
           Similar to --split-by-reloc but creates a new output section for each input file  when
           size is reached.  size defaults to a size of 1 if not given.

       --split-by-reloc [count]
           Tries to creates extra sections in the output file so that no single output section in
           the file contains more than count relocations.  This is useful  when  generating  huge
           relocatable  files for downloading into certain real time kernels with the COFF object
           file format; since COFF cannot represent more  than  65535  relocations  in  a  single
           section.   Note  that  this  will  fail  to work with object file formats which do not
           support arbitrary sections.  The linker will not split up  individual  input  sections
           for  redistribution, so if a single input section contains more than count relocations
           one output section will contain that many relocations.  count defaults to a  value  of
           32768.

       --stats
           Compute  and  display  statistics about the operation of the linker, such as execution
           time and memory usage.

       --sysroot=directory
           Use directory as the location of the sysroot, overriding the  configure-time  default.
           This option is only supported by linkers that were configured using --with-sysroot.

       --traditional-format
           For  some  targets, the output of ld is different in some ways from the output of some
           existing linker.  This switch requests ld to use the traditional format instead.

           For example, on SunOS, ld combines duplicate entries in the symbol string table.  This
           can  reduce  the  size  of  an  output file with full debugging information by over 30
           percent.  Unfortunately, the SunOS "dbx" program can not read  the  resulting  program
           ("gdb"  has  no  trouble).   The  --traditional-format  switch tells ld to not combine
           duplicate entries.

       --section-start sectionname=org
           Locate a section in the output file at the absolute address given by org.  You may use
           this  option  as  many  times  as necessary to locate multiple sections in the command
           line.  org must be a single hexadecimal integer; for compatibility with other linkers,
           you  may  omit the leading 0x usually associated with hexadecimal values.  Note: there
           should be no white space between sectionname, the equals sign ("="), and org.

       -Tbss org
       -Tdata org
       -Ttext org
           Same as --section-start, with ".bss", ".data" or ".text" as the sectionname.

       --unresolved-symbols=method
           Determine how to handle unresolved  symbols.   There  are  four  possible  values  for
           method:

           ignore-all
               Do not report any unresolved symbols.

           report-all
               Report all unresolved symbols.  This is the default.

           ignore-in-object-files
               Report  unresolved symbols that are contained in shared libraries, but ignore them
               if they come from regular object files.

           ignore-in-shared-libs
               Report unresolved symbols that come from regular object files, but ignore them  if
               they  come  from  shared  libraries.   This  can be useful when creating a dynamic
               binary and it is known that all the shared libraries that it should be referencing
               are included on the linker's command line.

           The  behaviour  for  shared  libraries  on  their  own  can  also be controlled by the
           --[no-]allow-shlib-undefined option.

           Normally the linker will generate an error message for each reported unresolved symbol
           but the option --warn-unresolved-symbols can change this to a warning.

       --dll-verbose
       --verbose
           Display  the  version number for ld and list the linker emulations supported.  Display
           which input files can and cannot be opened.  Display the linker script being  used  by
           the linker.

       --version-script=version-scriptfile
           Specify  the  name  of  a  version  script to the linker.  This is typically used when
           creating  shared  libraries  to  specify  additional  information  about  the  version
           hierarchy  for  the  library  being  created.   This  option is only meaningful on ELF
           platforms which support shared libraries.

       --warn-common
           Warn when a common symbol is combined with another common  symbol  or  with  a  symbol
           definition.   Unix  linkers  allow  this somewhat sloppy practise, but linkers on some
           other operating systems do not.  This option allows you  to  find  potential  problems
           from  combining global symbols.  Unfortunately, some C libraries use this practise, so
           you may get some warnings about symbols in the libraries as well as in your programs.

           There are three kinds of global symbols, illustrated here by C examples:

           int i = 1;
               A definition, which goes in the initialized data section of the output file.

           extern int i;
               An undefined reference, which does not allocate space.  There  must  be  either  a
               definition or a common symbol for the variable somewhere.

           int i;
               A  common  symbol.  If there are only (one or more) common symbols for a variable,
               it goes in the uninitialized data area of the  output  file.   The  linker  merges
               multiple  common  symbols for the same variable into a single symbol.  If they are
               of different sizes, it picks the largest size.  The linker turns a  common  symbol
               into a declaration, if there is a definition of the same variable.

           The --warn-common option can produce five kinds of warnings.  Each warning consists of
           a pair of lines: the first describes the  symbol  just  encountered,  and  the  second
           describes  the previous symbol encountered with the same name.  One or both of the two
           symbols will be a common symbol.

           1.  Turning a common symbol into a reference, because there is  already  a  definition
               for the symbol.

                       <file>(<section>): warning: common of `<symbol>'
                          overridden by definition
                       <file>(<section>): warning: defined here

           2.  Turning  a  common  symbol  into  a  reference, because a later definition for the
               symbol is encountered.  This is the same as the previous  case,  except  that  the
               symbols are encountered in a different order.

                       <file>(<section>): warning: definition of `<symbol>'
                          overriding common
                       <file>(<section>): warning: common is here

           3.  Merging a common symbol with a previous same-sized common symbol.

                       <file>(<section>): warning: multiple common
                          of `<symbol>'
                       <file>(<section>): warning: previous common is here

           4.  Merging a common symbol with a previous larger common symbol.

                       <file>(<section>): warning: common of `<symbol>'
                          overridden by larger common
                       <file>(<section>): warning: larger common is here

           5.  Merging  a  common symbol with a previous smaller common symbol.  This is the same
               as the previous case, except that the  symbols  are  encountered  in  a  different
               order.

                       <file>(<section>): warning: common of `<symbol>'
                          overriding smaller common
                       <file>(<section>): warning: smaller common is here

       --warn-constructors
           Warn  if  any global constructors are used.  This is only useful for a few object file
           formats.  For formats like COFF or ELF, the linker can not detect the  use  of  global
           constructors.

       --warn-multiple-gp
           Warn  if multiple global pointer values are required in the output file.  This is only
           meaningful for certain processors, such as the Alpha.  Specifically,  some  processors
           put  large-valued  constants  in  a  special  section.  A special register (the global
           pointer) points into the middle of this section,  so  that  constants  can  be  loaded
           efficiently  via  a base-register relative addressing mode.  Since the offset in base-
           register relative mode is fixed and relatively small (e.g., 16 bits), this limits  the
           maximum  size of the constant pool.  Thus, in large programs, it is often necessary to
           use multiple global pointer values in  order  to  be  able  to  address  all  possible
           constants.  This option causes a warning to be issued whenever this case occurs.

       --warn-once
           Only  warn once for each undefined symbol, rather than once per module which refers to
           it.

       --warn-section-align
           Warn if the address of an output section is changed because of alignment.   Typically,
           the alignment will be set by an input section.  The address will only be changed if it
           not explicitly specified; that is, if the "SECTIONS" command does not specify a  start
           address for the section.

       --warn-shared-textrel
           Warn if the linker adds a DT_TEXTREL to a shared object.

       --warn-unresolved-symbols
           If   the   linker   is   going   to  report  an  unresolved  symbol  (see  the  option
           --unresolved-symbols) it will normally  generate  an  error.   This  option  makes  it
           generate a warning instead.

       --error-unresolved-symbols
           This restores the linker's default behaviour of generating errors when it is reporting
           unresolved symbols.

       --whole-archive
           For each archive mentioned on the  command  line  after  the  --whole-archive  option,
           include  every  object  file  in  the  archive  in the link, rather than searching the
           archive for the required object files.  This is normally used to turn an archive  file
           into  a  shared  library,  forcing every object to be included in the resulting shared
           library.  This option may be used more than once.

           Two notes when using this option from gcc: First, gcc doesn't know about this  option,
           so   you   have   to   use   -Wl,-whole-archive.    Second,   don't   forget   to  use
           -Wl,-no-whole-archive after your list of archives, because gcc will add its  own  list
           of archives to your link and you may not want this flag to affect those as well.

       --wrap symbol
           Use a wrapper function for symbol.  Any undefined reference to symbol will be resolved
           to "__wrap_symbol".  Any undefined reference to "__real_symbol" will  be  resolved  to
           symbol.

           This  can  be  used  to provide a wrapper for a system function.  The wrapper function
           should be called "__wrap_symbol".  If it wishes to call the system function, it should
           call "__real_symbol".

           Here is a trivial example:

                   void *
                   __wrap_malloc (size_t c)
                   {
                     printf ("malloc called with %zu\n", c);
                     return __real_malloc (c);
                   }

           If  you link other code with this file using --wrap malloc, then all calls to "malloc"
           will call the function  "__wrap_malloc"  instead.   The  call  to  "__real_malloc"  in
           "__wrap_malloc" will call the real "malloc" function.

           You  may wish to provide a "__real_malloc" function as well, so that links without the
           --wrap option will succeed.  If you do this, you should  not  put  the  definition  of
           "__real_malloc"  in  the  same  file  as "__wrap_malloc"; if you do, the assembler may
           resolve the call before the linker has a chance to wrap it to "malloc".

       --eh-frame-hdr
           Request creation of ".eh_frame_hdr" section and ELF "PT_GNU_EH_FRAME" segment header.

       --enable-new-dtags
       --disable-new-dtags
           This linker can create the new dynamic tags in ELF. But the older ELF systems may  not
           understand  them.  If you specify --enable-new-dtags, the dynamic tags will be created
           as needed.  If you specify --disable-new-dtags, no new dynamic tags will  be  created.
           By  default,  the  new  dynamic tags are not created. Note that those options are only
           available for ELF systems.

       --hash-size=number
           Set the default size of the linker's hash tables to a prime number  close  to  number.
           Increasing this value can reduce the length of time it takes the linker to perform its
           tasks, at the expense of  increasing  the  linker's  memory  requirements.   Similarly
           reducing this value can reduce the memory requirements at the expense of speed.

       --hash-style=style
           Set  the  type  of linker's hash table(s).  style can be either "sysv" for classic ELF
           ".hash" section, "gnu" for new style GNU ".gnu.hash" section or "both"  for  both  the
           classic ELF ".hash" and new style GNU ".gnu.hash" hash tables.  The default is "sysv".

       --reduce-memory-overheads
           This  option  reduces  memory  requirements  at  ld runtime, at the expense of linking
           speed.  This was introduced to select the old  O(n^2)  algorithm  for  link  map  file
           generation,  rather  than  the new O(n) algorithm which uses about 40% more memory for
           symbol storage.

           Another effect of the switch is to set the default hash  table  size  to  1021,  which
           again saves memory at the cost of lengthening the linker's run time.  This is not done
           however if the --hash-size switch has been used.

           The --reduce-memory-overheads switch may be also be used to enable other tradeoffs  in
           future versions of the linker.

       --build-id
       --build-id=style
           Request  creation  of ".note.gnu.build-id" ELF note section.  The contents of the note
           are unique bits identifying this linked file.  style can be "uuid" to use  128  random
           bits, "sha1" to use a 160-bit SHA1 hash on the normative parts of the output contents,
           "md5" to use a 128-bit MD5 hash on the normative parts  of  the  output  contents,  or
           "0xhexstring"  to  use  a chosen bit string specified as an even number of hexadecimal
           digits ("-" and ":" characters between digit pairs are ignored).  If style is omitted,
           "sha1" is used.

           The  "md5"  and  "sha1"  styles  produces  an identifier that is always the same in an
           identical output file, but will be unique among all nonidentical output files.  It  is
           not  intended to be compared as a checksum for the file's contents.  A linked file may
           be changed later by other tools, but the build ID bit string identifying the  original
           linked file does not change.

           Passing "none" for style disables the setting from any "--build-id" options earlier on
           the command line.

       The i386 PE linker  supports  the  -shared  option,  which  causes  the  output  to  be  a
       dynamically  linked  library  (DLL)  instead  of a normal executable.  You should name the
       output "*.dll" when you use this option.  In  addition,  the  linker  fully  supports  the
       standard  "*.def"  files, which may be specified on the linker command line like an object
       file (in fact, it should precede archives it exports symbols from, to ensure that they get
       linked in, just like a normal object file).

       In  addition  to  the options common to all targets, the i386 PE linker support additional
       command line options that are specific to the i386 PE target.  Options  that  take  values
       may be separated from their values by either a space or an equals sign.

       --add-stdcall-alias
           If given, symbols with a stdcall suffix (@nn) will be exported as-is and also with the
           suffix stripped.  [This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker]

       --base-file file
           Use file as the name of a file in  which  to  save  the  base  addresses  of  all  the
           relocations  needed  for  generating  DLLs with dlltool.  [This is an i386 PE specific
           option]

       --dll
           Create a DLL instead of a regular executable.  You may also use -shared or  specify  a
           "LIBRARY"  in  a  given ".def" file.  [This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted
           port of the linker]

       --enable-stdcall-fixup
       --disable-stdcall-fixup
           If the link finds a symbol that it cannot  resolve,  it  will  attempt  to  do  "fuzzy
           linking"  by looking for another defined symbol that differs only in the format of the
           symbol name (cdecl vs stdcall) and will resolve that symbol by linking to  the  match.
           For example, the undefined symbol "_foo" might be linked to the function "_foo@12", or
           the undefined symbol "_bar@16" might be linked  to  the  function  "_bar".   When  the
           linker  does  this, it prints a warning, since it normally should have failed to link,
           but sometimes import libraries generated from third-party dlls may need  this  feature
           to  be  usable.   If you specify --enable-stdcall-fixup, this feature is fully enabled
           and warnings are not printed.  If you specify --disable-stdcall-fixup, this feature is
           disabled and such mismatches are considered to be errors.  [This option is specific to
           the i386 PE targeted port of the linker]

       --export-all-symbols
           If given, all global symbols in the objects used to build a DLL will  be  exported  by
           the  DLL.   Note  that this is the default if there otherwise wouldn't be any exported
           symbols.  When symbols are explicitly exported via DEF files  or  implicitly  exported
           via function attributes, the default is to not export anything else unless this option
           is    given.     Note    that    the    symbols    "DllMain@12",    "DllEntryPoint@0",
           "DllMainCRTStartup@12",  and  "impure_ptr"  will not be automatically exported.  Also,
           symbols imported from other DLLs will not be re-exported, nor will symbols  specifying
           the  DLL's  internal  layout  such  as  those  beginning  with "_head_" or ending with
           "_iname".  In  addition,  no  symbols  from  "libgcc",  "libstd++",  "libmingw32",  or
           "crtX.o"  will  be exported.  Symbols whose names begin with "__rtti_" or "__builtin_"
           will not be exported, to help with C++ DLLs.  Finally, there is an extensive  list  of
           cygwin-private symbols that are not exported (obviously, this applies on when building
           DLLs  for  cygwin  targets).   These  cygwin-excludes   are:   "_cygwin_dll_entry@12",
           "_cygwin_crt0_common@8",  "_cygwin_noncygwin_dll_entry@12",  "_fmode",  "_impure_ptr",
           "cygwin_attach_dll",    "cygwin_premain0",    "cygwin_premain1",    "cygwin_premain2",
           "cygwin_premain3",  and  "environ".   [This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted
           port of the linker]

       --exclude-symbols symbol,symbol,...
           Specifies a list of symbols which should not be automatically  exported.   The  symbol
           names  may  be delimited by commas or colons.  [This option is specific to the i386 PE
           targeted port of the linker]

       --file-alignment
           Specify the file alignment.  Sections in the file will always begin  at  file  offsets
           which  are  multiples of this number.  This defaults to 512.  [This option is specific
           to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker]

       --heap reserve
       --heap reserve,commit
           Specify the number of bytes of memory to reserve (and optionally commit) to be used as
           heap  for  this  program.  The default is 1Mb reserved, 4K committed.  [This option is
           specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker]

       --image-base value
           Use value as the base address of your program or  dll.   This  is  the  lowest  memory
           location  that will be used when your program or dll is loaded.  To reduce the need to
           relocate and improve performance of your dlls, each should have a unique base  address
           and  not  overlap  any  other  dlls.   The  default  is  0x400000 for executables, and
           0x10000000 for dlls.  [This option is specific to the i386 PE  targeted  port  of  the
           linker]

       --kill-at
           If  given,  the  stdcall  suffixes (@nn) will be stripped from symbols before they are
           exported.  [This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker]

       --large-address-aware
           If given, the appropriate bit in the "Characteristics" field of the COFF header is set
           to  indicate that this executable supports virtual addresses greater than 2 gigabytes.
           This should be used in conjunction with the /3GB or /USERVA=value megabytes switch  in
           the "[operating systems]" section of the BOOT.INI.  Otherwise, this bit has no effect.
           [This option is specific to PE targeted ports of the linker]

       --major-image-version value
           Sets the major number of the  "image  version".   Defaults  to  1.   [This  option  is
           specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker]

       --major-os-version value
           Sets  the  major number of the "os version".  Defaults to 4.  [This option is specific
           to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker]

       --major-subsystem-version value
           Sets the major number of the "subsystem version".  Defaults to  4.   [This  option  is
           specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker]

       --minor-image-version value
           Sets  the  minor  number  of  the  "image  version".   Defaults to 0.  [This option is
           specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker]

       --minor-os-version value
           Sets the minor number of the "os version".  Defaults to 0.  [This option  is  specific
           to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker]

       --minor-subsystem-version value
           Sets  the  minor  number  of the "subsystem version".  Defaults to 0.  [This option is
           specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker]

       --output-def file
           The linker will create the file file which will contain a DEF  file  corresponding  to
           the  DLL the linker is generating.  This DEF file (which should be called "*.def") may
           be used to create an import library with "dlltool" or may be used as  a  reference  to
           automatically or implicitly exported symbols.  [This option is specific to the i386 PE
           targeted port of the linker]

       --out-implib file
           The linker will create the file file which will contain an import lib corresponding to
           the DLL the linker is generating. This import lib (which should be called "*.dll.a" or
           "*.a" may be used to link clients against the generated DLL; this behaviour  makes  it
           possible  to  skip a separate "dlltool" import library creation step.  [This option is
           specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker]

       --enable-auto-image-base
           Automatically choose the image base for  DLLs,  unless  one  is  specified  using  the
           "--image-base"  argument.  By using a hash generated from the dllname to create unique
           image bases for each DLL, in-memory collisions and relocations which can delay program
           execution  are  avoided.  [This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the
           linker]

       --disable-auto-image-base
           Do not automatically generate a unique image base.   If  there  is  no  user-specified
           image  base  ("--image-base") then use the platform default.  [This option is specific
           to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker]

       --dll-search-prefix string
           When  linking  dynamically  to  a  dll  without  an   import   library,   search   for
           "<string><basename>.dll"  in  preference to "lib<basename>.dll". This behaviour allows
           easy distinction between DLLs built for the various  "subplatforms":  native,  cygwin,
           uwin,  pw,  etc.   For  instance, cygwin DLLs typically use "--dll-search-prefix=cyg".
           [This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker]

       --enable-auto-import
           Do sophisticated linking of "_symbol" to "__imp__symbol" for DATA imports  from  DLLs,
           and  create  the  necessary  thunking  symbols when building the import libraries with
           those DATA exports. Note: Use of the  'auto-import'  extension  will  cause  the  text
           section  of  the  image file to be made writable. This does not conform to the PE-COFF
           format specification published by Microsoft.

           Using 'auto-import' generally will 'just work' --  but  sometimes  you  may  see  this
           message:

           "variable  '<var>'  can't  be  auto-imported.  Please  read the documentation for ld's
           "--enable-auto-import" for details."

           This message occurs when some (sub)expression accesses an address ultimately given  by
           the  sum  of two constants (Win32 import tables only allow one).  Instances where this
           may occur include accesses to member fields of struct variables imported from  a  DLL,
           as  well  as  using  a constant index into an array variable imported from a DLL.  Any
           multiword variable (arrays, structs, long long, etc) may trigger this error condition.
           However, regardless of the exact data type of the offending exported variable, ld will
           always detect it, issue the warning, and exit.

           There are several ways to address this difficulty, regardless of the data type of  the
           exported variable:

           One  way  is  to  use  --enable-runtime-pseudo-reloc  switch.  This leaves the task of
           adjusting references in your client code for runtime environment, so this method works
           only when runtime environment supports this feature.

           A  second  solution  is  to  force one of the 'constants' to be a variable -- that is,
           unknown and un-optimizable at compile time.  For arrays, there are two  possibilities:
           a)  make the indexee (the array's address) a variable, or b) make the 'constant' index
           a variable.  Thus:

                   extern type extern_array[];
                   extern_array[1] -->
                      { volatile type *t=extern_array; t[1] }

           or

                   extern type extern_array[];
                   extern_array[1] -->
                      { volatile int t=1; extern_array[t] }

           For structs (and most other multiword data types) the  only  option  is  to  make  the
           struct itself (or the long long, or the ...) variable:

                   extern struct s extern_struct;
                   extern_struct.field -->
                      { volatile struct s *t=&extern_struct; t->field }

           or

                   extern long long extern_ll;
                   extern_ll -->
                     { volatile long long * local_ll=&extern_ll; *local_ll }

           A  third  method  of  dealing with this difficulty is to abandon 'auto-import' for the
           offending symbol and mark it with "__declspec(dllimport)".  However, in practise  that
           requires  using  compile-time  #defines  to  indicate  whether you are building a DLL,
           building client code that will link to the DLL, or merely building/linking to a static
           library.    In  making the choice between the various methods of resolving the 'direct
           address with constant offset' problem, you should consider typical real-world usage:

           Original:

                   --foo.h
                   extern int arr[];
                   --foo.c
                   #include "foo.h"
                   void main(int argc, char **argv){
                     printf("%d\n",arr[1]);
                   }

           Solution 1:

                   --foo.h
                   extern int arr[];
                   --foo.c
                   #include "foo.h"
                   void main(int argc, char **argv){
                     /* This workaround is for win32 and cygwin; do not "optimize" */
                     volatile int *parr = arr;
                     printf("%d\n",parr[1]);
                   }

           Solution 2:

                   --foo.h
                   /* Note: auto-export is assumed (no __declspec(dllexport)) */
                   #if (defined(_WIN32) || defined(__CYGWIN__)) && \
                     !(defined(FOO_BUILD_DLL) || defined(FOO_STATIC))
                   #define FOO_IMPORT __declspec(dllimport)
                   #else
                   #define FOO_IMPORT
                   #endif
                   extern FOO_IMPORT int arr[];
                   --foo.c
                   #include "foo.h"
                   void main(int argc, char **argv){
                     printf("%d\n",arr[1]);
                   }

           A fourth way to avoid this problem is to re-code your  library  to  use  a  functional
           interface rather than a data interface for the offending variables (e.g. set_foo() and
           get_foo() accessor functions).  [This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted  port
           of the linker]

       --disable-auto-import
           Do  not  attempt  to do sophisticated linking of "_symbol" to "__imp__symbol" for DATA
           imports from DLLs.  [This option is specific to the  i386  PE  targeted  port  of  the
           linker]

       --enable-runtime-pseudo-reloc
           If  your code contains expressions described in --enable-auto-import section, that is,
           DATA imports from DLL with non-zero offset,  this  switch  will  create  a  vector  of
           'runtime  pseudo  relocations'  which  can  be  used  by runtime environment to adjust
           references to such data in your client code.  [This option is specific to the i386  PE
           targeted port of the linker]

       --disable-runtime-pseudo-reloc
           Do  not create pseudo relocations for non-zero offset DATA imports from DLLs.  This is
           the default.  [This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker]

       --enable-extra-pe-debug
           Show additional debug info related to auto-import symbol thunking.   [This  option  is
           specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker]

       --section-alignment
           Sets  the  section alignment.  Sections in memory will always begin at addresses which
           are a multiple of this number.  Defaults to 0x1000.  [This option is specific  to  the
           i386 PE targeted port of the linker]

       --stack reserve
       --stack reserve,commit
           Specify the number of bytes of memory to reserve (and optionally commit) to be used as
           stack for this program.  The default is 2Mb reserved, 4K committed.  [This  option  is
           specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker]

       --subsystem which
       --subsystem which:major
       --subsystem which:major.minor
           Specifies  the  subsystem under which your program will execute.  The legal values for
           which are "native", "windows", "console", "posix", and "xbox".  You may optionally set
           the subsystem version also.  Numeric values are also accepted for which.  [This option
           is specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker]

       The 68HC11 and 68HC12  linkers  support  specific  options  to  control  the  memory  bank
       switching mapping and trampoline code generation.

       --no-trampoline
           This  option  disables  the  generation  of  trampoline.  By  default  a trampoline is
           generated for each far function which  is  called  using  a  "jsr"  instruction  (this
           happens when a pointer to a far function is taken).

       --bank-window name
           This  option  indicates  to  the  linker  the  name of the memory region in the MEMORY
           specification that describes the memory bank window.  The definition of such region is
           then used by the linker to compute paging and addresses within the memory window.

ENVIRONMENT

       You   can  change  the  behaviour  of  ld  with  the  environment  variables  "GNUTARGET",
       "LDEMULATION" and "COLLECT_NO_DEMANGLE".

       "GNUTARGET" determines the input-file object format if you don't use -b  (or  its  synonym
       --format).   Its value should be one of the BFD names for an input format.  If there is no
       "GNUTARGET" in the environment, ld uses the natural format of the target.  If  "GNUTARGET"
       is  set  to  "default"  then BFD attempts to discover the input format by examining binary
       input files; this method often succeeds, but there are potential ambiguities, since  there
       is  no  method  of  ensuring  that the magic number used to specify object-file formats is
       unique.   However,  the  configuration  procedure  for  BFD  on  each  system  places  the
       conventional  format for that system first in the search-list, so ambiguities are resolved
       in favor of convention.

       "LDEMULATION" determines the default emulation if  you  don't  use  the  -m  option.   The
       emulation  can affect various aspects of linker behaviour, particularly the default linker
       script.  You can list the available emulations with the --verbose or -V options.   If  the
       -m  option  is  not  used,  and the "LDEMULATION" environment variable is not defined, the
       default emulation depends upon how the linker was configured.

       Normally,   the   linker   will   default   to   demangling    symbols.     However,    if
       "COLLECT_NO_DEMANGLE"  is  set  in the environment, then it will default to not demangling
       symbols.  This environment variable is used in a  similar  fashion  by  the  "gcc"  linker
       wrapper  program.   The  default  may  be  overridden  by the --demangle and --no-demangle
       options.

SEE ALSO

       ar(1), nm(1), objcopy(1), objdump(1), readelf(1) and the Info entries for binutils and ld.

COPYRIGHT

       Copyright (c) 1991, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001, 2002,  2003,  2004,  2005,
       2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

       Permission  is  granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of
       the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free
       Software  Foundation;  with  no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
       Back-Cover Texts.  A copy of the license is included in the  section  entitled  "GNU  Free
       Documentation License".