Provided by: npm_1.3.10~dfsg-1_all 
NAME
npm-install - Install a package
SYNOPSIS
npm install (with no args in a package dir)
npm install <tarball file>
npm install <tarball url>
npm install <folder>
npm install <name> [--save|--save-dev|--save-optional]
npm install <name>@<tag>
npm install <name>@<version>
npm install <name>@<version range>
npm i (with any of the previous argument usage)
DESCRIPTION
npm help This command installs a package, and any packages that it depends on. If the package has a
shrinkwrap file, the installation of dependencies will be driven by that. See npm-shrinkwrap.
A package is:
• a) a folder containing a program described by a package.json file
• b) a gzipped tarball containing (a)
• c) a url that resolves to (b)
• d) a <name>@<version> that is published on the registry with (c)
• e) a <name>@<tag> that points to (d)
• f) a <name> that has a "latest" tag satisfying (e)
• g) a <git remote url> that resolves to (b)
Even if you never publish your package, you can still get a lot of benefits of using npm if you just want
to write a node program (a), and perhaps if you also want to be able to easily install it elsewhere after
packing it up into a tarball (b).
• npm install (in package directory, no arguments):
Install the dependencies in the local node_modules folder.
In global mode (ie, with -g or --global appended to the command), it installs the current package
context (ie, the current working directory) as a global package.
• npm install <folder>:
Install a package that is sitting in a folder on the filesystem.
• npm install <tarball file>:
Install a package that is sitting on the filesystem. Note: if you just want to link a dev directory
into your npm root, you can do this more easily by using npm link.
Example:
npm install ./package.tgz
• npm install <tarball url>:
Fetch the tarball url, and then install it. In order to distinguish between this and other options,
the argument must start with "http://" or "https://"
Example:
npm install https://github.com/indexzero/forever/tarball/v0.5.6
• npm install <name> [--save|--save-dev|--save-optional]:
Do a <name>@<tag> install, where <tag> is the "tag" config. (npm help See npm-config.)
In most cases, this will install the latest version of the module published on npm.
Example:
npm install sax
npm install takes 3 exclusive, optional flags which save or update the package version in your main
package.json:
• --save: Package will appear in your dependencies.
• --save-dev: Package will appear in your devDependencies.
• --save-optional: Package will appear in your optionalDependencies.
Examples:
npm install sax --save
npm install node-tap --save-dev
npm install dtrace-provider --save-optional
Note: If there is a file or folder named <name> in the current working directory, then it will try to
install that, and only try to fetch the package by name if it is not valid.
• npm install <name>@<tag>:
Install the version of the package that is referenced by the specified tag. If the tag does not exist
in the registry data for that package, then this will fail.
Example:
npm install sax@latest
• npm install <name>@<version>:
Install the specified version of the package. This will fail if the version has not been published to
the registry.
Example:
npm install sax@0.1.1
• npm install <name>@<version range>:
npm help Install a version of the package matching the specified version range. This will follow the
same rules for resolving dependencies described in package.json.
Note that most version ranges must be put in quotes so that your shell will treat it as a single
argument.
Example:
npm install sax@">=0.1.0 <0.2.0"
• npm install <git remote url>:
Install a package by cloning a git remote url. The format of the git url is:
<protocol>://[<user>@]<hostname><separator><path>[#<commit-ish>]
<protocol> is one of git, git+ssh, git+http, or git+https. If no <commit-ish> is specified, then master
is used.
Examples:
git+ssh://git@github.com:isaacs/npm.git#v1.0.27
git+https://isaacs@github.com/isaacs/npm.git
git://github.com/isaacs/npm.git#v1.0.27
You may combine multiple arguments, and even multiple types of arguments. For example:
npm install sax@">=0.1.0 <0.2.0" bench supervisor
The --tag argument will apply to all of the specified install targets.
The --force argument will force npm to fetch remote resources even if a local copy exists on disk.
npm install sax --force
npm help The --global argument will cause npm to install the package globally rather than locally. See
npm-folders.
The --link argument will cause npm to link global installs into the local space in some cases.
The --no-bin-links argument will prevent npm from creating symlinks for any binaries the package might
contain.
The --no-shrinkwrap argument, which will ignore an available shrinkwrap file and use the package.json
instead.
The --nodedir=/path/to/node/source argument will allow npm to find the node source code so that npm can
compile native modules.
npm help See npm-config. Many of the configuration params have some effect on installation, since that´s
most of what npm does.
ALGORITHM
To install a package, npm uses the following algorithm:
install(where, what, family, ancestors)
fetch what, unpack to <where>/node_modules/<what>
for each dep in what.dependencies
resolve dep to precise version
for each dep@version in what.dependencies
not in <where>/node_modules/<what>/node_modules/*
and not in <family>
add precise version deps to <family>
install(<where>/node_modules/<what>, dep, family)
For this package{dep} structure: A{B,C}, B{C}, C{D}, this algorithm produces:
A
+-- B
`-- C
`-- D
That is, the dependency from B to C is satisfied by the fact that A already caused C to be installed at a
higher level.
npm help See npm-folders for a more detailed description of the specific folder structures that npm
creates.
Limitations of npm´s Install Algorithm
There are some very rare and pathological edge-cases where a cycle can cause npm to try to install a
never-ending tree of packages. Here is the simplest case:
A -> B -> A´ -> B´ -> A -> B -> A´ -> B´ -> A -> ...
where A is some version of a package, and A´ is a different version of the same package. Because B
depends on a different version of A than the one that is already in the tree, it must install a separate
copy. The same is true of A´, which must install B´. Because B´ depends on the original version of A,
which has been overridden, the cycle falls into infinite regress.
To avoid this situation, npm flat-out refuses to install any name@version that is already present
anywhere in the tree of package folder ancestors. A more correct, but more complex, solution would be to
symlink the existing version into the new location. If this ever affects a real use-case, it will be
investigated.
SEE ALSO
• npm help folders
• npm help update
• npm help link
• npm help rebuild
• npm help scripts
• npm help build
• npm help config
• npm help config
• npm help npmrc
• npm help registry
• npm help folders
• npm help tag
• npm help rm
• npm help shrinkwrap
October 2013 NPM-INSTALL(1)