Provided by: openssl_1.0.1f-1ubuntu2.27_amd64 
NAME
pkcs12 - PKCS#12 file utility
SYNOPSIS
openssl pkcs12 [-export] [-chain] [-inkey filename] [-certfile filename] [-name name] [-caname name] [-in
filename] [-out filename] [-noout] [-nomacver] [-nocerts] [-clcerts] [-cacerts] [-nokeys] [-info] [-des |
-des3 | -idea | -aes128 | -aes192 | -aes256 | -camellia128 | -camellia192 | -camellia256 | -nodes]
[-noiter] [-maciter | -nomaciter | -nomac] [-twopass] [-descert] [-certpbe cipher] [-keypbe cipher]
[-macalg digest] [-keyex] [-keysig] [-password arg] [-passin arg] [-passout arg] [-rand file(s)] [-CAfile
file] [-CApath dir] [-CSP name]
DESCRIPTION
The pkcs12 command allows PKCS#12 files (sometimes referred to as PFX files) to be created and parsed.
PKCS#12 files are used by several programs including Netscape, MSIE and MS Outlook.
COMMAND OPTIONS
There are a lot of options the meaning of some depends of whether a PKCS#12 file is being created or
parsed. By default a PKCS#12 file is parsed. A PKCS#12 file can be created by using the -export option
(see below).
PARSING OPTIONS
-in filename
This specifies filename of the PKCS#12 file to be parsed. Standard input is used by default.
-out filename
The filename to write certificates and private keys to, standard output by default. They are all
written in PEM format.
-passin arg
the PKCS#12 file (i.e. input file) password source. For more information about the format of arg see
the PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS section in openssl(1).
-passout arg
pass phrase source to encrypt any outputted private keys with. For more information about the format
of arg see the PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS section in openssl(1).
-password arg
With -export, -password is equivalent to -passout. Otherwise, -password is equivalent to -passin.
-noout
this option inhibits output of the keys and certificates to the output file version of the PKCS#12
file.
-clcerts
only output client certificates (not CA certificates).
-cacerts
only output CA certificates (not client certificates).
-nocerts
no certificates at all will be output.
-nokeys
no private keys will be output.
-info
output additional information about the PKCS#12 file structure, algorithms used and iteration counts.
-des
use DES to encrypt private keys before outputting.
-des3
use triple DES to encrypt private keys before outputting, this is the default.
-idea
use IDEA to encrypt private keys before outputting.
-aes128, -aes192, -aes256
use AES to encrypt private keys before outputting.
-camellia128, -camellia192, -camellia256
use Camellia to encrypt private keys before outputting.
-nodes
don't encrypt the private keys at all.
-nomacver
don't attempt to verify the integrity MAC before reading the file.
-twopass
prompt for separate integrity and encryption passwords: most software always assumes these are the
same so this option will render such PKCS#12 files unreadable.
FILE CREATION OPTIONS
-export
This option specifies that a PKCS#12 file will be created rather than parsed.
-out filename
This specifies filename to write the PKCS#12 file to. Standard output is used by default.
-in filename
The filename to read certificates and private keys from, standard input by default. They must all be
in PEM format. The order doesn't matter but one private key and its corresponding certificate should
be present. If additional certificates are present they will also be included in the PKCS#12 file.
-inkey filename
file to read private key from. If not present then a private key must be present in the input file.
-name friendlyname
This specifies the "friendly name" for the certificate and private key. This name is typically
displayed in list boxes by software importing the file.
-certfile filename
A filename to read additional certificates from.
-caname friendlyname
This specifies the "friendly name" for other certificates. This option may be used multiple times to
specify names for all certificates in the order they appear. Netscape ignores friendly names on other
certificates whereas MSIE displays them.
-pass arg, -passout arg
the PKCS#12 file (i.e. output file) password source. For more information about the format of arg see
the PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS section in openssl(1).
-passin password
pass phrase source to decrypt any input private keys with. For more information about the format of
arg see the PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS section in openssl(1).
-chain
if this option is present then an attempt is made to include the entire certificate chain of the user
certificate. The standard CA store is used for this search. If the search fails it is considered a
fatal error.
-descert
encrypt the certificate using triple DES, this may render the PKCS#12 file unreadable by some "export
grade" software. By default the private key is encrypted using triple DES and the certificate using
40 bit RC2.
-keypbe alg, -certpbe alg
these options allow the algorithm used to encrypt the private key and certificates to be selected.
Any PKCS#5 v1.5 or PKCS#12 PBE algorithm name can be used (see NOTES section for more information).
If a a cipher name (as output by the list-cipher-algorithms command is specified then it is used with
PKCS#5 v2.0. For interoperability reasons it is advisable to only use PKCS#12 algorithms.
-keyex|-keysig
specifies that the private key is to be used for key exchange or just signing. This option is only
interpreted by MSIE and similar MS software. Normally "export grade" software will only allow 512 bit
RSA keys to be used for encryption purposes but arbitrary length keys for signing. The -keysig option
marks the key for signing only. Signing only keys can be used for S/MIME signing, authenticode
(ActiveX control signing) and SSL client authentication, however due to a bug only MSIE 5.0 and
later support the use of signing only keys for SSL client authentication.
-macalg digest
specify the MAC digest algorithm. If not included them SHA1 will be used.
-nomaciter, -noiter
these options affect the iteration counts on the MAC and key algorithms. Unless you wish to produce
files compatible with MSIE 4.0 you should leave these options alone.
To discourage attacks by using large dictionaries of common passwords the algorithm that derives keys
from passwords can have an iteration count applied to it: this causes a certain part of the algorithm
to be repeated and slows it down. The MAC is used to check the file integrity but since it will
normally have the same password as the keys and certificates it could also be attacked. By default
both MAC and encryption iteration counts are set to 2048, using these options the MAC and encryption
iteration counts can be set to 1, since this reduces the file security you should not use these
options unless you really have to. Most software supports both MAC and key iteration counts. MSIE
4.0 doesn't support MAC iteration counts so it needs the -nomaciter option.
-maciter
This option is included for compatibility with previous versions, it used to be needed to use MAC
iterations counts but they are now used by default.
-nomac
don't attempt to provide the MAC integrity.
-rand file(s)
a file or files containing random data used to seed the random number generator, or an EGD socket
(see RAND_egd(3)). Multiple files can be specified separated by a OS-dependent character. The
separator is ; for MS-Windows, , for OpenVMS, and : for all others.
-CAfile file
CA storage as a file.
-CApath dir
CA storage as a directory. This directory must be a standard certificate directory: that is a hash of
each subject name (using x509 -hash) should be linked to each certificate.
-CSP name
write name as a Microsoft CSP name.
NOTES
Although there are a large number of options most of them are very rarely used. For PKCS#12 file parsing
only -in and -out need to be used for PKCS#12 file creation -export and -name are also used.
If none of the -clcerts, -cacerts or -nocerts options are present then all certificates will be output in
the order they appear in the input PKCS#12 files. There is no guarantee that the first certificate
present is the one corresponding to the private key. Certain software which requires a private key and
certificate and assumes the first certificate in the file is the one corresponding to the private key:
this may not always be the case. Using the -clcerts option will solve this problem by only outputting the
certificate corresponding to the private key. If the CA certificates are required then they can be output
to a separate file using the -nokeys -cacerts options to just output CA certificates.
The -keypbe and -certpbe algorithms allow the precise encryption algorithms for private keys and
certificates to be specified. Normally the defaults are fine but occasionally software can't handle
triple DES encrypted private keys, then the option -keypbe PBE-SHA1-RC2-40 can be used to reduce the
private key encryption to 40 bit RC2. A complete description of all algorithms is contained in the pkcs8
manual page.
EXAMPLES
Parse a PKCS#12 file and output it to a file:
openssl pkcs12 -in file.p12 -out file.pem
Output only client certificates to a file:
openssl pkcs12 -in file.p12 -clcerts -out file.pem
Don't encrypt the private key:
openssl pkcs12 -in file.p12 -out file.pem -nodes
Print some info about a PKCS#12 file:
openssl pkcs12 -in file.p12 -info -noout
Create a PKCS#12 file:
openssl pkcs12 -export -in file.pem -out file.p12 -name "My Certificate"
Include some extra certificates:
openssl pkcs12 -export -in file.pem -out file.p12 -name "My Certificate" \
-certfile othercerts.pem
BUGS
Some would argue that the PKCS#12 standard is one big bug :-)
Versions of OpenSSL before 0.9.6a had a bug in the PKCS#12 key generation routines. Under rare
circumstances this could produce a PKCS#12 file encrypted with an invalid key. As a result some PKCS#12
files which triggered this bug from other implementations (MSIE or Netscape) could not be decrypted by
OpenSSL and similarly OpenSSL could produce PKCS#12 files which could not be decrypted by other
implementations. The chances of producing such a file are relatively small: less than 1 in 256.
A side effect of fixing this bug is that any old invalidly encrypted PKCS#12 files cannot no longer be
parsed by the fixed version. Under such circumstances the pkcs12 utility will report that the MAC is OK
but fail with a decryption error when extracting private keys.
This problem can be resolved by extracting the private keys and certificates from the PKCS#12 file using
an older version of OpenSSL and recreating the PKCS#12 file from the keys and certificates using a newer
version of OpenSSL. For example:
old-openssl -in bad.p12 -out keycerts.pem
openssl -in keycerts.pem -export -name "My PKCS#12 file" -out fixed.p12
SEE ALSO
pkcs8(1)
1.0.1f 2018-12-04 PKCS12(1SSL)