Provided by: grass-doc_6.4.3-3_all 
NAME
r.gwflow - Numerical calculation program for transient, confined and unconfined groundwater flow in two
dimensions.
KEYWORDS
raster, hydrology
SYNOPSIS
r.gwflow
r.gwflow help
r.gwflow [-s] phead=name status=name hc_x=name hc_y=name [q=name] s=name [r=name] top=name
bottom=name output=name [velocity=name] [type=string] [river_bed=name] [river_head=name]
[river_leak=name] [drain_bed=name] [drain_leak=name] dt=float [maxit=integer] [error=float]
[solver=name] [relax=float] [--overwrite] [--verbose] [--quiet]
Flags:
-s
Use a sparse matrix, only available with iterative solvers
--overwrite
Allow output files to overwrite existing files
--verbose
Verbose module output
--quiet
Quiet module output
Parameters:
phead=name
The initial piezometric head in [m]
status=name
Boundary condition status, 0-inactive, 1-active, 2-dirichlet
hc_x=name
X-part of the hydraulic conductivity tensor in [m/s]
hc_y=name
Y-part of the hydraulic conductivity tensor in [m/s]
q=name
Water sources and sinks in [m^3/s]
s=name
Specific yield in [1/m]
r=name
Recharge map e.g: 6*10^-9 per cell in [m^3/s*m^2]
top=name
Top surface of the aquifer in [m]
bottom=name
Bottom surface of the aquifer in [m]
output=name
The map storing the numerical result [m]
velocity=name
Calculate the groundwater filter velocity vector field [m/s]
and write the x, and y components to maps named name_[xy]
type=string
The type of groundwater flow
Options: confined,unconfined
Default: confined
river_bed=name
The height of the river bed in [m]
river_head=name
Water level (head) of the river with leakage connection in [m]
river_leak=name
The leakage coefficient of the river bed in [1/s].
drain_bed=name
The height of the drainage bed in [m]
drain_leak=name
The leakage coefficient of the drainage bed in [1/s]
dt=float
The calculation time in seconds
Default: 86400
maxit=integer
Maximum number of iteration used to solver the linear equation system
Default: 100000
error=float
Error break criteria for iterative solvers (jacobi, sor, cg or bicgstab)
Default: 0.0000000001
solver=name
The type of solver which should solve the symmetric linear equation system
Options: gauss,lu,cholesky,jacobi,sor,cg,bicgstab,pcg
Default: cg
relax=float
The relaxation parameter used by the jacobi and sor solver for speedup or stabilizing
Default: 1
DESCRIPTION
This numerical program calculates transient, confined and unconfined groundwater flow in two dimensions
based on raster maps and the current region resolution. All initial and boundary conditions must be
provided as raster maps.
| Workflow of r.gwflow
r.gwflow calculates the piezometric head and optionally the filter velocity field, based on the hydraulic
conductivity and the piezometric head. The vector components can be visualized with paraview if they are
exported with r.out.vtk.
The groundwater flow will always be calculated transient. If you want to calculate stady state, set the
timestep to a large number (billions of seconds) or set the specific yield/ effective porosity raster
maps to zero.
NOTES
The groundwater flow calculation is based on Darcy's law and a finite volume discretization. The solved
groundwater flow partial differential equation is of the following form:
(dh/dt)*Ss = Kxx * (d^2h/dx^2) + Kyy * (d^2h/dy^2) + q
h -- the piezometric head im [m]
dt -- the time step for transient calculation in [s]
S -- the specific yield [1/m]
Kxx -- the hydraulic conductivity tensor part in x direction in [m/s]
Kyy -- the hydraulic conductivity tensor part in y direction in [m/s]
q - inner source in meter per second [1/s]
Two different boundary conditions are implemented, the Dirichlet and Neumann conditions. By default the
calculation area is surrounded by homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions. The calculation and boundary
status of single cells must be set with a status map, the following states are supportet:
0 == inactive - the cell with status 0 will not be calculated, active cells will have a no
flow boundary to this cell
1 == active - this cell is used for groundwater floaw calculation, inner sources and
recharge can be defined for those cells
2 == Dirichlet - cells of this type will have a fixed piezometric head value which do not
change over the time
The groundwater flow equation can be solved with several solvers. Two iterative solvers with sparse and
quadratic matrices support are implemented. The conjugate gradients (cg) method and the biconjugate
gradients-stabilized (bicgstab) method. Additionally a direct Gauss solver and LU solver are available.
Those direct solvers only work with normal quadratic matrices, so be careful using them with large maps
(maps of size 10.000 cells will need more than one gigabyte of RAM). Always prefer a sparse matrix
solver.
EXAMPLE
Use this small script to create a working groundwater flow area and data. Make sure you are not in a
lat/lon projection.
# set the region accordingly
g.region res=25 res3=25 t=100 b=0 n=1000 s=0 w=0 e=1000
#now create the input raster maps for confined and unconfined aquifers
r.mapcalc "phead=if(row() == 1 , 50, 40)"
r.mapcalc "status=if(row() == 1 , 2, 1)"
r.mapcalc "well=if(row() == 20 && col() == 20 , -0.001, 0)"
r.mapcalc "hydcond=0.00025"
r.mapcalc "recharge=0"
r.mapcalc "top_conf=20.0"
r.mapcalc "top_unconf=70.0"
r.mapcalc "bottom=0.0"
r.mapcalc "null=0.0"
r.mapcalc "poros=0.15"
r.mapcalc "syield=0.0001"
#confined groundwater flow with cg solver and sparse matrix
r.gwflow --o -s solver=cg top=top_conf bottom=bottom phead=phead status=status \
hc_x=hydcond hc_y=hydcond q=well s=syield r=recharge output=gwresult_conf \
dt=8640000 type=confined velocity=gwresult_conf_velocity
#unconfined groundwater flow with cg solver and sparse matrix
r.gwflow --o -s solver=cg top=top_unconf bottom=bottom phead=phead \
status=status hc_x=hydcond hc_y=hydcond q=well s=poros r=recharge \
output=gwresult_unconf dt=8640000 type=unconfined velocity=gwresult_unconf_velocity
# The data can be visulaized with paraview when exported with r.out.vtk
r.out.vtk -p in=gwresult_conf,status vector=gwresult_conf_velocity_x,gwresult_conf_velocity_y,null
out=/tmp/gwdata_conf2d.vtk
r.out.vtk -p elevation=gwresult_unconf in=gwresult_unconf,status
vector=gwresult_unconf_velocity_x,gwresult_unconf_velocity_y,null out=/tmp/gwdata_unconf2d.vtk
#now load the data into paraview
paraview --data=/tmp/gwdata_conf2d.vtk &
paraview --data=/tmp/gwdata_unconf2d.vtk &
SEE ALSO
r3.gwflow
r.out.vtk
AUTHOR
Soeren Gebbert
Last changed: $Date: 2013-06-16 05:08:46 +0200 (Sun, 16 Jun 2013) $
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GRASS 6.4.3 r.gwflow(1grass)