Provided by: makepp_2.0.98.3-1_all bug

NAME

       makepp_variables -- How to use variables in makepp

DESCRIPTION

       ?: $*,
         $+,
         $/,
         $<,
         $?,
         $@,
         $^,
         =,
         !=,
         &=,
         +=,
         :=,
         ;=,
         ?=,  A: AR,
         ARFLAGS,
         AS,  C: CC,
         CFLAGS,
         "changed_dependencies",
         changed_inputs,
         CURDIR,
         CXX,
         CXXFLAGS,  D: "dependencies",
         "dependency",  F: F77,
         FC,
         "foreach",  I: input,
         inputs,  L: LD,
         LEX,
         LIBTOOL,  M: MAKE,
         MAKECMDGOALS,
         MAKEFLAGS,
         MAKEINFO,
         MAKEPPFLAGS,
         _MAKEPPFLAGS,
         MAKEPP_LN_CP,
         "makepp_percent_subdirs",
         "makepp_require_phony",
         makepp_signature_C_flat,
         "makepp_simple_concatenation",
         MAKEPP_VERSION,  O: "output",
         "outputs",  P: PERL,
         PWD,  R: RM,
         ROOT,  S: SHELL,
         "sorted_dependencies",
         sorted_inputs,
         "stem",  T: target,
         targets,  V: VPATH,  Y: YACC

       Makefiles typically use variables in many places.  One important reason for using
       variables is to ensure that information is contained in only one place in the makefile, so
       that if it changes, there is no danger of the two copies of the information getting out of
       sync.

       Variable names are case sensitive.  In theory, variable names can be made of many
       characters, but makepp will probably not be able to grok it if you do anything other than
       alphanumeric characters, "_", and "-".

       Each makefile has its own set of variables, and setting a variable in one makefile will
       have no effect on its value in any other makefile.  If you want to have variables set in
       many makefiles, the best way to do it is to have each of them include a common definitions
       file (see the include statement) or use "global" variables.

   Variable Assignment
       A variable can assume a value in several different ways:

       •   A variable may be set inside a makefile.  There are a number of different ways to do
           this; see below.

       •   A variable's value may be specified on the command line, like this:

               makepp CFLAGS=-O2 my_program

           If more than one makefile is loaded, the CFLAGS variable is propagated to all of the
           makefiles.  Variables set on the command line automatically override any setting of
           the variable in any of the makefiles.

           If ever needed, the makefile must in turn explicitly override command line settings.
           The intention is not to ignore what the user requests, but rather a way to modify it.
           The "override" modifier may precede any assignment statement.  But in the case of
           keyword statements, the order is important, which is why the override variant is
           always shown below.  The "override" modifier applies only to any assignments where it
           is present, and does not influence later assignments to the variable.

       •   If a variable is set in the environment, it can be referenced as a makepp variable.
           Ordinarily assignments to variables inside a makefile override settings from the
           environment, but you can change this by using the "-e" or "--environment-overrides"
           command line option.

       Variables are assigned with one of several assignment expressions, like this

           X = 1
           MODULES := a b c d
           CC ?= gcc
           CFLAGS += -Wall
           define VAR
             var line 1
             var line 2
           enddef
           export PATH := $(PWD):$(PATH)
           global MYPROJECT.INFO = info to be seen in all makefiles

       Leading and trailing whitespace around values is always stripped off.

       The different assignment operators have somewhat different meanings.

       Simple assignment operators

       =
               VARIABLE = text string
               override VARIABLE = text string

           This is the usual assignment statement that all implementations of make support.  The
           expression on the right hand side is not evaluated until the value of "$(VARIABLE)" is
           actually used somewhere.  Thus, if you do the following:

               X = 1
               Y = $(X)
               X = 2

           Then "$(Y)" later in the makefile will evaluate to "2".

           In general, you usually want to use ":=" (see below) instead of "=" because it
           provides more predictable variable evaluation.  However, there are times when you need
           to defer the variable evaluation.  Also, if you're writing a makefile that must be
           backwards-compatible with some version of make other than GNU make, then you have no
           choice: you may only use "=".

       :=
               VARIABLE := expr
               override VARIABLE := expr

           This is the same as "VARIABLE = expr" except that the right hand side is evaluated
           once and for all at the time of the assignment.  Thus if

               X := 1
               Y := $(X)
               X := 2

           then "$(Y)" later in the makefile will evaluate to "1" since that's what "$(X)" was
           when "$(Y)" was defined.

       ;=
               VARIABLE ;= expr
               override VARIABLE ;= expr

           This is the same as "VARIABLE := expr" except that the right hand side is evaluated
           only at the time of the first use and then remembered.  This is useful for expensive
           commands, which always return the same value, but which you don't want to perform when
           building unrelated targets:

               VAR1 ;= $(perl expensive calculations)
               VAR2 ;= $(shell external command)

           Note that old makefiles will usually use ":=" here, to at least do this only once.
           But with this operator you can even additionally not do it, if you currently don't
           need the value.  For values which are identical in several directories, you can
           optimize this further with "global", discussed below.

           However this is not intended as a clever way to force order of evaluation.  If a
           variable defined like this includes the value of another variable, and that other one
           has a target specific value, and the first expansion is for that target, then the
           target specific value will stick for all other contexts as well.  This is a bug and
           will hopefully be fixed in the future.

       +=
               VARIABLE += expr
               override VARIABLE += expr

           Appends the string to the previous contents of the variable, separated by a space.  If
           the variable was previously assigned with ":=", then the right hand side is evaluated
           before appending.

       &=
               VARIABLE &= expr
               override VARIABLE &= expr

           Prepends the string to the previous contents of the variable, separated by a space.
           If the variable was previously assigned with ":=", then the right hand side is
           evaluated before appending.

           For example one way of guaranteeing that "CFLAGS", whatever else the user may put in,
           always starts with "-Wall" are these two lines:

               CFLAGS = -O2                # Possibly overridden on the command line
               override CFLAGS &= -Wall    # Unconditionally prepended

           In old makefiles you typically had to do something like this, which had the side
           effect of forcing the type to ":=" to prevent endless recursion:

               VARIABLE := expr $(VARIABLE)

       ?=
               VARIABLE ?= expr
               override VARIABLE ?= expr   # Useless, but legal

           Sets the value of the variable, but only if the variable is not specified earlier in
           the makefile, on the command line, or in the environment.  The above assignment is
           exactly equivalent to

               ifndef VARIABLE
                 VARIABLE = expr
               endif

       !=
               VARIABLE != shell command
               override VARIABLE != shell command

           Runs the shell command and sets the variable to contain the command's standard output.
           This is exactly equivalent to

               VARIABLE := $(shell command)

       Multiline variables

       The "define" statement is the multiline equivalent of the simple statements above.  The
       operator after the variable is optional.  If missing, it is equivalent to "define VARIABLE
       =".  The "&=" and "+=" operators are slightly different here, in that they glue this to
       the old value with a newline, rather than a space.  There must not be anything except a
       comment after the statement, i.e. the value starts on the next line.

           define VARIABLE :=
           first line of variable's value
           second line of variable's value
           third line of variable's value
           endef

           override define VARIABLE
           ...
           enddef

       Keywords before "define" can be combinations of either one of "export" or "global" and
       "override".

       If you need a variable's value to contain newlines, you must use the "define" statement as
       shown (or you can assign the value directly in Perl).  ("endef" was chosen for
       compatibility with GNU make.  You may also use "enddef".)  This is primarily useful for
       "canned command sequences", e.g., something like this:

           define COMPILE_C_PROGRAM
               @&echo "Compiling $(input)"
               @$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(INCLUDES) -c $(input) -o $(output)
           endef

       Then you can use this multi-line variable in several rules, like this:

           %.o : %.c
               $(COMPILE_C_PROGRAM)

           $(ARCH)/%.o : $(ARCH)/%.c
               $(COMPILE_C_PROGRAM)

       Note that you can often achieve the same effect by using a semicolon instead of a newline,
       because the shell interprets that as a command delimeter too.  For example,

           COMPILE_C_PROGRAM = @echo "Compiling $(input)"; \
               $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(INCLUDES) -c $(input) -o $(output)

       will have the same effect, except that the semicolon forces Perl to pass it to the shell,
       instead of executing the command directly and more efficiently.  You also have to put each
       builtin on a line of its own, meaning that you have to switch to the external echo in the
       semicolon case.

       There is one speciality when expanding within "define", i.e. "define X :=" or on a
       variable that was already ":=", "define X &=" and "define X +=".  In this case the
       "$(shell command ...)" or builtin "$(&command ...)" do not get newlines transformed into
       spaces.

       Exporting variables to subprocesses

           export VAR ...
           export VAR = value
           override export VAR += value

       The first form marks the given variables for export to subprocesses, with whatever value
       the variable then has.  The second form, which applies only to one variable, additionally
       assigns a value right away.  All the variants of assignment are allowed.

       Sharing variables across makefiles

           global VAR ...
           global VAR = value
           override global VAR &= value

       The first form marks the given variables as global to all makefiles.  If any of them
       already had a value, that value is moved from the makefile local variable to the global
       one.  However if, at the time this statement is seen, any other makefiles already had a
       value for any of them, then those makefiles will not see the global one.

       The second form, which applies only to one variable, additionally assigns a value right
       away.  All the variants of assignment are allowed.  Note that ":=" will expand right away
       to the values in the local makefile.  On the contrary "=" variables will expand to the
       values at the point of use.

       Global variables can be tricky to deal with, because makepp may load makefiles in any
       order, as the need arises to build some target for which no rule or makefiles is loaded.
       For this reason it is recommended to have a RootMakeppfile and to explicitly load all
       others which modify or use the variable with "load-makefile".

           global GLIBLIBS ;= $(shell pkg-config --libs glib-2.0)

       Also note that your project may some day be built together with other projects.  For this
       reason it is recommended to always make the project name part of any global variable name.

       Target-specific assignments

           target: VARIABLE = string
           target: VARIABLE := string
           target: override VARIABLE += string

       Sets a target-specific value of the variable.  A target-specific value is in effect only
       in an action which produces the given target.  This is primarily used for things like
       this:

           CFLAGS := -O2

           my_prog: file1.o file2.o special_file.o

           special_file.o : CFLAGS := -g

           %.o: %.c
                 $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $(input) -o $(output)

       What happens here is that all ".c" files will be compiled with optimization ("-O2") except
       "special_file.c", which is compiled in debug mode ("-g").  This is a convenient way to
       specify different compilation options for only a few files.

       Target-specific variable assignments like this apply only to the actions of the rule; they
       are not in effect when evaluating the targets or the dependencies of a rule.  If a rule
       has more than one target, target-specific variable assignments are taken only from the
       first target.  Also note that makepp's target-specific variables are slightly different
       from GNU make's in that they only apply to the rule for the one file mentioned, and not to
       any of its predecessors.

       Wildcard expansion is performed on the target, so you can do something like this:

           test_*.o : CFLAGS += -DTEST

       For compatibility with GNU make, "%" may be used in place of "*".

   Variable Substitution
       Makepp's variable substitution rules are similar to those of other makes, but somewhat
       more powerful.  As in all makes, "$(CC)" or "${CC}" both represent the value of the
       variable CC.  If you need a literal dollar sign, put in a double dollar sign ($$), like
       this:

           target: dep1 dep2 dep3 dep4
               &rm -f $(output)
               for file in $(inputs); do cat $$file >> $(output); done

       Additionally makepp has a "$[VARIABLE]" syntax, which does the same thing as the other
       two, but before makepp groks anything else.  This allows using it for complete rules
       and/or conditionals:

           define bracket_rule =
             ifdef SOME_VAR
               bracket:
                   &echo this is a rule -o $(output)
             endif
           enddef

           $[bracket_rule]

       rc-style substitution

       By default, makepp uses rc-style substitution (so called because it was pioneered by the
       rc shell).  This is best illustrated by an example:

           MODULES = a b c d

           mylib.a : module_dir/$(MODULES).o $(OTHER_OBJECTS)
               $(CXX) $(dependencies) -o $(target)

       The prefix "module_dir/" is prepended to each word in MODULES, and the suffix ".o" is
       appended to each word.

       You can also use rc-style substitution without even putting the list of words into a
       variable; the syntax is "$( word1 word2)".  Note the space between the parenthesis and the
       first word.  So the above example could have been written as:

           mylib.a : module_dir/$( a b c d).o $(OTHER_OBJECTS)
               $(CXX) $(dependencies) -o $(target)

       A variable will give rc-style substitution only when there is more than one word in it.
       With one word it is like traditional make.  Alas, when the variable is empty, there is a
       conflict.  Traditional makes simply expand it to the empty string.  But when you think of
       it as a list, you'd want "-I$(DIRLIST)" to disapear, not to give a lonely "-I".  The
       solution is to wrap it into a list that starts with a space: "-I$( $(DIRLIST))" gives you
       exactly as many options, as there are words in the list.

       If you put several variables in the same word which expand to arrays of words, rc-style
       substitution actually takes the cartesian product, so you can do something like this if
       you want:

           DIRS = s1 s2
           MODULES = a b c
           SUFFIXES = .o .c
           FILES := $(DIRS)/$(MODULES)$(SUFFIXES)

       and FILES will contain the string

           s1/a.o s1/a.c s1/b.o s1/b.c s1/c.o s1/c.c s2/a.o s2/a.c s2/b.o s2/b.c s2/c.o s2/c.c

       If rc-style substitution gets in the way, or if you need to have leading or trailing
       whitespace in your make variables, then you can turn off rc-style substitution by setting
       the variable "makepp_simple_concatenation=1".  You can turn it off globally on the command
       line or as an environment variable.  Or on a per-makefile basis by setting the variable in
       your makefile.  You should do this near the top of the makefile, or else you may run into
       funny situations where rc-style substitution is used for some evaluations and not others.
       (All expressions evaluated before the assignment will use rc-style substitutions, and all
       expressions evaluated after will not.  Since the time of evaluation of expressions in
       makefiles is complicated and not always obvious from the order of statements in the
       makefile, it's best to set "makepp_simple_concatenation" as early as possible.)  You can
       even set it just for one target:

           target: makepp_simple_concatenation = 1
           target:
               &echo before_first$(LIST)after_last -o $(output)

       Because "$[VARIABLE]" is evaluated earlier than "$(VARIABLE)", combining the two in rc-
       substitution will not give the result you may expect:

           A = a b
           N = 1 2
           X := $(A)$[N]

       The last line gets read as

           X := $(A)1 2

       which gives "X" a value of "a1 b1 2".

       Substitution References

       A substitution reference has the form "$(VAR:A=B)", where A is a pattern to match and B is
       a pattern to replace it with.  For example:

           source_files = a.c b.c c.c d.c
           object_files = $(source_files:%.c=%.o)

       will set "$(object_files)" to "a.o b.o c.o d.o".  The "%" is a special character matches
       any arbitrary string.  Substitution references are an abbreviation fot the "patsubst"
       function.

       Whitespace in variables

       If you need to control the whitespace in a variable, you must (currently) disable rc-style
       substitution (by setting "makepp_simple_concatenation=1") and then use a syntax like this:

           null =
           T = -o $(null)

       or, with an empty evaluation:

           T = -o $()

       When you do this, the variable "T" contains "-o" followed by a space.

       This kind of a technique to handle whitespace is not recommended.  If you need variables
       in your makefile to contain spaces, you should think seriously about what you're doing.
       If you need to handle spaces, it is usually much better to put Perl code into your
       makefile to take care of it (using the "perl_begin" or "sub" statements), or to handle it
       in shell statements in the actions of rules.

       These cases typically come up when people attempt to use the same rules for different
       architectures which do not use typical Unix command syntax.  E.g., sometimes one sees
       things like this in makefiles:

           ifeq ($(ARCH),weirdarch)
             O := /OUTPUT=
           else
             null :=
             O := -o $(null)
           endif

           %.o : %.c
               $(COMPILER) $(input) $(O)$(output)

       You can do this with makepp if you really want to, but you will probably find that your
       makefiles are substantially more readable if you have less complicated variable
       substitution, e.g.,

           ifeq ($(ARCH),weirdarch)
             %.o : %.c
               $(WEIRD_COMPILER) $(input) /OUTPUT=$(output)
           else
             %.o : %.c
               $(CC) -c $(input) -o $(output)
           endif

       Whitespace is never allowed in variable names, only in their values.  This is different
       from some make implementations.

   Automatic Variables
       Automatic variables are variables that assume different values depending on which rule
       they are evaluated in.  Makepp supports most of the automatic variables that other
       versions of make use.  In addition, it has less cryptic, longer names for most of them
       that you can use instead.  (For legacy makefiles that happen to redefine these names, the
       definition in the makefile overrides the default meaning.  For example, if you say
       "target = abc" in your makefile, then "$(target)" will always expand to "abc", and will no
       longer be equivalent to $@.)

       The following is a complete list of all the automatic variables that makepp supports:

       output
       target
       $@  The target of the current rule.  Actually, since makepp supports multiple targets for
           any rule, this is the first target.  For example, in the following rule

               y.tab.c y.tab.h : parser.y
                   $(YACC) -o $(output) $(YFLAGS) $(input)

           "$(output)" will contain the value y.tab.c.  Since these magic variables are in fact
           functions, you can also pass an index as argument.  This counts from 1 or backwards
           from -1.  So "$(output 2)" or "$(output -1)" will contain the value y.tab.h.

           While all three forms of this variable have the same value, there is a difference in
           interpretation for multitarget rules.  If you use the old-style cryptic name $@,
           makepp will interpret that as an old-style rule set, rather than a modern rule that
           produces all those targets in one go:

               a b:                        # really: one rule each for a and b
                   touch $@

               c d:                        # error: mpp complains that this didn't build d
                   touch $(output)

       outputs
       targets
           All targets of the current rule.  Same as "$(target)" unless there is more than one
           target.  In the above example, "$(outputs)" will be y.tab.c y.tab.h.  You can pass an
           index list, so "$(outputs 2 1)" will be y.tab.h y.tab.c.

       dependency
       input
       $<  The first explicit dependency of the rule.  For example, in this rule

               %.o : %.c
                   $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $(input) -o $(output)

           "$(input)" will be the name of the .c file, regardless of what .h files makepp
           discovers.  If you specify more than one dependency, you can get them by passing an
           index: "$(input $(INDEX))" is the INDEXth dependency.

       dependencies
       inputs
       $^  All the explicit dependencies of the target, not including .h files discovered by
           makepp_scanning for includes.

           For example, in the rule

               myprog.o : *.o
                   $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(inputs) -o $(output)

           "$(inputs)" will be all the .o files in the directory.  You can pick only the ones you
           want by passing an index list.  If you explicitly specify different kinds of files,
           you can pick them as in "$(inputs 2 3 4)" (but with a wildcard this is not too
           promising).

       sorted_dependencies
       sorted_inputs
       $+  All the dependencies of the target, in sorted order, with duplicates removed.
           Equivalent to "$(sort $(inputs))".

       changed_dependencies
       changed_inputs
       $?  The dependencies of the target that have changed.  This includes only explicit
           dependencies (i.e., ones you list in the makefile), not implicitly discovered
           dependencies from scanning (such as .h files).

           This is commonly used in commands like this:

               libmine.a : $(MODULES) : build_check ignore_action
                   $(AR) ru $@ $?

           i.e., ar is told to replace only those modules that have changed.  (Note the
           "ignore_action" build check rule.  If you don't specify this, makepp will force the
           action to be executed whenever it changes.  If no dependencies have changed, the
           action string will be "ar ru libmine.a" which is probably different from what it was
           last time you ran it, so without "ignore_action" makepp will execute it.  In this
           case, it's harmless, but with other commands, it could be a problem.  See
           makepp_build_check for details on "ignore_action".)

           Building archives like this is not a good idea because it will make your builds less
           reliable.  The problem with this is that if you build the archive, then remove one of
           the modules from the list of MODULES, the modules will still be in the archive and
           makepp

       stem
       $*  The stem in a pattern rule (i.e., whatever the '%' matched).  Alternatively, if this
           is not a pattern rule, returns the file name without the extension (i.e., it's
           equivalent to "$(basename $(input))".

           This is mostly for backward compatibility.  For example, in old versions of make the
           only way to tell it how to compile any .c file into the corresponding .o file was like
           this:

               .c.o:
                   $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $*.c -o $*.o

           This is a lousy way to write the rule.  It's much clearer to use GNU-make style
           pattern rules, like this:

               %.o : %.c
                   $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $(input) -o $(output)

       foreach
           The current filename from the "foreach" clause.  "foreach" clauses are rarely used,
           but they are the most general-purpose kind of pattern rule that makepp supports.  For
           example,

               #
               # Build .c files with some sort of a special preprocessor:
               #
               %.c : %.k
                   $(preprocessor) $(input) > $(output)

               #
               # Compile .c files into .o files:
               #
               %.o : %.c
                   $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $(input) -o $(output)

               #
               # Special alternate compilation flags for .c files which are derived
               # from .k files:
               #
               $(foreach:%.k=%.o) : $(foreach:%.k=%.c) : foreach *.k
                   $(CC) $(SPECIAL_K_FLAGS) -c $(input) -o $(output)

           See the documentation on the foreach clause in rules for more details and examples.

       $/  This is essentially a constant, either "/", or on native Windows "\".  You need it, if
           you want to start a program portably, e.g. one you built in the current directory:

               myoutput:
                   .$/myprog >$(output)

           For filenames passed as arguments it is not so necessary as Windows can handle Unix
           syntax there.

   Predefined Variables
       Makepp predefines a few variables, which you can override:

       AR  Default: "ar".

       ARFLAGS
           Default: "rv".

       AS  Default: "as".

       CC  Default: The first found among "gcc", "egcc", "pgcc", "c89" or "cc", or on Windows
           additionally "cl" or "bcc32".

       CFLAGS
           Default: If "$(CC)" is a GNU compiler "-g -Wall", if it is one of the two Windows
           compilers nothing, else "-g".

       CURDIR
           The directory in which the current Makefile resides.

       CXX Default: The first found among "g++", "c++", "pg++", "cxx", "C""C" or "aCC", or on
           Windows additionally "cl" or "bcc32".

       CXXFLAGS
           Default: If "$(CXX)" is a GNU compiler "-g -Wall", if it is one of the two Windows
           compilers nothing, else "-g".

       F77 Default: The first found among "f77", "g77" or "fort77".

       FC  Default: "$(F77)".

       LD  Default: "ld".

       LEX Default: The first found among "lex" or "flex".

       LIBTOOL
           Default: "libtool".

       MAKE
           This variable has two different values, depending on the presence or not of
           "--traditional-recursive-make".  Makepp recognizes when this variable is used and
           turns off some features, even before the recursion actually takes place.  This can be
           undesirable while you are gradually eliminating it, so first convert the calls to a
           makepp specific "$((MAKE))", which will not turn off features.

       MAKECMDGOALS
           This variable is set but not used by makepp.  You can query it to do something only if
           a certain target was requested.

           Default: Whatever explicit targets the user (or a recursive invocation) provided.
           Empty when implicitly building default target.

               ifneq $(filter special-target, $(MAKECMDGOALS))
                   # special-target is one of the current explicit targets
               else ifeq $(MAKECMDGOALS)
                   # no explicit targets
               endif

       MAKEFLAGS (exported)
           The standard options with which makepp was called.  Those that have a single letter
           form are combined at the beginning without a leading "-" (heaven knows why gmake chose
           to drop the "-").

       MAKEINFO
           Default: "makeinfo".

       MAKEPPFLAGS (exported)
           This is set to the same value as MAKEFLAGS, but only if this variable is present in
           makepp's environment.

       _MAKEPPFLAGS (exported)
           The makepp specific options needed for POSIX/gmake compatibility, with which makepp
           was called.  These are in a separate variable so a legacy makefile can't break
           compatibility by unsetting MAKEFLAGS.  This is only set with
           "--traditional-recursive-make".

       MAKEPP_LN_CP
           See the note under &ln.

       makepp_percent_subdirs
           Set this to some true value (like 1) to have "%" in targets or dependencies match
           across more than one directory.

           Default: undefined

       makepp_require_phony
           Set this to some true value (like 1) to prevent implicit phonyness (i.e. if a rule
           succeeds without producing its target).  This variable should be true by default, to
           prevent broken dependency chains, but that would break backward compatibility with
           sloppy makefiles.

           Default: undefined

       makepp_signature_C_flat
           This is an option to signature C.  Set this to some true value (like 1) to treat your
           sources as flattened, i.e. all newlines (except around preprocessor statements) are
           treated like whitespace and "#line" directives are ignored.

           Default: undefined

       makepp_simple_concatenation
           Set this to some true value (like 1) to prevent "rc-style substitution".

           Default: undefined

       MAKEPP_VERSION
           The version of makepp you are running with.  If it is a beta version, it will have a
           hyphen followed by YYMMDD plus some more internal data.  You can use this for "ifdef"
           to hide makepp specific constructs from other makes.

           Default: The same value displayed by "makepp --version"

       PERL
           You can set this to the exact perl you are using to run the scripts in the makepp
           suite, and export it.  This can help to run sub-scripts with the same perl.  This is
           mostly useful for the test suite, the installation and for recursive builds.

       PWD An alias for "CURDIR".

       RM  Default: "rm -f".  This is meant for legacy Makefiles.  For new ones preferably use
           the builtin &rm command directly.  If you want to write a phony clean rule, look at
           the "makeppclean -r" command instead.

       ROOT
           The relative path to the root of your build system, i.e. the directory further up in
           which you have a "RootMakeppfile(.mk)".  If you don't have one, this variable is
           empty.

       SHELL
           This variable is only respected if you "export" it.  In that case it is the Shell
           which is used to execute not-builtin actions with some special character in it (plain
           ones being exec`ed directly).  On Windows Strawberry or ActiveState Perl, if you have
           a Unix-like Shell, you must instead set your SHELL variable to a value ending in "sh"
           or "sh.exe" before calling makepp.

           Default: The first found among "/usr/xpg4/bin/sh" (e.g. Solaris) or "/sbin/xpg4/sh"
           (e.g. Reliant Unix) or "/bin/sh".

       YACC
           Default: The first found among "bison -y" or "yacc".

       VPATH
           Setting this variable to some value implicitly calls "vpath % value".

           Default: undefined

   Variables and Perl
       Variable values are stored as ordinary Perl scalars, so you can access them directly from
       Perl code if you need to do any complicated manipulations with them; see makepp_extending
       for details.

       Accessing global variables from Perl is achieved by prefixing them with the "Mpp::global"
       package.  In fact any variable, not yet present in the current makefile, and which you
       assign to in this package will from then on be global, as though you had just issued the
       "global" statement for it.

       This direct access is however error-prone!  The user may have overridden these variables
       on the command line or through the environment.  Some other makefile loaded before this
       one may have made the variable global or target specific.  In these cases you would not
       find the value of the variable, or when assigning it, might take away its property
       (equivalent to an "override" modifier, except for target specifics.)

       With direct access you also bypass the expansion of these variables, if they are of type
       "=" or ";=".  Special variables like "$(CC)" start out as functions, until they are
       assigned to.  So in many cases you won't see their value.

       For these reasons it is better to let makepp determine the correct value.  You can use the
       "makeperl" variant, in which the variable has been evaluated before the Perl code gets
       interpreted:

           makeperl { $$current_value = '$(MAKEFILE_VAR)' }

       If you need a variable in makefile perl blocks this is achieved via the Perl variable
       $makefile as follows:

           perl { $current_value = $makefile->expand_variable( 'MAKE_VAR' ) }

       Functions always get the makefile object passed in as the second argument $_[1]:

           sub f_f { $current_value = $_[1]->expand_variable( 'MAKE_VAR' ) }

       Commands are supposed to be called within a rule action, where the makefile object is
       accessible via "$Mpp::Subs::rule->{MAKEFILE}":

           sub c_cmd { $current_value = $Mpp::Subs::rule->{MAKEFILE}->expand_variable( 'MAKE_VAR' ) }

AUTHOR

       Gary Holt (holt-makepp@gholt.net)

POD ERRORS

       Hey! The above document had some coding errors, which are explained below:

       Around line 11:
           alternative text '$/' contains non-escaped | or /