Provided by: verilator_3.856-1_amd64 bug

NAME

       Verilator - Convert Verilog code to C++/SystemC

SYNOPSIS

           verilator --help
           verilator --version
           verilator --cc [options] [top_level.v]... [opt_c_files.cpp/c/cc/a/o/so]
           verilator --sc [options] [top_level.v]... [opt_c_files.cpp/c/cc/a/o/so]
           verilator --lint-only    [top_level.v]...

DESCRIPTION

       Verilator converts synthesizable (not behavioral) Verilog code, plus some Synthesis,
       SystemVerilog and a small subset of Verilog AMS and Sugar/PSL assertions, into C++,
       SystemC or SystemPerl code.  It is not a complete simulator, just a compiler.

       Verilator is invoked with parameters similar to GCC, Cadence Verilog-XL/NC-Verilog, or
       Synopsys's VCS.  It reads the specified Verilog code, lints it, and optionally adds
       coverage and waveform tracing code.  For C++ and SystemC formats, it outputs .cpp and .h
       files.  For SystemPerl format, it outputs .sp files for the SystemPerl preprocessor, which
       greatly simplifies writing SystemC code and is available at <http://www.veripool.org>.

       The files created by Verilator are then compiled with C++.  The user writes a little C++
       wrapper file, which instantiates the top level module, and passes this filename on the
       command line.  These C files are compiled in C++, and linked with the Verilated files.

       The resulting executable will perform the actual simulation.

       To get started, jump down to "EXAMPLE C++ EXECUTION".

ARGUMENT SUMMARY

       This is a short summary of the arguments to Verilator.  See the detailed descriptions in
       the next sections for more information.

           {file.v}                    Verilog top level filenames
           {file.c/cc/cpp}             Optional C++ files to compile in
           {file.a/o/so}               Optional C++ files to link in

            +1364-1995ext+<ext>        Use Verilog 1995 with file extension <ext>
            +1364-2001ext+<ext>        Use Verilog 2001 with file extension <ext>
            +1364-2005ext+<ext>        Use Verilog 2005 with file extension <ext>
            +1800-2005ext+<ext>        Use SystemVerilog 2005 with file extension <ext>
            +1800-2009ext+<ext>        Use SystemVerilog 2009 with file extension <ext>
            +1800-2012ext+<ext>        Use SystemVerilog 2012 with file extension <ext>
           --assert                    Enable all assertions
           --autoflush                 Flush streams after all $displays
           --bbox-sys                  Blackbox unknown $system calls
           --bbox-unsup                Blackbox unsupported language features
           --bin <filename>            Override Verilator binary
            -CFLAGS <flags>            C++ Compiler flags for makefile
           --cc                        Create C++ output
           --cdc                       Clock domain crossing analysis
           --compiler <compiler-name>  Tune for specified C++ compiler
           --converge-limit <loops>    Tune convergence settle time
           --coverage                  Enable all coverage
           --coverage-line             Enable line coverage
           --coverage-toggle           Enable toggle coverage
           --coverage-user             Enable PSL/SVL user coverage
           --coverage-underscore       Enable coverage of _signals
            -D<var>[=<value>]          Set preprocessor define
           --debug                     Enable debugging
           --debug-check               Enable debugging assertions
           --debugi <level>            Enable debugging at a specified level
           --debugi-<srcfile> <level>  Enable debugging a source file at a level
           --default-language <lang>   Default language to parse
            +define+<var>+<value>      Set preprocessor define
           --dump-tree                 Enable dumping .tree files
           --dump-treei <level>        Enable dumping .tree files at a level
            -E                         Preprocess, but do not compile
           --error-limit <value>       Abort after this number of errors
           --exe                       Link to create executable
            -F <file>                  Parse options from a file, relatively
            -f <file>                  Parse options from a file
           --gdb                       Run Verilator under GDB interactively
           --gdbbt                     Run Verilator under GDB for backtrace
           --help                      Display this help
            -I<dir>                    Directory to search for includes
           --if-depth <value>          Tune IFDEPTH warning
            +incdir+<dir>              Directory to search for includes
           --inhibit-sim               Create function to turn off sim
           --inline-mult <value>       Tune module inlining
            -LDFLAGS <flags>           Linker pre-object flags for makefile
            -LDLIBS <flags>            Linker library flags for makefile
           --language <lang>           Default language standard to parse
            +libext+<ext>+[ext]...     Extensions for finding modules
           --lint-only                 Lint, but do not make output
           --MMD                       Create .d dependency files
           --MP                        Create phony dependency targets
           --Mdir <directory>          Name of output object directory
           --mod-prefix <topname>      Name to prepend to lower classes
           --no-pins64                 Don't use vluint64_t's for 33-64 bit sigs
           --no-skip-identical         Disable skipping identical output
            +notimingchecks            Ignored
            -O0                        Disable optimizations
            -O3                        High performance optimizations
            -O<optimization-letter>    Selectable optimizations
            -o <executable>            Name of final executable
           --no-order-clock-delay      Disable ordering clock enable assignments
           --output-split <bytes>      Split .cpp files into pieces
           --output-split-cfuncs <statements>   Split .cpp functions
           --output-split-ctrace <statements>   Split tracing functions
           --pins-bv <bits>            Specify types for top level ports
           --pins-sc-uint              Specify types for top level ports
           --pins-sc-biguint           Specify types for top level ports
           --pins-uint8                Specify types for top level ports
           --pipe-filter <command>     Filter all input through a script
           --prefix <topname>          Name of top level class
           --profile-cfuncs            Name functions for profiling
           --private                   Debugging; see docs
           --psl                       Enable PSL parsing
           --public                    Debugging; see docs
           --report-unoptflat          Extra diagnostics for UNOPTFLAT
           --savable                   Enable model save-restore
           --sc                        Create SystemC output
           --sp                        Create SystemPerl output
           --stats                     Create statistics file
            -sv                        Enable SystemVerilog parsing
            +systemverilogext+<ext>    Synonym for +1800-2012ext+<ext>
           --top-module <topname>      Name of top level input module
           --trace                     Enable waveform creation
           --trace-depth <levels>      Depth of tracing
           --trace-max-array <depth>   Maximum bit width for tracing
           --trace-max-width <width>   Maximum array depth for tracing
           --trace-structs             Enable tracing structure names
           --trace-underscore          Enable tracing of _signals
            -U<var>                    Undefine preprocessor define
           --unroll-count <loops>      Tune maximum loop iterations
           --unroll-stmts <stmts>      Tune maximum loop body size
           --unused-regexp <regexp>    Tune UNUSED lint signals
            -V                         Verbose version and config
            -v <filename>              Verilog library
            +verilog1995ext+<ext>      Synonym for +1364-1995ext+<ext>
            +verilog2001ext+<ext>      Synonym for +1364-2001ext+<ext>
            -Werror-<message>          Convert warning to error
            -Wfuture-<message>         Disable unknown message warnings
            -Wno-<message>             Disable warning
            -Wno-lint                  Disable all lint warnings
            -Wno-style                 Disable all style warnings
            -Wno-fatal                 Disable fatal exit on warnings
           --x-assign <mode>           Initially assign Xs to this value
           --x-initial-edge            Enable initial X->0 and X->1 edge triggers
            -y <dir>                   Directory to search for modules

ARGUMENTS

       {file.v}
           Specifies the Verilog file containing the top module to be Verilated.

       {file.c/.cc/.cpp/.cxx}
           Specifies optional C++ files to be linked in with the Verilog code.  If any C++ files
           are specified in this way, Verilator will include a make rule that generates a module
           executable.  Without any C++ files, Verilator will stop at the module__ALL.a library,
           and presume you'll continue linking with make rules you write yourself.  See also the
           -CFLAGS option.

       {file.a/.o/.so}
           Specifies optional object or library files to be linked in with the Verilog code, as a
           shorthand for -LDFLAGS "<file>".  If any files are specified in this way, Verilator
           will include a make rule that uses these files when linking the module executable.
           This generally is only useful when used with the --exe option.

       +1364-1995ext+ext
       +1364-2001ext+ext
       +1364-2005ext+ext
       +1800-2005ext+ext
       +1800-2009ext+ext
       +1800-2012ext+ext
           Specifies the language standard to be used with a specific filename extension, ext.

           For compatibility with other simulators, see also the synonyms "+verilog1995ext+"ext,
           "+verilog2001ext+"ext, and "+systemverilogext+"ext.

           For any source file, the language specified by these options takes precedence over any
           language specified by the "--default-language" or "--language" options.

           These options take effect in the order they are encountered. Thus the following would
           use Verilog 1995 for "a.v" and Verilog 2001 for "b.v".

               verilator ... +1364-1995ext+v a.v +1364-2001ext+v b.v

           These flags are only recommended for legacy mixed language designs, as the preferable
           option is to edit the code to repair new keywords, or add appropriate
           "`begin_keywords".

           Note "`begin_keywords" is a SystemVerilog construct, which specifies only which the
           set of keywords is to be recognized. Whatever set is chosen, the semantics will be
           those of SystemVerilog. By contrast "+1364-1995ext+" etc. specify both the syntax and
           semantics to be used.

       --assert
           Enable all assertions, includes enabling the --psl flag.  (If psl is not desired, but
           other assertions are, use --assert --nopsl.)

           See also --x-assign and --x-initial-edge; setting "--x-assign unique" and/or
           "--x-initial-edge" may be desirable.

       --autoflush
           After every $display or $fdisplay, flush the output stream.  This insures that
           messages will appear immediately but may reduce performance; for best performance call
           "fflush(stdout)" occasionally in the main C loop.  Defaults off, which will buffer
           output as provided by the normal C stdio calls.

       --bbox-sys
           Black box any unknown $system task or function calls.  System tasks will be simply
           NOPed, and system functions will be replaced by unsized zero.  Arguments to such
           functions will be parsed, but not otherwise checked.  This prevents errors when
           linting in the presence of company specific PLI calls.

       --bbox-unsup
           Black box some unsupported language features, currently UDP tables and the cmos and
           tran gate primitives.  This may enable linting the rest of the design even when
           unsupported constructs are present.

       --bin filename
           Rarely needed.  Override the default filename for Verilator itself.  When a dependency
           (.d) file is created, this filename will become a source dependency, such that a
           change in this binary will have make rebuild the output files.

       -CFLAGS flags
           Add specified C compiler flags to the generated makefiles.  When make is run on the
           generated makefile these will be passed to the C++ compiler (gcc/g++/msvc++).

       --cc
           Specifies C++ without SystemC output mode; see also --sc and --sp.

       --cdc
           Experimental.  Perform some clock domain crossing checks and issue related warnings
           (CDCRSTLOGIC) and then exit; if warnings other than CDC warnings are needed make a
           second run with --lint-only.  Additional warning information is also written to the
           file {prefix}__cdc.txt.

           Currently only checks some items that other CDC tools missed; if you have interest in
           adding more traditional CDC checks, please contact the authors.

       --compiler compiler-name
           Enables tunings and work-arounds for the specified C++ compiler.

           clang
               Tune for clang.  This may reduce execution speed as it enables several workarounds
               to avoid silly hardcoded limits in clang.  This includes breaking deep structures
               as for msvc as described below.

           gcc Tune for Gnu C++, although generated code should work on almost any compliant C++
               compiler.  Currently the default.

           msvc
               Tune for Microsoft Visual C++.  This may reduce execution speed as it enables
               several workarounds to avoid silly hardcoded limits in MSVC++.  This includes
               breaking deeply nested parenthesized expressions into sub-expressions to avoid
               error C1009, and breaking deep blocks into functions to avoid error C1061.

       --converge-limit <loops>
           Rarely needed.  Specifies the maximum number of runtime iterations before creating a
           model failed to converge error.  Defaults to 100.

       --coverage
           Enables all forms of coverage, alias for "--coverage-line --coverage-toggle
           --coverage-user".

       --coverage-line
           Specifies basic block line coverage analysis code should be inserted.

           Coverage analysis adds statements at each code flow change point, which are the
           branches of IF and CASE statements, a super-set of normal Verilog Line Coverage.  At
           each such branch a unique counter is incremented.  At the end of a test, the counters
           along with the filename and line number corresponding to each counter are written into
           logs/coverage.pl.

           Verilator automatically disables coverage of branches that have a $stop in them, as it
           is assumed $stop branches contain an error check that should not occur.  A /*verilator
           coverage_block_off*/ comment will perform a similar function on any code in that block
           or below, or /*verilator coverage_on/coverage_off*/ will disable coverage around lines
           of code.

           Note Verilator may over-count combinatorial (non-clocked) blocks when those blocks
           receive signals which have had the UNOPTFLAT warning disabled; for most accurate
           results do not disable this warning when using coverage.

       --coverage-toggle
           Specifies signal toggle coverage analysis code should be inserted.

           Every bit of every signal in a module has a counter inserted.  The counter will
           increment on every edge change of the corresponding bit.

           Signals that are part of tasks or begin/end blocks are considered local variables and
           are not covered.  Signals that begin with underscores, are integers, or are very wide
           (>256 bits total storage across all dimensions) are also not covered.

           Hierarchy is compressed, such that if a module is instantiated multiple times,
           coverage will be summed for that bit across ALL instantiations of that module with the
           same parameter set.  A module instantiated with different parameter values is
           considered a different module, and will get counted separately.

           Verilator makes a minimally-intelligent decision about what clock domain the signal
           goes to, and only looks for edges in that clock domain.  This means that edges may be
           ignored if it is known that the edge could never be seen by the receiving logic.  This
           algorithm may improve in the future.  The net result is coverage may be lower than
           what would be seen by looking at traces, but the coverage is a more accurate
           representation of the quality of stimulus into the design.

           There may be edges counted near time zero while the model stabilizes.  It's a good
           practice to zero all coverage just before releasing reset to prevent counting such
           behavior.

           A /*verilator coverage_off/on */ comment pair can be used around signals that do not
           need toggle analysis, such as RAMs and register files.

       --coverage-underscore
           Enable coverage of signals that start with an underscore. Normally, these signals are
           not covered.  See also --trace-underscore.

       --coverage-user
           Enables user inserted functional coverage.  Currently, all functional coverage points
           are specified using PSL which must be separately enabled with --psl.

           For example, the following PSL statement will add a coverage point, with the comment
           "DefaultClock":

              // psl default clock = posedge clk;
              // psl cover {cyc==9} report "DefaultClock,expect=1";

       -Dvar=value
           Defines the given preprocessor symbol.  Same as +define; +define is fairly standard
           across Verilog tools while -D is an alias for GCC compatibility.

       --debug
           Select the debug built image of Verilator (if available), and enable more internal
           assertions, debugging messages, and intermediate form dump files.

       --debug-check
           Rarely needed.  Enable internal debugging assertion checks, without changing debug
           verbosity.  Enabled automatically when --debug specified.

       --debugi <level>
       --debugi-<srcfile> <level>
           Rarely needed - for developer use.  Set internal debugging level globally to the
           specified debug level (1-10) or set the specified source file to the specified level.
           Higher levels produce more detailed messages (plain "--debug" is equivalent to
           "--debugi 4").

       --default-language value
           Select the language to be used by default when first processing each Verilog file.
           The language value must be "1364-1995", "1364-2001", "1364-2005", "1800-2005",
           "1800-2009" or "1800-2012".

           Any language associated with a particular file extension (see the various +langext+
           options) will be used in preference to the language specified by --default-language.

           The --default-language flag is only recommended for legacy code using the same
           language in all source files, as the preferable option is to edit the code to repair
           new keywords, or add appropriate "`begin_keywords". For legacy mixed language designs,
           the various +langext+ options should be used.

           If no language is specified, either by this flag or +langext+ options, then the latest
           SystemVerilog language (IEEE 1800-2012) is used.

       +define+var+value
           Defines the given preprocessor symbol.  Same as -D; +define is fairly standard across
           Verilog tools while -D is an alias for GCC compatibility.

       --dump-tree
           Rarely needed.  Enable writing .tree debug files with dumping level 3, which dumps the
           standard critical stages.  For details on the format see the Verilator Internals
           manual.  --dump-tree is enabled automatically with --debug, so "--debug
           --no-dump-tree" may be useful if the dump files are large and not desired.

       --dump-treei <level>
           Rarely needed.  Enable writing .tree debug files with a specific dumping level, 0
           disbles dumps and is equivelent to "--no-dump-tree".  Level 9 enables dumping of every
           stage.

       -E  Preprocess the source code, but do not compile, as with 'gcc -E'.  Output is written
           to standard out.  Beware of enabling debugging messages, as they will also go to
           standard out.

       --error-limit <value>
           After this number of errors or warnings are encountered, exit.  Defaults to 50.

       --exe
           Generate an executable.  You will also need to pass additional .cpp files on the
           command line that implement the main loop for your simulation.

       -F file
           Read the specified file, and act as if all text inside it was specified as command
           line parameters.  Any relative paths are relative to the directory containing the
           specified file.  See also -f. Note -F is fairly standard across Verilog tools.

       -f file
           Read the specified file, and act as if all text inside it was specified as command
           line parameters.  Any relative paths are relative to the current directory.  See also
           -F. Note -f is fairly standard across Verilog tools.

           The file may contain // comments which are ignored to the end of the line.  Any $VAR,
           $(VAR), or ${VAR} will be replaced with the specified environment variable.

       --gdb
           Run Verilator underneath an interactive GDB (or VERILATOR_GDB environment variable
           value) session.  See also --gdbbt.

       --gdbbt
           If --debug is specified, run Verilator underneath a GDB process and print a backtrace
           on exit, then exit GDB immediately.  Without --debug or if GDB doesn't seem to work,
           this flag is ignored.  Intended for easy creation of backtraces by users; otherwise
           see the --gdb flag.

       --help
           Displays this message and program version and exits.

       -Idir
           See -y.

       --if-depth value
           Rarely needed.  Set the depth at which the IFDEPTH warning will fire, defaults to 0
           which disables this warning.

       +incdir+dir
           See -y.

       --inhibit-sim
           Rarely needed.  Create a "inhibitSim(bool)" function to enable and disable evaluation.
           This allows an upper level testbench to disable modules that are not important in a
           given simulation, without needing to recompile or change the SystemC modules
           instantiated.

       --inline-mult value
           Tune the inlining of modules.  The default value of 2000 specifies that up to 2000 new
           operations may be added to the model by inlining, if more than this number of
           operations would result, the module is not inlined.  Larger values, or a value <= 1
           will inline everything, will lead to longer compile times, but potentially faster
           runtimes.  This setting is ignored for very small modules; they will always be
           inlined, if allowed.

       -LDFLAGS flags
           Add specified C linker flags to the generated makefiles.  When make is run on the
           generated makefile these will be passed to the C++ linker (ld) *after* the primary
           file being linked.  This flag is called -LDFLAGS as that's the traditional name in
           simulators; it's would have been better called LDLIBS as that's the Makefile variable
           it controls.  (In Make, LDFLAGS is before the first object, LDLIBS after.  -L
           libraries need to be in the Make variable LDLIBS, not LDFLAGS.)

       --language value
           A synonym for "--default-langauge", for compatibility with other tools and earlier
           versions of Verilator.

       +libext+ext+ext...
           Specify the extensions that should be used for finding modules.  If for example module
           x is referenced, look in x.ext.  Note +libext+ is fairly standard across Verilog
           tools.  Defaults to .v and .sv.

       --lint-only
           Check the files for lint violations only, do not create any other output.

           You may also want the -Wall option to enable messages that are considered stylistic
           and not enabled by default.

           If the design is not to be completely Verilated see also the --bbox-sys and
           --bbox-unsup options.

       --MMD
           Enable creation of .d dependency files, used for make dependency detection, similar to
           gcc -MMD option.  On by default, use --no-MMD to disable.

       --MP
           When creating .d dependency files with --MMD, make phony targets.  Similar to gcc -MP
           option.

       --Mdir directory
           Specifies the name of the Make object directory.  All generated files will be placed
           in this directory.  If not specified, "obj_dir" is used.  The directory is created if
           it does not exist and the parent directories exist; otherwise manually create the Mdir
           before calling Verilator.

       --mod-prefix topname
           Specifies the name to prepend to all lower level classes.  Defaults to the same as
           --prefix.

       --no-pins64
           Backward compatible alias for "--pins-bv 33".

       --no-skip-identical
           Rarely needed.  Disables skipping execution of Verilator if all source files are
           identical, and all output files exist with newer dates.

       +notimingchecks
           Ignored for compatibility with other simulators.

       -O0 Disables optimization of the model.

       -O3 Enables slow optimizations.  This may reduce simulation runtimes at the cost of
           compile time.  This currently sets --inline-mult -1.

       -Ooptimization-letter
           Rarely needed.  Enables or disables a specific optimizations, with the optimization
           selected based on the letter passed.  A lowercase letter disables an optimization, an
           upper case letter enables it.  This is intended for debugging use only; see the source
           code for version-dependent mappings of optimizations to -O letters.

       -o <executable>
           Specify the name for the final executable built if using --exe.  Defaults to the
           --prefix if not specified.

       --no-order-clock-delay
           Rarely needed.  Disables a bug fix for ordering of clock enables with delayed
           assignments.  This flag should only be used when suggested by the developers.

       --output-split bytes
           Enables splitting the output .cpp/.sp files into multiple outputs.  When a C++ file
           exceeds the specified number of operations, a new file will be created at the next
           function boundary.  In addition, any slow routines will be placed into __Slow files.
           This accelerates compilation by as optimization can be disabled on the slow routines,
           and the remaining files can be compiled on parallel machines.  Using --output-split
           should have only a trivial impact on performance.  With GCC 3.3 on a 2GHz Opteron,
           --output-split 20000 will result in splitting into approximately one-minute-compile
           chunks.

       --output-split-cfuncs statements
           Enables splitting functions in the output .cpp/.sp files into multiple functions.
           When a generated function exceeds the specified number of operations, a new function
           will be created.  With --output-split, this will enable GCC to compile faster, at a
           small loss in performance that gets worse with decreasing split values.  Note that
           this option is stronger than --output-split in the sense that --output-split will not
           split inside a function.

       --output-split-ctrace statements
           Enables splitting trace functions in the output .cpp/.sp files into multiple
           functions.  Defaults to same setting as --output-split-cfuncs.

       --pins64
           Backward compatible alias for "--pins-bv 65".  Note that's a 65, not a 64.

       --pins-bv width
           Specifies SystemC inputs/outputs of greater than or equal to width bits wide should
           use sc_bv's instead of uint32/vluint64_t's.  The default is "--pins-bv 65".  Versions
           before Verilator 3.671 defaulted to "--pins-bv 33".  The more sc_bv is used, the worse
           for performance.  Use the "/*verilator sc_bv*/" attribute to select specific ports to
           be sc_bv.

       --pins-sc-uint
           Specifies SystemC inputs/outputs of greater than 2 bits wide should use sc_uint
           between 2 and 64.  When combined with the "--pins-sc-biguint" combination, it results
           in sc_uint being used between 2 and 64 and sc_biguint being used between 65 and 512.

       --pins-sc-biguint
           Specifies SystemC inputs/outputs of greater than 65 bits wide should use sc_biguint
           between 65 and 512, and sc_bv from 513 upwards.  When combined with the
           "--pins-sc-uint" combination, it results in sc_uint being used between 2 and 64 and
           sc_biguint being used between 65 and 512.

       --pins-uint8
           Specifies SystemC inputs/outputs that are smaller than the --pins-bv setting and 8
           bits or less should use uint8_t instead of uint32_t.  Likewise pins of width 9-16 will
           use uint16_t instead of uint32_t.

       --pipe-filter command
           Rarely needed and experimental.  Verilator will spawn the specified command as a
           subprocess pipe, to allow the command to perform custom edits on the Verilog code
           before it reaches Verilator.

           Before reading each Verilog file, Verilator will pass the file name to the subprocess'
           stdin with 'read_verilog "<filename>"'.  The filter may then read the file and perform
           any filtering it desires, and feeds the new file contents back to Verilator on stdout
           with 'Content-Length'.  Output to stderr from the filter feeds through to Verilator's
           stdout and if the filter exits with non-zero status Verilator terminates.  See the
           t/t_pipe_filter test for an example.

           To debug the output of the filter, try using the -E option to see preprocessed output.

       --prefix topname
           Specifies the name of the top level class and makefile.  Defaults to V prepended to
           the name of the --top-module switch, or V prepended to the first Verilog filename
           passed on the command line.

       --profile-cfuncs
           Modify the created C++ functions to support profiling.  The functions will be
           minimized to contain one "basic" statement, generally a single always block or wire
           statement.  (Note this will slow down the executable by ~5%.)  Furthermore, the
           function name will be suffixed with the basename of the Verilog module and line number
           the statement came from.  This allows gprof or oprofile reports to be correlated with
           the original Verilog source statements.

       --private
           Opposite of --public.  Is the default; this option exists for backwards compatibility.

       --psl
           Enable PSL parsing.  Without this switch, PSL meta-comments are ignored.  See the
           --assert flag to enable all assertions, and --coverage-user to enable functional
           coverage.

       --public
           This is only for historical debug use.  Using it may result in mis-simulation of
           generated clocks.

           Declares all signals and modules public.  This will turn off signal optimizations as
           if all signals had a /*verilator public*/ comments and inlining.  This will also turn
           off inlining as if all modules had a /*verilator public_module*/, unless the module
           specifically enabled it with /*verilator inline_module*/.

       --report-unoptflat
           Extra diagnostics for UNOPTFLAT warnings. This includes for each loop, the 10 widest
           variables in the loop, and the 10 most fanned out variables in the loop. These are
           candidates for splitting into multiple variables to break the loop.

           In addition produces a GraphViz DOT file of the entire strongly connected components
           within the source associated with each loop. This is produced irrespective of whether
           --dump-tree is set. Such graphs may help in analysing the problem, but can be very
           large indeed.

           Various commands exist for viewing and manipulating DOT files. For example the dot
           command can be used to convert a DOT file to a PDF for printing. For example:

               dot -Tpdf -O Vt_unoptflat_simple_2_35_unoptflat.dot

           will generate a PDF Vt_unoptflat_simple_2_35_unoptflat.dot.pdf from the DOT file.

       --savable
           Enable including save and restore functions in the generated model.

           The user code must create a VerilatedSerialize or VerilatedDeserialze object then
           calling the << or >> operators on the generated model and any other data the process
           needs saved/restored.  For example:

               void save_model(const char* filenamep) {
                   VerilatedSave os;
                   os.open(filenamep);
                   os << main_time;  // user code must save the timestamp, etc
                   os << *topp;
               }
               void restore_model(const char* filenamep) {
                   VerilatedRestore os;
                   os.open(filenamep);
                   os >> main_time;
                   os >> *topp;
               }

       --sc
           Specifies SystemC output mode; see also --cc and -sp.

       --sp
           Specifies SystemPerl output mode; see also --cc and -sc.

       --stats
           Creates a dump file with statistics on the design in {prefix}__stats.txt.

       -sv Specifies SystemVerilog language features should be enabled; equivalent to "--language
           1800-2005".  This option is selected by default, it exists for compatibility with
           other simulators.

       +systemverilogext+ext
           A synonym for "+1800-2012ext+"ext.

       --top-module topname
           When the input Verilog contains more than one top level module, specifies the name of
           the top level Verilog module to become the top, and sets the default for if --prefix
           is not used.  This is not needed with standard designs with only one top.

       --trace
           Adds waveform tracing code to the model.  Verilator will generate additional
           {prefix}__Trace*.cpp files that will need to be compiled.  In addition
           verilated_vcd_sc.cpp (for SystemC traces) or verilated_vcd_c.cpp (for both) must be
           compiled and linked in.  If using the Verilator generated Makefiles, these will be
           added as source targets for you.  If you're not using the Verilator makefiles, you
           will need to add these to your Makefile manually.

           Having tracing compiled in may result in some small performance losses, even when
           waveforms are not turned on during model execution.

       --trace-depth levels
           Specify the number of levels deep to enable tracing, for example --trace-level 1 to
           only see the top level's signals.  Defaults to the entire model.  Using a small number
           will decrease visibility, but greatly improve runtime and trace file size.

       --trace-max-array depth
           Rarely needed.  Specify the maximum array depth of a signal that may be traced.
           Defaults to 32, as tracing large arrays may greatly slow traced simulations.

       --trace-max-width width
           Rarely needed.  Specify the maximum bit width of a signal that may be traced.
           Defaults to 256, as tracing large vectors may greatly slow traced simulations.

       --trace-structs
           Enable tracing to show the name of packed structure, union, and packed array fields,
           rather than a simgle combined packed bus.  Due to VCD file format constraints this may
           result in significantly slower trace times and larger trace files.

       --trace-underscore
           Enable tracing of signals that start with an underscore. Normally, these signals are
           not output during tracing.  See also --coverage-underscore.

       -Uvar
           Undefines the given preprocessor symbol.

       --unroll-count loops
           Rarely needed.  Specifies the maximum number of loop iterations that may be unrolled.
           See also BLKLOOPINIT warning.

       --unroll-stmts statements
           Rarely needed.  Specifies the maximum number of statements in a loop for that loop to
           be unrolled. See also BLKLOOPINIT warning.

       --unused-regexp regexp
           Rarely needed.  Specifies a simple regexp with * and ? that if a signal name matches
           will suppress the UNUSED warning.  Defaults to "*unused*".  Setting it to "" disables
           matching.

       -V  Shows the verbose version, including configuration information compiled into
           Verilator.  (Similar to perl -V.)

       -v filename
           Read the filename as a Verilog library.  Any modules in the file may be used to
           resolve cell instantiations in the top level module, else ignored.  Note -v is fairly
           standard across Verilog tools.

       +verilog1995ext+ext
       +verilog2001ext+ext
           Synonyms for "+1364-1995ext+"ext and "+1364-2001ext+"ext respectively

       -Wall
           Enable all warnings, including code style warnings that are normally disabled by
           default.

       -Werror-message
           Convert the specified warning message into an error message.  This is generally to
           discourage users from violating important site-wide rules, for example
           "-Werror-NOUNOPTFLAT".

       -Wfuture-message
           Rarely needed.  Suppress unknown Verilator comments or warning messages with the given
           message code.  This is used to allow code written with pragmas for a later version of
           Verilator to run under a older version; add -Wfuture- arguments for each message code
           or comment that the new version supports which the older version does not support.

       -Wno-message
           Disable the specified warning message.

       -Wno-lint
           Disable all lint related warning messages, and all style warnings.  This is equivalent
           to "-Wno-ALWCOMBORDER -Wno-CASEINCOMPLETE -Wno-CASEOVERLAP -Wno-CASEX -Wno-CASEWITHX
           -Wno-CMPCONST -Wno-ENDLABEL -Wno-IMPLICIT -Wno-LITENDIAN -Wno-PINMISSING
           -Wno-SYNCASYNCNET -Wno-UNDRIVEN -Wno-UNSIGNED -Wno-UNUSED -Wno-WIDTH" plus the list
           shown for Wno-style.

           It is strongly recommended you cleanup your code rather than using this option, it is
           only intended to be use when running test-cases of code received from third parties.

       -Wno-style
           Disable all code style related warning messages (note by default they are already
           disabled).  This is equivalent to "-Wno-DECLFILENAME -Wno-DEFPARAM -Wno-INCABSPATH
           -Wno-PINNOCONNECT -Wno-SYNCASYNCNET -Wno-UNDRIVEN -Wno-UNUSED -Wno-VARHIDDEN".

       -Wno-fatal
           When warnings are detected, print them, but do not exit the simulator.

           Having warning messages in builds is sloppy.  It is strongly recommended you cleanup
           your code, use inline lint_off, or use -Wno-... flags rather than using this option.

       -Wwarn-message
           Enables the specified warning message.

       -Wwarn-lint
           Enable all lint related warning messages (note by default they are already enabled),
           but do not affect style messages.  This is equivalent to "-Wwarn-ALWCOMBORDER
           -Wwarn-CASEINCOMPLETE -Wwarn-CASEOVERLAP -Wwarn-CASEX -Wwarn-CASEWITHX -Wwarn-CMPCONST
           -Wwarn-ENDLABEL -Wwarn-IMPLICIT -Wwarn-LITENDIAN -Wwarn-PINMISSING -Wwarn-REALCVT
           -Wwarn-UNSIGNED -Wwarn-WIDTH".

       -Wwarn-style
           Enable all code style related warning messages.  This is equivalent to "-Wwarn
           ASSIGNDLY -Wwarn-DECLFILENAME -Wwarn-DEFPARAM -Wwarn-INCABSPATH -Wwarn-PINNOCONNECT
           -Wwarn-SYNCASYNCNET -Wwarn-UNDRIVEN -Wwarn-UNUSED -Wwarn-VARHIDDEN".

       --x-assign 0
       --x-assign 1
       --x-assign fast (default)
       --x-assign unique
           Controls the two-state value that is replaced when an assignment to X is encountered.
           --x-assign=fast, the default, converts all Xs to whatever is best for performance.
           --x-assign=0 converts all Xs to 0s, and is also fast.  --x-assign=1 converts all Xs to
           1s, this is nearly as fast as 0, but more likely to find reset bugs as active high
           logic will fire.  --x-assign=unique will call a function to determine the value, this
           allows randomization of all Xs to find reset bugs and is the slowest, but safest for
           finding reset bugs in code.

           If using --x-assign unique, you may want to seed your random number generator such
           that each regression run gets a different randomization sequence.  Use the system's
           srand48() or for Windows srand() function to do this.  You'll probably also want to
           print any seeds selected, and code to enable rerunning with that same seed so you can
           reproduce bugs.

           Note. This option applies only to variables which are explicitly assigned to X in the
           Verilog source code. Initial values of clocks are set to 0 unless --x-initial-edge is
           specified. Initial values of all other state holding variables are set as though
           --x-assign unique had been specified.

       --x-initial-edge
           Enables emulation of event driven simulators which generally trigger an edge on a
           transition from X to 1 ("posedge") or X to 0 ("negedge"). Thus the following code,
           where "rst_n" is uninitialized would set "res_n" to "1'b1" when "rst_n" is first set
           to zero:

               reg  res_n = 1'b0;

               always @(negedge rst_n) begin
                  if (rst_n == 1'b0) begin
                     res_n <= 1'b1;
                  end
               end

           In Verilator, by default, uninitialized clocks are given a value of zero, so the above
           "always" block would not trigger.

           While it is not good practice, there are some designs that rely on X X 0 triggering a
           "negedge", particularly in reset sequences. Using --x-initial-edge with Verilator will
           replicate this behaviour. It will also ensure that X X 1 triggers a "posedge".

           Note. Some users have reported that using this option can affect convergence, and that
           it may be necessary to use --converge-limit to increase the number of convergence
           iterations. This may be another indication of problems with the modelled design that
           should be addressed.

       -y dir
           Add the directory to the list of directories that should be searched for include files
           or libraries.  The three flags -y, +incdir and -I have similar effect; +incdir and +y
           are fairly standard across Verilog tools while -I is an alias for GCC compatibility.

           Verilator defaults to the current directory ("-y .") and any specified --Mdir, though
           these default paths are used after any user specified directories.  This allows '-y
           "$(pwd)"' to be used if absolute filenames are desired for error messages instead of
           relative filenames.

EXAMPLE C++ EXECUTION

       We'll compile this example into C++.

           mkdir test_our
           cd test_our

           cat <<EOF >our.v
             module our;
                initial begin $display("Hello World"); $finish; end
             endmodule
           EOF

           cat <<EOF >sim_main.cpp
             #include "Vour.h"
             #include "verilated.h"
             int main(int argc, char **argv, char **env) {
                 Verilated::commandArgs(argc, argv);
                 Vour* top = new Vour;
                 while (!Verilated::gotFinish()) { top->eval(); }
                 delete top;
                 exit(0);
             }
           EOF

       If you installed Verilator from sources, or a tarball, but not as part of your operating
       system (as an RPM), first you need to point to the kit:

           export VERILATOR_ROOT=/path/to/where/verilator/was/installed
           export PATH=$VERILATOR_ROOT/bin:$PATH

       Now we run Verilator on our little example.

           verilator -Wall --cc our.v --exe sim_main.cpp

       We can see the source code under the "obj_dir" directory.  See the FILES section below for
       descriptions of some of the files that were created.

           ls -l obj_dir

       We then can compile it

           cd obj_dir
           make -j -f Vour.mk Vour

       (Verilator included a default compile rule and link rule, since we used --exe and passed a
       .cpp file on the Verilator command line.  You can also write your own compile rules, as
       we'll show in the SYSTEMC section.)

       And now we run it

           cd ..
           obj_dir/Vour

       And we get as output

           Hello World
           - our.v:2: Verilog $finish

       Really, you're better off writing a Makefile to do all this for you.  Then, when your
       source changes it will automatically run all of these steps.  See the test_c directory in
       the distribution for an example.

EXAMPLE SYSTEMC EXECUTION

       This is an example similar to the above, but using SystemPerl.

           mkdir test_our_sc
           cd test_our_sc

           cat <<EOF >our.v
             module our (clk);
                input clk;  // Clock is required to get initial activation
                always @ (posedge clk)
                   begin $display("Hello World"); $finish; end
             endmodule
           EOF

           cat <<EOF >sc_main.cpp
             #include "Vour.h"
             int sc_main(int argc, char **argv) {
                 Verilated::commandArgs(argc, argv);
                 sc_clock clk ("clk",10, 0.5, 3, true);
                 Vour* top;
                 top = new Vour("top");   // SP_CELL (top, Vour);
                 top->clk(clk);           // SP_PIN  (top, clk, clk);
                 while (!Verilated::gotFinish()) { sc_start(1, SC_NS); }
                 delete top;
                 exit(0);
             }
           EOF

       If you installed Verilator from sources, or a tarball, but not as part of your operating
       system (as an RPM), first you need to point to the kit:

           export VERILATOR_ROOT=/path/to/where/verilator/was/installed
           export PATH=$VERILATOR_ROOT/bin:$PATH

       Now we run Verilator on our little example.

           verilator -Wall --sp our.v

       Then we convert the SystemPerl output to SystemC.

           cd obj_dir
           export SYSTEMPERL=/path/to/where/systemperl/kit/came/from
           $SYSTEMPERL/sp_preproc --preproc *.sp

       (You can also skip the above sp_preproc by getting pure SystemC from Verilator by
       replacing the verilator --sp flag in the previous step with -sc.)

       We then can compile it

           make -j -f Vour.mk Vour__ALL.a
           make -j -f Vour.mk ../sc_main.o verilated.o

       And link with SystemC.  Note your path to the libraries may vary, depending on the
       operating system.

           export SYSTEMC_LIBDIR=/path/to/where/libsystemc.a/exists
           # Might be needed if SystemC 2.3.0
           export SYSTEMC_CXX_FLAGS=-pthread

           g++ -L$SYSTEMC_LIBDIR ../sc_main.o Vour__ALL*.o verilated.o \
                     -o Vour -lsystemc

       And now we run it

           cd ..
           obj_dir/Vour

       And we get the same output as the C++ example:

           Hello World
           - our.v:2: Verilog $finish

       Really, you're better off using a Makefile to do all this for you.  Then, when your source
       changes it will automatically run all of these steps.  See the test_sp directory in the
       distribution for an example.

BENCHMARKING & OPTIMIZATION

       For best performance, run Verilator with the "-O3 --x-assign=fast --noassert" flags.  The
       -O3 flag will require longer compile times, and --x-assign=fast may increase the risk of
       reset bugs in trade for performance; see the above documentation for these flags.

       Minor Verilog code changes can also give big wins.  You should not have any UNOPTFLAT
       warnings from Verilator.  Fixing these warnings can result in huge improvements; one user
       fixed their one UNOPTFLAT warning by making a simple change to a clock latch used to gate
       clocks and gained a 60% performance improvement.

       Beyond that, the performance of a Verilated model depends mostly on your C++ compiler and
       size of your CPU's caches.

       By default, the lib/verilated.mk file has optimization turned off.  This is for the
       benefit of new users, as it improves compile times at the cost of runtimes.  To add
       optimization as the default, set one of three variables, OPT, OPT_FAST, or OPT_SLOW
       lib/verilated.mk.  Or, use the -CFLAGS and/or -LDFLAGS option on the verilator command
       line to pass the flags directly to the compiler or linker.  Or, just for one run, pass
       them on the command line to make:

           make OPT_FAST="-O2" -f Vour.mk Vour__ALL.a

       OPT_FAST specifies optimizations for those programs that are part of the fast path, mostly
       code that is executed every cycle.  OPT_SLOW specifies optimizations for slow-path files
       (plus tracing), which execute only rarely, yet take a long time to compile with
       optimization on.  OPT specifies overall optimization and affects all compiles, including
       those OPT_FAST and OPT_SLOW affect.  For best results, use OPT="-O2", and link with
       "-static".  Nearly the same results can be had with much better compile times with
       OPT_FAST="-O1 -fstrict-aliasing".  Higher optimization such as "-O3" may help, but gcc
       compile times may be excessive under O3 on even medium sized designs.  Alternatively, some
       larger designs report better performance using "-Os".

       Unfortunately, using the optimizer with SystemC files can result in compiles taking
       several minutes.  (The SystemC libraries have many little inlined functions that drive the
       compiler nuts.)

       For best results, use GCC 3.3 or newer.  GCC 3.2 and earlier have optimization bugs around
       pointer aliasing detection, which can result in 2x performance losses.

       If you will be running many simulations on a single compile, investigate feedback driven
       compilation.  With GCC, using -fprofile-arcs, then -fbranch-probabilities will yield
       another 15% or so.

       Modern compilers also support link-time optimization (LTO), which can help especially if
       you link in DPI code.  To enable LTO on GCC, pass "-flto" in both compilation and link.
       Note LTO may cause excessive compile times on large designs.

       You may uncover further tuning possibilities by profiling the Verilog code.  Use
       Verilator's --profile-cfuncs, then GCC's -g -pg.  You can then run either oprofile or
       gprof to see where in the C++ code the time is spent.  Run the gprof output through
       verilator_profcfunc and it will tell you what Verilog line numbers on which most of the
       time is being spent.

       When done, please let the author know the results.  I like to keep tabs on how Verilator
       compares, and may be able to suggest additional improvements.

FILES

       All output files are placed in the output directory name specified with the -Mdir option,
       or "obj_dir" if not specified.

       Verilator creates the following files in the output directory:

           {prefix}.mk                         // Make include file for compiling
           {prefix}_classes.mk                 // Make include file with class names

       For -cc and -sc mode, it also creates:

           {prefix}.cpp                        // Top level C++ file
           {prefix}.h                          // Top level header
           {prefix}{each_verilog_module}.cpp   // Lower level internal C++ files
           {prefix}{each_verilog_module}.h     // Lower level internal header files

       For -sp mode, instead of .cpp and .h it creates:

           {prefix}.sp                         // Top level SystemC file
           {prefix}{each_verilog_module}.sp    // Lower level internal SC files

       In certain optimization modes, it also creates:

           {prefix}__Dpi.h                     // DPI import and export declarations
           {prefix}__Inlines.h                 // Inline support functions
           {prefix}__Slow.cpp                  // Constructors and infrequent routines
           {prefix}__Syms.cpp                  // Global symbol table C++
           {prefix}__Syms.h                    // Global symbol table header
           {prefix}__Trace.cpp                 // Wave file generation code (--trace)
           {prefix}__cdc.txt                   // Clock Domain Crossing checks (--cdc)
           {prefix}__stats.txt                 // Statistics (--stats)

       It also creates internal files that can be mostly ignored:

           {each_verilog_module}.vpp           // Post-processed verilog (--debug)
           {prefix}.flags_vbin                 // Verilator dependencies
           {prefix}.flags_vpp                  // Pre-processor dependencies
           {prefix}__verFiles.dat              // Timestamps for skip-identical
           {prefix}{misc}.d                    // Make dependencies (-MMD)
           {prefix}{misc}.dot                  // Debugging graph files (--debug)
           {prefix}{misc}.tree                 // Debugging files (--debug)

       After running Make, the C++ compiler should produce the following:

           {prefix}                            // Final executable (w/--exe argument)
           {prefix}__ALL.a                     // Library of all Verilated objects
           {prefix}{misc}.o                    // Intermediate objects

ENVIRONMENT

       OBJCACHE
           Optionally specifies a caching or distribution program to place in front of all runs
           of the C++ Compiler.  For example, "objcache --read --write", or "ccache".  If using
           distcc, it would generally be run under either objcache or ccache; see the
           documentation for those programs.

       SYSTEMC
           Deprecated.  Used only if SYSTEMC_INCLUDE or SYSTEMC_LIBDIR is not set.  If set,
           specifies the directory containing the SystemC distribution.  If not specified, it
           will come from a default optionally specified at configure time (before Verilator was
           compiled).

       SYSTEMC_ARCH
           Deprecated.  Used only if SYSTEMC_LIBDIR is not set.  Specifies the architecture name
           used by the SystemC kit.  This is the part after the dash in the lib-{...} directory
           name created by a 'make' in the SystemC distribution.  If not set, Verilator will try
           to intuit the proper setting, or use the default optionally specified at configure
           time (before Verilator was compiled).

       SYSTEMC_CXX_FLAGS
           Specifies additional flags that are required to be passed to GCC when building the
           SystemC model.  System 2.3.0 may need this set to "-pthread".

       SYSTEMC_INCLUDE
           If set, specifies the directory containing the systemc.h header file. If not
           specified, it will come from a default optionally specified at configure time (before
           Verilator was compiled), or computed from SYSTEMC/include.

       SYSTEMC_LIBDIR
           If set, specifies the directory containing the libsystemc.a library. If not specified,
           it will come from a default optionally specified at configure time (before Verilator
           was compiled), or computed from SYSTEMC/lib-SYSTEMC_ARCH.

       SYSTEMPERL
           Specifies the directory containing the SystemPerl distribution kit.  This is used to
           find the SystemPerl library and include files.  If not specified, it will come from a
           default optionally specified at configure time (before Verilator was compiled).  See
           also SYSTEMPERL_INCLUDE.

       SYSTEMPERL_INCLUDE
           Specifies the directory containing the Verilog-Perl include .cpp files, from the src/
           directory of the SystemPerl kit.  If not specified, it will be computed from the
           SYSTEMPERL environment variable if it is set, and if SYSTEMPERL is not set
           SYSTEMPERL_INCLUDE will come from a default optionally specified at configure time
           (before Verilator was compiled).

       VCS_HOME
           If set, specifies the directory containing the Synopsys VCS distribution.  When set, a
           'make test' in the Verilator distribution will also run VCS baseline regression tests.

       VERILATOR_BIN
           If set, specifies an alternative name of the Verilator binary.  May be used for
           debugging and selecting between multiple operating system builds.

       VERILATOR_GDB
           If set, the command to run when using the --gdb option, such as "ddd".  If not
           specified, it will use "gdb".

       VERILATOR_ROOT
           Specifies the directory containing the distribution kit.  This is used to find the
           executable, Perl library, and include files.  If not specified, it will come from a
           default optionally specified at configure time (before Verilator was compiled).  It
           should not be specified if using a pre-compiled Verilator RPM as the hardcoded value
           should be correct.

CONNECTING TO C++

       Verilator creates a .h and .cpp file for the top level module and all modules under it.
       See the test_c directory in the kit for an example.

       After the modules are completed, there will be a module.mk file that may be used with Make
       to produce a module__ALL.a file with all required objects in it.  This is then linked with
       the user's top level to create the simulation executable.

       The user must write the top level of the simulation.  Here's a simple example:

               #include <verilated.h>          // Defines common routines
               #include "Vtop.h"               // From Verilating "top.v"

               Vtop *top;                      // Instantiation of module

               vluint64_t main_time = 0;       // Current simulation time
               // This is a 64-bit integer to reduce wrap over issues and
               // allow modulus.  You can also use a double, if you wish.

               double sc_time_stamp () {       // Called by $time in Verilog
                   return main_time;           // converts to double, to match
                                               // what SystemC does
               }

               int main(int argc, char** argv) {
                   Verilated::commandArgs(argc, argv);   // Remember args

                   top = new Vtop;             // Create instance

                   top->reset_l = 0;           // Set some inputs

                   while (!Verilated::gotFinish()) {
                       if (main_time > 10) {
                           top->reset_l = 1;   // Deassert reset
                       }
                       if ((main_time % 10) == 1) {
                           top->clk = 1;       // Toggle clock
                       }
                       if ((main_time % 10) == 6) {
                           top->clk = 0;
                       }
                       top->eval();            // Evaluate model
                       cout << top->out << endl;       // Read a output
                       main_time++;            // Time passes...
                   }

                   top->final();               // Done simulating
                   //    // (Though this example doesn't get here)
                   delete top;
               }

       Note signals are read and written as member variables of the lower module.  You call the
       eval() method to evaluate the model.  When the simulation is complete call the final()
       method to wrap up any SystemVerilog final blocks, and complete any assertions.

CONNECTING TO SYSTEMC

       Verilator will convert the top level module to a SC_MODULE.  This module will plug
       directly into a SystemC netlist.

       The SC_MODULE gets the same pinout as the Verilog module, with the following type
       conversions: Pins of a single bit become bool.  Pins 2-32 bits wide become uint32_t's.
       Pins 33-64 bits wide become sc_bv's or vluint64_t's depending on the --no-pins64 switch.
       Wider pins become sc_bv's.  (Uints simulate the fastest so are used where possible.)

       Lower modules are not pure SystemC code.  This is a feature, as using the SystemC pin
       interconnect scheme everywhere would reduce performance by an order of magnitude.

DIRECT PROGRAMMING INTERFACE (DPI)

       Verilator supports SystemVerilog Direct Programming Interface import and export
       statements.  Only the SystemVerilog form ("DPI-C") is supported, not the original
       Synopsys-only DPI.

   DPI Example
       In the SYSTEMC example above, if you wanted to import C++ functions into Verilog, put in
       our.v:

          import "DPI-C" function integer add (input integer a, input integer b);

          initial begin
             $display("%x + %x = %x", 1, 2, add(1,2));
          endtask

       Then after Verilating, Verilator will create a file Vour__Dpi.h with the prototype to call
       this function:

           extern int add (int a, int b);

       From the sc_main.cpp file (or another .cpp file passed to the Verilator command line, or
       the link), you'd then:

           #include "svdpi.h"
           #include "Vour__Dpi.h"
           int add (int a, int b) { return a+b; }

   DPI System Task/Functions
       Verilator extends the DPI format to allow using the same scheme to efficiently add system
       functions.  Simply use a dollar-sign prefixed system function name for the import, but
       note it must be escaped.

          export "DPI-C" function integer \$myRand;

          initial $display("myRand=%d", $myRand());

       Going the other direction, you can export Verilog tasks so they can be called from C++:

          export "DPI-C" task publicSetBool;

          task publicSetBool;
             input bit in_bool;
             var_bool = in_bool;
          endtask

       Then after Verilating, Verilator will create a file Vour__Dpi.h with the prototype to call
       this function:

           extern bool publicSetBool(bool in_bool);

       From the sc_main.cpp file, you'd then:

           #include "Vour__Dpi.h"
           publicSetBool(value);

       Or, alternatively, call the function under the design class.  This isn't DPI compatible
       but is easier to read and better supports multiple designs.

           #include "Vour__Dpi.h"
           Vour::publicSetBool(value);
           // or top->publicSetBool(value);

       Note that if the DPI task or function accesses any register or net within the RTL, it will
       require a scope to be set. This can be done using the standard functions within svdpi.h,
       after the module is instantiated, but before the task(s) and/or function(s) are called.

       For example, if the top level module is instantiated with the name "dut" and the name
       references within tasks are all hierarchical (dotted) names with respect to that top level
       module, then the scope could be set with

           #include "svdpi.h"
           ...
           svSetScope (svGetScopeFromName ("dut"));

       (Remember that Verilator adds a "V" to the top of the module hierarchy.)

       Scope can also be set from within a DPI imported C function that has been called from
       Verilog by querying the scope of that function. See the sections on DPI Context Functions
       and DPI Header Isolation below and the comments within the svdpi.h header for more
       information.

   DPI Display Functions
       Verilator allows writing $display like functions using this syntax:

          import "DPI-C" function void
                \$my_display (input string formatted /*verilator sformat*/ );

       The /*verilator sformat*/ indicates that this function accepts a $display like format
       specifier followed by any number of arguments to satisfy the format.

   DPI Context Functions
       Verilator supports IEEE DPI Context Functions.  Context imports pass the simulator
       context, including calling scope name, and filename and line number to the C code.  For
       example, in Verilog:

          import "DPI-C" context function int dpic_line();
          initial $display("This is line %d, again, line %d\n", `line, dpic_line());

       This will call C++ code which may then use the svGet* functions to read information, in
       this case the line number of the Verilog statement that invoked the dpic_line function:

          int dpic_line() {
              // Get a scope:  svScope scope = svGetScope();

              const char* scopenamep = svGetNameFromScope(scope);
              assert(scopenamep);

              const char* filenamep = "";
              int lineno = 0;
              if (svGetCallerInfo(&filenamep, &lineno)) {
                  printf("dpic_line called from scope %s on line %d\n",
                     scopenamep, lineno);
                  return lineno;
              } else {
                  return 0;
              }
          }

       See the IEEE Standard for more information.

   DPI Header Isolation
       Verilator places the IEEE standard header files such as svdpi.h into a separate include
       directory, vltstd (VeriLaTor STandarD).  When compiling most applications
       $VERILATOR_ROOT/include/vltstd would be in the include path along with the normal
       $VERILATOR_ROOT/include.  However, when compiling Verilated models into other simulators
       which have their own svdpi.h and similar standard files with different contents, the
       vltstd directory should not be included to prevent picking up incompatible definitions.

   Public Functions
       Instead of DPI exporting, there's also Verilator public functions, which are slightly
       faster, but less compatible.

VERIFICATION PROCEDURAL INTERFACE (VPI)

       Verilator supports a very limited subset of the VPI.  This subset allows inspection,
       examination, value change callbacks, and depositing of values to public signals only.

       To access signals via the VPI, Verilator must be told exactly which signals are to be
       accessed.  This is done using the Verilator public pragmas documented below.

       Verilator has an important difference from an event based simulator; signal values that
       are changed by the VPI will not immediately propagate their values, instead the top level
       header file's eval() method must be called.  Normally this would be part of the normal
       evaluation (IE the next clock edge), not as part of the value change.  This makes the
       performance of VPI routines extremely fast compared to event based simulators, but can
       confuse some test-benches that expect immediate propagation.

       Note the VPI by it's specified implementation will always be much slower than accessing
       the Verilator values by direct reference (structure->module->signame), as the VPI
       accessors perform lookup in functions at runtime requiring at best hundreds of
       instructions, while the direct references are evaluated by the compiler and result in only
       a couple of instructions.

   VPI Example
       In the below example, we have readme marked read-only, and writeme which if written from
       outside the model will have the same semantics as if it changed on the specified clock
       edge.

           module t;
              reg readme   /*verilator public_flat_rd*/;
              reg writeme  /*verilator public_flat_rw @(posedge clk) */;
           endmodule

       There are many online tutorials and books on the VPI, but an example that accesses the
       above would be:

       void read_and_check() {
           vpiHandle vh1 = vpi_handle_by_name((PLI_BYTE8*)"t.readme", NULL);
           if (!vh1) { error... }
           const char* name = vpi_get_str(vpiName, vh1);
           printf("Module name: %s\n");  // Prints "readme"

           s_vpi_value v;
           v.format = vpiIntVal;
           vpi_get_value(vh1, &v);
           printf("Value of v: %d\n", v.value.integer);  // Prints "readme"
       }

CROSS COMPILATION

       Verilator supports cross-compiling Verilated code.  This is generally used to run
       Verilator on a Linux system and produce C++ code that is then compiled on Windows.

       Cross compilation involves up to three different OSes.  The build system is where you
       configured and compiled Verilator, the host system where you run Verilator, and the target
       system where you compile the Verilated code and run the simulation.

       Currently, Verilator requires the build and host system type to be the same, though the
       target system type may be different.  To support this, ./configure and make Verilator on
       the build system.  Then, run Verilator on the host system.  Finally, the output of
       Verilator may be compiled on the different target system.

       To support this, none of the files that Verilator produces will reference any configure
       generated build-system specific files, such as config.h (which is renamed in Verilator to
       config_build.h to reduce confusion.)  The disadvantage of this approach is that
       include/verilatedos.h must self-detect the requirements of the target system, rather than
       using configure.

       The target system may also require edits to the Makefiles, the simple Makefiles produced
       by Verilator presume the target system is the same type as the build system.

   Cadence NC-SystemC Models
       Similar to compiling Verilated designs with gcc, Verilated designs may be compiled inside
       other simulators that support C++ or SystemC models.  One such simulator is Cadence's NC-
       SystemC, part of their Incisive Verification Suite.  (Highly recommended.)

       Using the example files above, the following command will build the model underneath NC:

          cd obj_dir
          ncsc_run \
               sc_main.cpp \
               Vour__ALLcls.cpp \
               Vour__ALLsup.cpp \
               verilated.cpp

       For larger designs you'll want to automate this using makefiles, which pull the names of
       the .cpp files to compile in from the make variables generated in obj_dir/Vour_classes.mk.

CONFIGURATION FILES

       In addition to the command line, warnings and other features may be controlled by
       configuration files, typically named with the .vlt extension. An example:

         `verilator_config
         lint_off -msg WIDTH
         lint_off -msg CASEX  -file "silly_vendor_code.v"

       This disables WIDTH warnings globally, and CASEX for a specific file.

       Configuration files are parsed after the normal Verilog preprocessing, so `ifdefs,
       `defines, and comments may be used as if it were normal Verilog code.

       The grammar of configuration commands is as follows:

       `verilator_config
           Take remaining text up the the next `verilog mode switch and treat it as Verilator
           configuration commands.

       coverage_off [-file "<filename>" [-lines <line> [ - <line> ]]]
           Disable coverage for the specified filename (or wildcard with '*' or '?', or all files
           if omitted) and range of line numbers (or all lines if omitted).  Often used to ignore
           an entire module for coverage analysis purposes.

       lint_off [-msg <message>] [-file "<filename>" [-lines <line> [ - <line>]]]
           Disables the specified lint warning, in the specified filename (or wildcard with '*'
           or '?', or all files if omitted) and range of line numbers (or all lines if omitted).

           If the -msg is omitted, all lint warnings are disabled.  This will override all later
           lint warning enables for the specified region.

       tracing_off [-file "<filename>" [-lines <line> [ - <line> ]]]
           Disable waveform tracing for all future signals declared in the specified filename (or
           wildcard with '*' or '?', or all files if omitted) and range of line numbers (or all
           lines if omitted).

LANGUAGE STANDARD SUPPORT

   Verilog 2001 (IEEE 1364-2001) Support
       Verilator supports most Verilog 2001 language features.  This includes signed numbers,
       "always @*", generate statements, multidimensional arrays, localparam, and C-style
       declarations inside port lists.

   Verilog 2005 (IEEE 1364-2005) Support
       Verilator supports most Verilog 2005 language features.  This includes the `begin_keywords
       and `end_keywords compiler directives, $clog2, and the uwire keyword.

   SystemVerilog 2005 (IEEE 1800-2005) Support
       Verilator supports ==? and !=? operators, ++ and -- in some contexts, $bits, $countones,
       $error, $fatal, $info, $isunknown, $onehot, $onehot0, $unit, $warning, always_comb,
       always_ff, always_latch, bit, byte, chandle, const, do-while, enum, export, final, import,
       int, interface, logic, longint, modport, package, program, shortint, struct, time,
       typedef, union, var, void, priority case/if, and unique case/if.

       It also supports .name and .* interconnection.

       Verilator partially supports concurrent assert and cover statements; see the enclosed
       coverage tests for the syntax which is allowed.

   SystemVerilog 2012 (IEEE 1800-2012) Support
       Verilator implements a full SystemVerilog 2012 preprocessor, including function call-like
       preprocessor defines, default define arguments, `__FILE__, `__LINE__ and `undefineall.

       Verilator currently has some support for SystemVerilog synthesis constructs. As
       SystemVerilog features enter common usage they are added; please file a bug if a feature
       you need is missing.

   Verilog AMS Support
       Verilator implements a very small subset of Verilog AMS (Verilog Analog and Mixed-Signal
       Extensions) with the subset corresponding to those VMS keywords with near equivelents in
       the Verilog 2005 or SystemVerilog 2009 languages.

       AMS parsing is enabled with "--language VAMS" or "--language 1800+VAMS".

       At present Verilator implements ceil, exp, floor, ln, log, pow, sqrt, string, and wreal.

   Sugar/PSL Support
       Most future work is being directed towards improving SystemVerilog assertions instead of
       PSL.  If you are using these PSL features, please contact the author as they may be
       depreciated in future versions.

       With the --assert switch, Verilator enables support of the Property Specification Language
       (PSL), specifically the simple PSL subset without time-branching primitives.  Verilator
       currently only converts PSL assertions to simple "if (...) error" statements, and coverage
       statements to increment the line counters described in the coverage section.

       Verilator implements these keywords: assert, assume (same as assert), default (for
       clocking), countones, cover, isunknown, onehot, onehot0, report, and true.

       Verilator implements these operators: -> (logical if).

       Verilator does not support SEREs yet.  All assertion and coverage statements must be
       simple expressions that complete in one cycle.  PSL vmode/vprop/vunits are not supported.
       PSL statements must be in the module they reference, at the module level where you would
       put an initial... statement.

       Verilator only supports (posedge CLK) or (negedge CLK), where CLK is the name of a one bit
       signal.  You may not use arbitrary expressions as assertion clocks.

   Synthesis Directive Assertion Support
       With the --assert switch, Verilator reads any "//synopsys full_case" or "//synopsys
       parallel_case" directives.  The same applies to any "//ambit synthesis", "//cadence" or
       "//pragma" directives of the same form.

       When these synthesis directives are discovered, Verilator will either formally prove the
       directive to be true, or failing that, will insert the appropriate code to detect failing
       cases at runtime and print an "Assertion failed" error message.

       Verilator likewise also asserts any "unique" or "priority" SystemVerilog keywords on case
       statements.  However, "unique if" and "priority if" are currently simply ignored.

LANGUAGE EXTENSIONS

       The following additional constructs are the extensions Verilator supports on top of
       standard Verilog code.  Using these features outside of comments or `ifdef's may break
       other tools.

       `__FILE__
           The __FILE__ define expands to the current filename as a string, like C++'s __FILE__.
           This was incorporated into to the 1800-2009 standard (but supported by Verilator since
           2006!)

       `__LINE__
           The __LINE__ define expands to the current filename as a string, like C++'s __LINE__.
           This was incorporated into to the 1800-2009 standard (but supported by Verilator since
           2006!)

       `error string
           This will report an error when encountered, like C++'s #error.

       _(expr)
           A underline followed by an expression in parenthesis returns a Verilog expression.
           This is different from normal parenthesis in special contexts, such as PSL
           expressions, and can be used to embed bit concatenation ({}) inside of PSL statements.

       $c(string, ...);
           The string will be embedded directly in the output C++ code at the point where the
           surrounding Verilog code is compiled.  It may either be a standalone statement (with a
           trailing ; in the string), or a function that returns up to a 32-bit number (without a
           trailing ;). This can be used to call C++ functions from your Verilog code.

           String arguments will be put directly into the output C++ code.  Expression arguments
           will have the code to evaluate the expression inserted.  Thus to call a C++ function,
           $c("func(",a,")") will result in 'func(a)' in the output C++ code.  For input
           arguments, rather than hard-coding variable names in the string $c("func(a)"), instead
           pass the variable as an expression $c("func(",a,")").  This will allow the call to
           work inside Verilog functions where the variable is flattened out, and also enable
           other optimizations.

           If you will be reading or writing any Verilog variables inside the C++ functions, the
           Verilog signals must be declared with /*verilator public*/.

           You may also append an arbitrary number to $c, generally the width of the output.
           [signal_32_bits = $c32("...");] This allows for compatibility with other simulators
           which require a differently named PLI function name for each different output width.

       $display, $write, $fdisplay, $fwrite, $sformat, $swrite
           Format arguments may use C fprintf sizes after the % escape.  Per the Verilog
           standard, %x prints a number with the natural width, and %0x prints a number with
           minimum width.  Verilator extends this so %5x prints 5 digits per the C standard (it's
           unspecified in Verilog).

       `coverage_block_off
           Specifies the entire begin/end block should be ignored for coverage analysis.  Same as
           /* verilator coverage_block_off */.

       `systemc_header
           Take remaining text up to the next `verilog or `systemc_... mode switch and place it
           verbatim into the output .h file's header.  Despite the name of this macro, this also
           works in pure C++ code.

       `systemc_ctor
           Take remaining text up to the next `verilog or `systemc_... mode switch and place it
           verbatim into the C++ class constructor.  Despite the name of this macro, this also
           works in pure C++ code.

       `systemc_dtor
           Take remaining text up to the next `verilog or `systemc_... mode switch and place it
           verbatim into the C++ class destructor.  Despite the name of this macro, this also
           works in pure C++ code.

       `systemc_interface
           Take remaining text up to the next `verilog or `systemc_... mode switch and place it
           verbatim into the C++ class interface.  Despite the name of this macro, this also
           works in pure C++ code.

       `systemc_imp_header
           Take remaining text up to the next `verilog or `systemc_... mode switch and place it
           verbatim into the header of all files for this C++ class implementation.  Despite the
           name of this macro, this also works in pure C++ code.

       `systemc_implementation
           Take remaining text up to the next `verilog or `systemc_... mode switch and place it
           verbatim into a single file of the C++ class implementation.  Despite the name of this
           macro, this also works in pure C++ code.

           If you will be reading or writing any Verilog variables in the C++ functions, the
           Verilog signals must be declared with /*verilator public*/.  See also the public task
           feature; writing an accessor may result in cleaner code.

       `SYSTEMVERILOG
           The SYSTEMVERILOG, SV_COV_START and related standard defines are set by default when
           --language is 1800-*.

       `VERILATOR
       `verilator
       `verilator3
           The VERILATOR, verilator and verilator3 defines are set by default so you may `ifdef
           around compiler specific constructs.

       `verilator_config
           Take remaining text up the the next `verilog mode switch and treat it as Verilator
           configuration commands.

       `verilog
           Switch back to processing Verilog code after a `systemc_... mode switch.  The Verilog
           code returns to the last language mode specified with `begin_keywords, or
           SystemVerilog if none were specified.

       /*verilator clock_enable*/
           Used after a signal declaration to indicate the signal is used to gate a clock, and
           the user takes responsibility for insuring there are no races related to it.
           (Typically by adding a latch, and running static timing analysis.) For example:

              reg enable_r /*verilator clock_enable*/;
              wire gated_clk = clk & enable_r;
              always_ff @ (posedge clk)
                 enable_r <= enable_early;

           The clock_enable attribute will cause the clock gate to be ignored in the scheduling
           algorithm, sometimes required for correct clock behavior, and always improving
           performance.  It's also a good idea to enable the IMPERFECTSCH warning, to insure all
           clock enables are properly recognized.

       /*verilator coverage_block_off*/
           Specifies the entire begin/end block should be ignored for coverage analysis purposes.

       /*verilator coverage_off*/
           Specifies that following lines of code should have coverage disabled.  Often used to
           ignore an entire module for coverage analysis purposes.

       /*verilator coverage_on*/
           Specifies that following lines of code should have coverage re-enabled (if appropriate
           --coverage flags are passed) after being disabled earlier with /*verilator
           coverage_off*/.

       /*verilator inline_module*/
           Specifies the module the comment appears in may be inlined into any modules that use
           this module.  This is useful to speed up simulation time with some small loss of trace
           visibility and modularity.  Note signals under inlined submodules will be named
           submodule__DOT__subsignal as C++ does not allow "." in signal names.  SystemPerl when
           tracing such signals will replace the __DOT__ with the period.

       /*verilator isolate_assignments*/
           Used after a signal declaration to indicate the assignments to this signal in any
           blocks should be isolated into new blocks.  When there is a large combinatorial block
           that is resulting in a UNOPTFLAT warning, attaching this to the signal causing a false
           loop may clear up the problem.

           IE, with the following

               reg splitme /* verilator isolate_assignments*/;
               // Note the placement of the semicolon above
               always @* begin
                 if (....) begin
                    splitme = ....;
                    other assignments
                 end
               end

           Verilator will internally split the block that assigns to "splitme" into two blocks:

           It would then internally break it into (sort of):

               // All assignments excluding those to splitme
               always @* begin
                 if (....) begin
                    other assignments
                 end
               end
               // All assignments to splitme
               always @* begin
                 if (....) begin
                    splitme = ....;
                 end
               end

       /*verilator lint_off msg*/
           Disable the specified warning message for any warnings following the comment.

       /*verilator lint_on msg*/
           Re-enable the specified warning message for any warnings following the comment.

       /*verilator lint_restore*/
           After a /*verilator lint_save*/, pop the stack containing lint message state.  Often
           this is useful at the bottom of include files.

       /*verilator lint_save*/
           Push the current state of what lint messages are turned on or turned off to a stack.
           Later meta-comments may then lint_on or lint_off specific messages, then return to the
           earlier message state by using /*verilator lint_restore*/.  For example:

               // verilator lint_save
               // verilator lint_off SOME_WARNING
               ...  // code needing SOME_WARNING turned off
               // verilator lint_restore

           If SOME_WARNING was on before the lint_off, it will now be restored to on, and if it
           was off before the lint_off it will remain off.

       /*verilator no_inline_task*/
           Used in a function or task variable definition section to specify the function or task
           should not be inlined into where it is used.  This may reduce the size of the final
           executable when a task is used a very large number of times.  For this flag to work,
           the task and tasks below it must be pure; they cannot reference any variables outside
           the task itself.

       /*verilator public*/ (variable)
           Used after an input, output, register, or wire declaration to indicate the signal
           should be declared so that C code may read or write the value of the signal.  This
           will also declare this module public, otherwise use /*verilator public_flat*/.

           Instead of using public variables, consider instead making a DPI or public function
           that accesses the variable.  This is nicer as it provides an obvious entry point that
           is also compatible across simulators.

       /*verilator public*/ (task/function)
           Used inside the declaration section of a function or task declaration to indicate the
           function or task should be made into a C++ function, public to outside callers.
           Public tasks will be declared as a void C++ function, public functions will get the
           appropriate non-void (bool, uint32_t, etc) return type.  Any input arguments will
           become C++ arguments to the function.  Any output arguments will become C++ reference
           arguments.  Any local registers/integers will become function automatic variables on
           the stack.

           Wide variables over 64 bits cannot be function returns, to avoid exposing
           complexities.  However, wide variables can be input/outputs; they will be passed as
           references to an array of 32-bit numbers.

           Generally, only the values of stored state (flops) should be written, as the model
           will NOT notice changes made to variables in these functions.  (Same as when a signal
           is declared public.)

           You may want to use DPI exports instead, as it's compatible with other simulators.

       /*verilator public_flat*/ (variable)
           Used after an input, output, register, or wire declaration to indicate the signal
           should be declared so that C code may read or write the value of the signal.  This
           will not declare this module public, which means the name of the signal or path to it
           may change based upon the module inlining which takes place.

       /*verilator public_flat_rd*/ (variable)
           Used after an input, output, register, or wire declaration to indicate the signal
           should be declared public_flat (see above), but read-only.

       /*verilator public_flat_rw @(<edge_list>) */ (variable)
           Used after an input, output, register, or wire declaration to indicate the signal
           should be declared public_flat_rd (see above), and also writable, where writes should
           be considered to have the timing specified by the given sensitivity edge list.

       /*verilator public_module*/
           Used after a module statement to indicate the module should not be inlined (unless
           specifically requested) so that C code may access the module.  Verilator automatically
           sets this attribute when the module contains any public signals or `systemc_
           directives.  Also set for all modules when using the --public switch.

       /*verilator sc_clock*/
           Rarely needed.  Used after an input declaration to indicate the signal should be
           declared in SystemC as a sc_clock instead of a bool.  This was needed in SystemC 1.1
           and 1.2 only; versions 2.0 and later do not require clock pins to be sc_clocks and
           this is no longer needed.

       /*verilator sc_bv*/
           Used after a port declaration.  It sets the port to be of sc_bv<width> type, instead
           of bool, vluint32_t or vluint64_t.  This may be useful if the port width is
           parametrized and different of such modules interface a templated module (such as a
           transactor) or for other reasons.  In general you should avoid using this attribute
           when not necessary as with increasing usage of sc_bv the performance increases
           significantly.

       /*verilator sformat*/
           Attached to the final input of a function or task "input string" to indicate the
           function or task should pass all remaining arguments through $sformatf.  This allows
           creation of DPI functions with $display like behavior.  See the
           test_regress/t/t_dpi_display.v file for an example.

       /*verilator tracing_off*/
           Disable waveform tracing for all future signals that are declared in this module.
           Often this is placed just after a primitive's module statement, so that the entire
           module is not traced.

       /*verilator tracing_on*/
           Re-enable waveform tracing for all future signals that are declared.

LANGUAGE LIMITATIONS

       There are some limitations and lack of features relative to a commercial simulator, by
       intent.  User beware.

       It is strongly recommended you use a lint tool before running this program.  Verilator
       isn't designed to easily uncover common mistakes that a lint program will find for you.

   Synthesis Subset
       Verilator supports only the Synthesis subset with a few minor additions such as $stop,
       $finish and $display.  That is, you cannot use hierarchical references, events or similar
       features of the Verilog language.  It also simulates as Synopsys's Design Compiler would;
       namely a block of the form:

               always @ (x)   y = x & z;

       This will recompute y when there is even a potential for change in x or a change in z,
       that is when the flops computing x or z evaluate (which is what Design Compiler will
       synthesize.)  A compliant simulator would only calculate y if x changes.  Use verilog-
       mode's /*AS*/ or Verilog 2001's always @* to reduce missing activity items.  Avoid putting
       $displays in combo blocks, as they may print multiple times when not desired, even on
       compliant simulators as event ordering is not specified.

   Bind
       Verilator only supports "bind" to a target module name, not an instance path.

   Dotted cross-hierarchy references
       Verilator supports dotted references to variables, functions and tasks in different
       modules. However, references into named blocks and function-local variables are not
       supported.  The portion before the dot must have a constant value; for example a[2].b is
       acceptable, while a[x].b is not.

       References into generated and arrayed instances use the instance names specified in the
       Verilog standard; arrayed instances are named {cellName}[{instanceNumber}] in Verilog,
       which becomes {cellname}__BRA__{instanceNumber}__KET__ inside the generated C++ code.

       Verilator creates numbered "genblk" when a begin: name is not specified around a block
       inside a generate statement.  These numbers may differ between other simulators, but the
       Verilog specification does not allow users to use these names, so it should not matter.

       If you are having trouble determining where a dotted path goes wrong, note that Verilator
       will print a list of known scopes to help your debugging.

   Floating Point
       Floating Point (real) numbers are supported.

   Latches
       Verilator is optimized for edge sensitive (flop based) designs.  It will attempt to do the
       correct thing for latches, but most performance optimizations will be disabled around the
       latch.

   Structures and Unions
       Verilator only presently supports packed structs and packed unions.  Rand and randc tags
       on members are simply ignored.  All structures and unions are represented as a single
       vector, which means that generating one member of a structure from blocking, and another
       from non-blocking assignments is unsupported.

   Time
       All delays (#) are ignored, as they are in synthesis.

   Unknown states
       Verilator is mostly a two state simulator, not a four state simulator.  However, it has
       two features which uncover most initialization bugs (including many that a four state
       simulator will miss.)

       Identity comparisons (=== or !==) are converted to standard ==/!== when neither side is a
       constant.  This may make the expression result differ from a four state simulator.  An ===
       comparison to X will always be false, so that Verilog code which checks for uninitialized
       logic will not fire.

       Assigning a variable to a X will actually assign the variable to a random value (see the
       --x-assign switch.)  Thus if the value is actually used, the random value should cause
       downstream errors.  Integers also randomize, even though the Verilog 2001 specification
       says they initialize to zero.

       All variables are randomly initialized using a function.  By running several random
       simulation runs you can determine that reset is working correctly.  On the first run, the
       function initializes variables to zero.  On the second, have it initialize variables to
       one.  On the third and following runs have it initialize them randomly.  If the results
       match, reset works.  (Note this is what the hardware will really do.)  In practice, just
       setting all variables to one at startup finds most problems.

       Note. --x-assign applies to variables explicitly initialized or assigned to X.
       Unititialized clocks are initialized to zero, while all other state holding variables are
       initialized to a random value.

       Event driven simulators will generally trigger an edge on a transition from X to 1
       ("posedge") or X to 0 ("negedge"). However, by default, since clocks are initialized to
       zero, Verilator will not trigger an initial negedge. Some code (particulary for reset) may
       rely on X->0 triggering an edge. Verilator provides a switch (see --x-initial-edge) to
       enable this behavior. Comparing runs with and without this switch will find such problems.

   Tri/Inout
       Verilator converts some simple tristate structures into two state.  Pullup, pulldown,
       bufif0, bufif1, notif0, notif1, pmos, nmos, tri0 and tri1 are also supported.  Simple
       comparisons with === 1'bz are also supported.

       An assignment of the form:

           inout driver;
           wire driver = (enable) ? output_value : 1'bz;

       Will be converted to

           input driver;       // Value being driven in from "external" drivers
           output driver__en;  // True if driven from this module
           output driver__out; // Value being driven from this module

       External logic will be needed to combine these signals with any external drivers.

       Tristate drivers are not supported inside functions and tasks; an inout there will be
       considered a two state variable that is read and written instead of a four state variable.

   Functions & Tasks
       All functions and tasks will be inlined (will not become functions in C.)  The only
       support provided is for simple statements in tasks (which may affect global variables).

       Recursive functions and tasks are not supported.  All inputs and outputs are automatic, as
       if they had the Verilog 2001 "automatic" keyword prepended.  (If you don't know what this
       means, Verilator will do what you probably expect -- what C does. The default behavior of
       Verilog is different.)

   Generated Clocks
       Verilator attempts to deal with generated and enabled clocks correctly, however some cases
       cause problems in the scheduling algorithm which is optimized for performance.  The safest
       option is to have all clocks as primary inputs to the model, or wires directly attached to
       primary inputs.  For proper behavior clock enables may also need the /*verilator
       clock_enable*/ attribute.

   Ranges must be big-bit-endian
       Bit ranges must be numbered with the MSB being numbered greater or the same as the LSB.
       Little-bit-endian busses [0:15] are not supported as they aren't easily made compatible
       with C++.

   Gate Primitives
       The 2-state gate primitives (and, buf, nand, nor, not, or, xnor, xor) are directly
       converted to behavioral equivalents.  The 3-state and MOS gate primitives are not
       supported.  Tables are not supported.

   Specify blocks
       All specify blocks and timing checks are ignored.

   Array Initialization
       When initializing a large array, you need to use non-delayed assignments.  Verilator will
       tell you when this needs to be fixed; see the BLKLOOPINIT error for more information.

   Array Out of Bounds
       Writing a memory element that is outside the bounds specified for the array may cause a
       different memory element inside the array to be written instead.  For power-of-2 sized
       arrays, Verilator will give a width warning and the address.  For non-power-of-2-sizes
       arrays, index 0 will be written.

       Reading a memory element that is outside the bounds specified for the array will give a
       width warning and wrap around the power-of-2 size.  For non-power-of-2 sizes, it will
       return a unspecified constant of the appropriate width.

   Assertions
       Verilator is beginning to add support for assertions.  Verilator currently only converts
       assertions to simple "if (...) error" statements, and coverage statements to increment the
       line counters described in the coverage section.

       Verilator does not support SEREs yet.  All assertion and coverage statements must be
       simple expressions that complete in one cycle.  (Arguably SEREs are much of the point, but
       one must start somewhere.)

   Language Keyword Limitations
       This section describes specific limitations for each language keyword.

       `__FILE__, `__LINE__, `begin_keywords, `begin_keywords, `begin_keywords, `begin_keywords,
       `begin_keywords, `define, `else, `elsif, `end_keywords, `endif, `error, `ifdef, `ifndef,
       `include, `line, `systemc_ctor, `systemc_dtor, `systemc_header, `systemc_imp_header,
       `systemc_implementation, `systemc_interface, `timescale, `undef, `verilog
           Fully supported.

       always, always_comb, always_ff, always_latch, and, assign, begin, buf, byte, case, casex,
       casez, default, defparam, do-while, else, end, endcase, endfunction, endgenerate,
       endmodule, endspecify, endtask, final, for, function, generate, genvar, if, initial,
       inout, input, int, integer, localparam, logic, longint, macromodule, module, nand,
       negedge, nor, not, or, output, parameter, posedge, reg, scalared, shortint, signed,
       supply0, supply1, task, time, tri, typedef, var, vectored, while, wire, xnor, xor
           Generally supported.

       ++, -- operators
           Increment/decrement can only be used as standalone statements or in for loops.  They
           cannot be used as side effect operators inside more complicate expressions ("a =
           b++;").

       '{} operator
           Assignment patterns with order based, default, constant integer (array) or member
           identifier (struct/union) keys are supported.  Data type keys and keys which are
           computed from a constant expression are not supported.

       cast operator
           Casting is supported only between simple scalar types, signed and unsigned, not arrays
           nor structs.

       chandle
           Treated as a "longint"; does not yet warn about operations that are specified as
           illegal on chandles.

       disable
           Disable statements may be used only if the block being disabled is a block the disable
           statement itself is inside.  This was commonly used to provide loop break and continue
           functionality before SystemVerilog added the break and continue keywords.

       inside
           Inside expressions may not include unpacked array traversal or $ as an upper bound.
           Case inside and case matches are also unsupported.

       interface
           Interfaces and modports, including with generated data types are supported.  Generate
           blocks around modports are not supported, nor are virtual interfaces nor unnamed
           interfaces.

       priority if, unique if
           Priority and unique if's are treated as normal ifs and not asserted to be full nor
           unique.

       specify specparam
           All specify blocks and timing checks are ignored.

       string
           String is supported only to the point that they can be passed to DPI imports.

       timeunit, timeprecision
           All timing control statements are ignored.

       uwire
           Verilator does not perform warning checking on uwires, it treats the uwire keyword as
           if it were the normal wire keyword.

       $bits, $countones, $error, $fatal, $finish, $info, $isunknown, $onehot, $onehot0,
       $readmemb, $readmemh, $signed, $stime, $stop, $time, $unsigned, $warning.
           Generally supported.

       $display, $write, $fdisplay, $fwrite, $swrite
           $display and friends must have a constant format string as the first argument (as with
           C's printf).  The rare usage which lists variables standalone without a format is not
           supported.

       $displayb, $displayh, $displayo, $writeb, $writeh, $writeo, etc
           The sized display functions are rarely used and so not supported.  Replace them with a
           $write with the appropriate format specifier.

       $finish, $stop
           The rarely used optional parameter to $finish and $stop is ignored.

       $fopen, $fclose, $fdisplay, $feof, $fflush, $fgetc, $fgets, $fscanf, $fwrite
           File descriptors passed to the file PLI calls must be file descriptors, not MCDs,
           which includes the mode parameter to $fopen being mandatory.

       $fscanf, $sscanf
           Only integer formats are supported; %e, %f, %m, %r, %v, and %z are not supported.

       $fullskew, $hold, $nochange, $period, $recovery, $recrem, $removal, $setup, $setuphold,
       $skew, $timeskew, $width
           All specify blocks and timing checks are ignored.

       $random
           $random does not support the optional argument to set the seed.  Use the srand
           function in C to accomplish this, and note there is only one random number generator
           (not one per module).

       $readmemb, $readmemh
           Read memory commands should work properly.  Note Verilator and the Verilog
           specification does not include support for readmem to multi-dimensional arrays.

       $test$plusargs, $value$plusargs
           Supported, but the instantiating C++/SystemC testbench must call

               Verilated::commandArgs(argc, argv);

           to register the command line before calling $test$plusargs or $value$plusargs.

       $timeformat
           Not supported as Verilator needs to determine all formatting at compile time.
           Generally you can just ifdef them out for no ill effect.  Note also VL_TIME_MULTIPLER
           can be defined at compile time to move the decimal point when displaying all times,
           model wide.

ERRORS AND WARNINGS

       Warnings may be disabled in two ways.  First, when the warning is printed it will include
       a warning code.  Simply surround the offending line with a warn_off/warn_on pair:

               // verilator lint_off UNSIGNED
               if (`DEF_THAT_IS_EQ_ZERO <= 3) $stop;
               // verilator lint_on UNSIGNED

       Warnings may also be globally disabled by invoking Verilator with the "-Wno-warning"
       switch.  This should be avoided, as it removes all checking across the designs, and
       prevents other users from compiling your code without knowing the magic set of disables
       needed to successfully compile your design.

       List of all warnings:

       ALWCOMBORDER
           Warns that an always_comb block has a variable which is set after it is used.  This
           may cause simulation-synthesis mismatches, as not all commercial simulators allow this
           ordering.

               always_comb begin
                  a = b;
                  b = 1;
               end

           Ignoring this warning will only suppress the lint check, it will simulate correctly.

       ASSIGNIN
           Error that an assignment is being made to an input signal.  This is almost certainly a
           mistake, though technically legal.

               input a;
               assign a = 1'b1;

           Ignoring this warning will only suppress the lint check, it will simulate correctly.

       ASSIGNDLY
           Warns that you have an assignment statement with a delayed time in front of it, for
           example:

               a <= #100 b;
               assign #100 a = b;

           Ignoring this warning may make Verilator simulations differ from other simulators,
           however at one point this was a common style so disabled by default as a code style
           warning.

       BLKANDNBLK
           BLKANDNBLK is an error that a variable comes from a mix of blocked and non-blocking
           assignments.  Generally, this is caused by a register driven by both combo logic and a
           flop:

                 always @ (posedge clk)  foo[0] <= ...
                 always @* foo[1] = ...

           Simply use a different register for the flop:

                 always @ (posedge clk)  foo_flopped[0] <= ...
                 always @* foo[0] = foo_flopped[0];
                 always @* foo[1] = ...

           This is good coding practice anyways.

           It is also possible to disable this error when one of the assignments is inside a
           public task.

           Ignoring this warning may make Verilator simulations differ from other simulators.

       BLKSEQ
           This indicates that a blocking assignment (=) is used in a sequential block.
           Generally non-blocking/delayed assignments (<=) are used in sequential blocks, to
           avoid the possibility of simulator races.  It can be reasonable to do this if the
           generated signal is used ONLY later in the same block, however this style is generally
           discouraged as it is error prone.

                 always @ (posedge clk)  foo = ...

           Disabled by default as this is a code style warning; it will simulate correctly.

       BLKLOOPINIT
           This indicates that the initialization of an array needs to use non-delayed
           assignments.  This is done in the interest of speed; if delayed assignments were used,
           the simulator would have to copy large arrays every cycle.  (In smaller loops, loop
           unrolling allows the delayed assignment to work, though it's a bit slower than a non-
           delayed assignment.)  Here's an example

                   always @ (posedge clk)
                       if (~reset_l) begin
                           for (i=0; i<`ARRAY_SIZE; i++) begin
                               array[i] = 0;        // Non-delayed for verilator
                           end

           This message is only seen on large or complicated loops because Verilator generally
           unrolls small loops.  You may want to try increasing --unroll-count (and occasionally
           --unroll-stmts) which will raise the small loop bar to avoid this error.

       CASEINCOMPLETE
           Warns that inside a case statement there is a stimulus pattern for which there is no
           case item specified.  This is bad style, if a case is impossible, it's better to have
           a "default: $stop;" or just "default: ;" so that any design assumption violations will
           be discovered in simulation.

           Ignoring this warning will only suppress the lint check, it will simulate correctly.

       CASEOVERLAP
           Warns that inside a case statement you have case values which are detected to be
           overlapping.  This is bad style, as moving the order of case values will cause
           different behavior.  Generally the values can be respecified to not overlap.

           Ignoring this warning will only suppress the lint check, it will simulate correctly.

       CASEX
           Warns that it is simply better style to use casez, and "?" in place of "x"'s.  See
           <http://www.sunburst-design.com/papers/CummingsSNUG1999Boston_FullParallelCase_rev1_1.pdf>

           Ignoring this warning will only suppress the lint check, it will simulate correctly.

       CASEWITHX
           Warns that a case statement contains a constant with a "x".  Verilator is two-state so
           interpret such items as always false.  Note a common error is to use a "X" in a case
           or casez statement item; often what the user instead intended is to use a casez with
           "?".

           Ignoring this warning will only suppress the lint check, it will simulate correctly.

       CDCRSTLOGIC
           With --cdc only, warns that asynchronous flop reset terms come from other than primary
           inputs or flopped outputs, creating the potential for reset glitches.

       CMPCONST
           Warns that you are comparing a value in a way that will always be constant.  For
           example "X > 1" will always be true when X is a single bit wide.

           Ignoring this warning will only suppress the lint check, it will simulate correctly.

       COMBDLY
           Warns that you have a delayed assignment inside of a combinatorial block.  Using
           delayed assignments in this way is considered bad form, and may lead to the simulator
           not matching synthesis.  If this message is suppressed, Verilator, like synthesis,
           will convert this to a non-delayed assignment, which may result in logic races or
           other nasties.  See
           <http://www.sunburst-design.com/papers/CummingsSNUG2000SJ_NBA_rev1_2.pdf>

           Ignoring this warning may make Verilator simulations differ from other simulators.

       DECLFILENAME
           Warns that a module or other declaration's name doesn't match the filename with path
           and extension stripped that it is declared in.  The filename a
           modules/interfaces/programs is declared in should match the name of the module etc. so
           that -y directory searching will work.  This warning is printed for only the first
           mismatching module in any given file, and -v library files are ignored.

           Disabled by default as this is a code style warning; it will simulate correctly.

       DEFPARAM
           Warns that the "defparam" statement was deprecated in Verilog 2001 and all designs
           should now be using the #(...) format to specify parameters.

           Disabled by default as this is a code style warning; it will simulate correctly.

       DETECTARRAY
           Error when Verilator tries to deal with a combinatorial loop that could not be
           flattened, and which involves a datatype which Verilator cannot handle, such as an
           unpacked struct or a large unpacked array. This typically ocurrs when -Wno-UNOPTFLAT
           has been used to override an UNOPTFLAT warning (see below).

           The solution is to break the loop, as described for UNOPTFLAT.

       ENDLABEL
           Warns that a label attached to a "end"-something statement does not match the label
           attached to the block start.

           Ignoring this warning will only suppress the lint check, it will simulate correctly.

       GENCLK
           Warns that the specified signal is generated, but is also being used as a clock.
           Verilator needs to evaluate sequential logic multiple times in this situation. In
           somewhat contrived cases having any generated clock can reduce performance by almost a
           factor of two.  For fastest results, generate ALL clocks outside in C++/SystemC and
           make them primary inputs to your Verilog model.  (However once need to you have even
           one, don't sweat additional ones.)

           Ignoring this warning may make Verilator simulations differ from other simulators.

       IFDEPTH
           Warns that if/if else statements have exceeded the depth specified with --if-depth, as
           they are likely to result in slow priority encoders.  Unique and priority if
           statements are ignored.  Solutions include changing the code to a case statement, or a
           SystemVerilog 'unique if' or 'priority if'.

           Disabled by default as this is a code style warning; it will simulate correctly.

       IMPERFECTSCH
           Warns that the scheduling of the model is not absolutely perfect, and some manual code
           edits may result in faster performance.  This warning defaults to off, and must be
           turned on explicitly before the top module statement is processed.

       IMPLICIT
           Warns that a wire is being implicitly declared (it is a single bit wide output from a
           sub-module.)  While legal in Verilog, implicit declarations only work for single bit
           wide signals (not buses), do not allow using a signal before it is implicitly declared
           by a cell, and can lead to dangling nets.  A better option is the /*AUTOWIRE*/ feature
           of Verilog-Mode for Emacs, available from <http://www.veripool.org/>

           Ignoring this warning will only suppress the lint check, it will simulate correctly.

       IMPURE
           Warns that a task or function that has been marked with /*verilator no_inline_task*/
           references variables that are not local to the task.  Verilator cannot schedule these
           variables correctly.

           Ignoring this warning may make Verilator simulations differ from other simulators.

       INCABSPATH
           Warns that an `include filename specifies an absolute path.  This means the code will
           not work on any other system with a different file system layout.  Instead of using
           absolute paths, relative paths (preferably without any directory specified whatever)
           should be used, and +include used on the command line to specify the top include
           source directory.

           Disabled by default as this is a code style warning; it will simulate correctly.

       INITIALDLY
           Warns that you have a delayed assignment inside of an initial or final block.  If this
           message is suppressed, Verilator will convert this to a non-delayed assignment.  See
           also the COMBDLY warning.

           Ignoring this warning may make Verilator simulations differ from other simulators.

       LITENDIAN
           Warns that a packed vector is declared with little endian bit numbering (i.e. [0:7]).
           Big endian bit numbering is now the overwhelming standard, and little numbering is now
           thus often due to simple oversight instead of intent.

           Ignoring this warning will only suppress the lint check, it will simulate correctly.

       MODDUP
           Error that a module has multiple definitions.  Generally this indicates a coding
           error, or a mistake in a library file and it's good practice to have one module per
           file to avoid these issues.  For some gate level netlists duplicates are unavoidable,
           and this error may be disabled.

       MULTIDRIVEN
           Warns that the specified signal comes from multiple always blocks.  This is often
           unsupported by synthesis tools, and is considered bad style.  It will also cause
           longer runtimes due to reduced optimizations.

           Ignoring this warning will only slow simulations, it will simulate correctly.

       MULTITOP
           Error that there are multiple top level modules, that is modules not instantiated by
           any other module.  Verilator only supports a single top level, if you need more,
           create a module that wraps all of the top modules.

           Often this error is because some low level cell is being read in, but is not really
           needed.  The best solution is to insure that each module is in a unique file by the
           same name.  Otherwise, make sure all library files are read in as libraries with -v,
           instead of automatically with -y.

       PINMISSING
           Warns that a module has a pin which is not mentioned in a cell instantiation.  If a
           pin is not missing it should still be specified on the cell declaration with a empty
           connection,using "(.pin_name())".

           Ignoring this warning will only suppress the lint check, it will simulate correctly.

       PINNOCONNECT
           Warns that a cell instantiation has a pin which is not connected to another signal.

           Disabled by default as this is a code style warning; it will simulate correctly.

       REALCVT
           Warns that a real number is being implicitly rounded to an integer, with possible loss
           of precision.

       REDEFMACRO
           Warns that you have redefined the same macro with a different value, for example:

               `define MACRO def1
               //...
               `define MACRO otherdef

           The best solution is to use a different name for the second macro.  If this is not
           possible, add a undef to indicate the code is overriding the value:

               `define MACRO def1
               //...
               `undef MACRO
               `define MACRO otherdef

       SELRANGE
           Warns that a selection index will go out of bounds:

               wire vec[6:0];
               initial out = vec[7];  // There is no 7

           Verilator will assume zero for this value, instead of X.  Note that in some cases this
           warning may be false, when a condition upstream or downstream of the access means the
           access out of bounds will never execute or be used.

               wire vec[6:0];
               initial begin
                   seven = 7;
                   ...
                   if (seven != 7) out = vec[seven];  // Never will use vec[7]

       STMTDLY
           Warns that you have a statement with a delayed time in front of it, for example:

               #100 $finish;

           Ignoring this warning may make Verilator simulations differ from other simulators.

       SYMRSVDWORD
           Error that a symbol matches a C++ reserved word and using this as a symbol name would
           result in odd C compiler errors.  You may disable this error message as you would
           disable warnings, but the symbol will be renamed by Verilator to avoid the conflict.

       SYNCASYNCNET
           Warns that the specified net is used in at least two different always statements with
           posedge/negedges (i.e. a flop).  One usage has the signal in the sensitivity list and
           body, probably as an async reset, and the other usage has the signal only in the body,
           probably as a sync reset.  Mixing sync and async resets is usually a mistake.  The
           warning may be disabled with a lint_off pragma around the net, or either flopped
           block.

           Disabled by default as this is a code style warning; it will simulate correctly.

       TASKNSVAR
           Error when a call to a task or function has a output from that task tied to a non-
           simple signal.  Instead connect the task output to a temporary signal of the
           appropriate width, and use that signal to set the appropriate expression as the next
           statement.  For example:

                 task foo; output sig; ... endtask
                 always @* begin
                      foo(bus_we_select_from[2]);   // Will get TASKNSVAR error
                 end

           Change this to:

                 reg foo_temp_out;
                 always @* begin
                      foo(foo_temp_out);
                      bus_we_select_from[2] = foo_temp_out;
                 end

           Verilator doesn't do this conversion for you, as some more complicated cases would
           result in simulator mismatches.

       UNDRIVEN
           Warns that the specified signal is never sourced.  Verilator is fairly liberal in the
           usage calculations; making a signal public, or loading only a single array element
           marks the entire signal as driven.

           Disabled by default as this is a code style warning; it will simulate correctly.

       UNOPT
           Warns that due to some construct, optimization of the specified signal or block is
           disabled.  The construct should be cleaned up to improve runtime.

           A less obvious case of this is when a module instantiates two submodules.  Inside
           submodule A, signal I is input and signal O is output.  Likewise in submodule B,
           signal O is an input and I is an output.  A loop exists and a UNOPT warning will
           result if AI & AO both come from and go to combinatorial blocks in both submodules,
           even if they are unrelated always blocks.  This affects performance because Verilator
           would have to evaluate each submodule multiple times to stabilize the signals crossing
           between the modules.

           Ignoring this warning will only slow simulations, it will simulate correctly.

       UNOPTFLAT
           Warns that due to some construct, optimization of the specified signal is disabled.
           The signal specified includes a complete scope to the signal; it may be only one
           particular usage of a multiply instantiated block.  The construct should be cleaned up
           to improve runtime; two times better performance may be possible by fixing these
           warnings.

           Unlike the UNOPT warning, this occurs after netlist flattening, and indicates a more
           basic problem, as the less obvious case described under UNOPT does not apply.

           Often UNOPTFLAT is caused by logic that isn't truly circular as viewed by synthesis
           which analyzes interconnection per-bit, but is circular to simulation which analyzes
           per-bus:

                 wire [2:0] x = {x[1:0],shift_in};

           This statement needs to be evaluated multiple times, as a change in "shift_in"
           requires "x" to be computed 3 times before it becomes stable.  This is because a
           change in "x" requires "x" itself to change value, which causes the warning.

           For significantly better performance, split this into 2 separate signals:

                 wire [2:0] xout = {x[1:0],shift_in};

           and change all receiving logic to instead receive "xout".  Alternatively, change it to

                 wire [2:0] x = {xin[1:0],shift_in};

           and change all driving logic to instead drive "xin".

           With this change this assignment needs to be evaluated only once.  These sort of
           changes may also speed up your traditional event driven simulator, as it will result
           in fewer events per cycle.

           The most complicated UNOPTFLAT path we've seen was due to low bits of a bus being
           generated from an always statement that consumed high bits of the same bus processed
           by another series of always blocks.  The fix is the same; split it into two separate
           signals generated from each block.

           The UNOPTFLAT warning may also be due to clock enables, identified from the reported
           path going through a clock gating cell.  To fix these, use the clock_enable meta
           comment described above.

           The UNOPTFLAT warning may also occur where outputs from a block of logic are
           independent, but occur in the same always block.  To fix this, use the
           isolate_assignments meta comment described above.

           To assist in resolving UNOPTFLAT, the option "--report-unoptflat" can be used, which
           will provide suggestions for variables that can be split up, and a graph of all the
           nodes connected in the loop. See the Arguments section for more details.

           Ignoring this warning will only slow simulations, it will simulate correctly.

       UNPACKED
           Warns that unpacked structs and unions are not supported.

           Ignoring this warning will make Verilator treat the structure as packed, which may
           make Verilator simulations differ from other simulators.

       UNSIGNED
           Warns that you are comparing a unsigned value in a way that implies it is signed, for
           example "X < 0" will always be true when X is unsigned.

           Ignoring this warning will only suppress the lint check, it will simulate correctly.

       UNUSED
           Warns that the specified signal is never sinked.  Verilator is fairly liberal in the
           usage calculations; making a signal public, a signal matching --unused-regexp
           ("*unused*") or accessing only a single array element marks the entire signal as used.

           Disabled by default as this is a code style warning; it will simulate correctly.

           A recommended style for unused nets is to put at the bottom of a file code similar to
           the following:

               wire _unused_ok = &{1'b0,
                                   sig_not_used_a,
                                   sig_not_used_yet_b,  // To be fixed
                                   1'b0};

           The reduction AND and constant zeros mean the net will always be zero, so won't use
           simulation time.  The redundant leading and trailing zeros avoid syntax errors if
           there are no signals between them.  The magic name "unused" (-unused-regexp) is
           recognized by Verilator and suppresses warnings; if using other lint tools, either
           teach to tool to ignore signals with "unused" in the name, or put the appropriate
           lint_off around the wire.  Having unused signals in one place makes it easy to find
           what is unused, and reduces the number of lint_off pragmas, reducing bugs.

       VARHIDDEN
           Warns that a task, function, or begin/end block is declaring a variable by the same
           name as a variable in the upper level module or begin/end block (thus hiding the upper
           variable from being able to be used.)  Rename the variable to avoid confusion when
           reading the code.

           Disabled by default as this is a code style warning; it will simulate correctly.

       WIDTH
           Warns that based on width rules of Verilog, two operands have different widths.
           Verilator generally can intuit the common usages of widths, and you shouldn't need to
           disable this message like you do with most lint programs.  Generally other than simple
           mistakes, you have two solutions:

           If it's a constant 0 that's 32 bits or less, simply leave it unwidthed. Verilator
           considers zero to be any width needed.

           Concatenate leading zeros when doing arithmetic.  In the statement

                   wire [5:0] plus_one = from[5:0] + 6'd1 + carry[0];

           The best fix, which clarifies intent and will also make all tools happy is:

                   wire [5:0] plus_one = from[5:0] + 6'd1 + {5'd0,carry[0]};

           Ignoring this warning will only suppress the lint check, it will simulate correctly.

       WIDTHCONCAT
           Warns that based on width rules of Verilog, a concatenate or replication has an
           indeterminate width.  In most cases this violates the Verilog rule that widths inside
           concatenates and replicates must be sized, and should be fixed in the code.

               wire [63:0] concat = {1,2};

           An example where this is technically legal (though still bad form) is:

               parameter PAR = 1;
               wire [63:0] concat = {PAR,PAR};

           The correct fix is to either size the 1 ("32'h1"), or add the width to the parameter
           definition ("parameter [31:0]"), or add the width to the parameter usage
           ("{PAR[31:0],PAR[31:0]}".

       The following describes the less obvious errors:

       Internal Error
           This error should never occur first, though may occur if earlier warnings or error
           messages have corrupted the program.  If there are no other warnings or errors, submit
           a bug report.

       Unsupported: ....
           This error indicates that you are using a Verilog language construct that is not yet
           supported in Verilator.  See the Limitations chapter.

       Verilated model didn't converge
           Verilator sometimes has to evaluate combinatorial logic multiple times, usually around
           code where a UNOPTFLAT warning was issued, but disabled.  For example:

              always @ (a)  b=~a;
              always @ (b)  a=b

           will toggle forever and thus the executable will give the didn't converge error to
           prevent an infinite loop.

           To debug this, run Verilator with --profile-cfuncs.  Run make on the generated files
           with "OPT=-DVL_DEBUG". Then call Verilated::debug(1) in your main.cpp.

           This will cause each change in a variable to print a message.  Near the bottom you'll
           see the code and variable that causes the problem.  For the program above:

                   CHANGE: filename.v:1: b
                   CHANGE: filename.v:2: a

FAQ/FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

       Does it run under Windows?
           Yes, using Cygwin.  Verilated output should also compile under Microsoft Visual C++
           Version 7 or newer, but this is not tested by the author.

       Can you provide binaries?
           Verilator is available as a RPM for SuSE, Fedora, and perhaps other systems; this is
           done by porters and may slightly lag the primary distribution.  If there isn't a
           binary build for your distribution, how about you set one up?  Please contact the
           authors for assistance.

           Note people sometimes request binaries when they are having problems with their C++
           compiler. Alas, binaries won't help this, as in the end a fully working C++ compiler
           is required to compile the output of Verilator.

       How can it be faster than (name-the-simulator)?
           Generally, the implied part of the question is "... with all of their manpower they
           can put into it."

           Most commercial simulators have to be Verilog compliant, meaning event driven.  This
           prevents them from being able to reorder blocks and make netlist-style optimizations,
           which are where most of the gains come from.

           Non-compliance shouldn't be scary.  Your synthesis program isn't compliant, so your
           simulator shouldn't have to be -- and Verilator is closer to the synthesis
           interpretation, so this is a good thing for getting working silicon.

       Will Verilator output remain under my own copyright?
           Yes, it's just like using GCC on your programs; this is why Verilator uses the "GNU
           *Lesser* Public License Version 3" instead of the more typical "GNU Public License".
           See the licenses for details, but in brief, if you change Verilator itself or the
           header files Verilator includes, you must make the source code available under the GNU
           Lesser Public License.  However, Verilator output (the Verilated code) only "include"s
           the licensed files, and so you are NOT required to release any output from Verilator.

           You also have the option of using the Perl Artistic License, which again does not
           require you release your Verilog or generated code, and also allows you to modify
           Verilator for internal use without distributing the modified version.  But please
           contribute back to the community!

           One limit is that you cannot under either license release a commercial Verilog
           simulation product incorporating Verilator without making the source code available.

           As is standard with Open Source, contributions back to Verilator will be placed under
           the Verilator copyright and LGPL/Artistic license.  Small test cases will be released
           into the public domain so they can be used anywhere, large tests under the
           LGPL/Artistic, unless requested otherwise.

       Why is Verilation so slow?
           Verilator needs more memory than the resulting simulator will require, as Verilator
           creates internally all of the state of the resulting simulator in order to optimize
           it.  If it takes more than a minute or so (and you're not using --debug since debug is
           disk bound), see if your machine is paging; most likely you need to run it on a
           machine with more memory.  Verilator is a full 64-bit application and may use more
           than 4GB, but about 1GB is the maximum typically needed.

       How do I generate waveforms (traces) in C++?
           See the next question for tracing in SystemC mode.

           Add the --trace switch to Verilator, and in your top level C code, call
           Verilated::traceEverOn(true).  Then create a VerilatedVcdC object, and in your main
           loop call "trace_object->dump(time)" every time step, and finally call
           "trace_object->close()".  For an example, see below and the test_c/sim_main.cpp file
           of the distribution.

           You also need to compile verilated_vcd_c.cpp and add it to your link, preferably by
           adding the dependencies in $(VK_GLOBAL_OBJS) to your Makefile's link rule.  This is
           done for you if using the Verilator --exe flag.

           Note you can also call ->trace on multiple Verilated objects with the same trace file
           if you want all data to land in the same output file.

           Note also older versions of Verilator used the SystemPerl package and SpTraceVcdC
           class.  This still works, but is depreciated as it requires strong coupling between
           the Verilator and SystemPerl versions.

               #include "verilated_vcd_c.h"
               ...
               int main(int argc, char **argv, char **env) {
                   ...
                   Verilated::traceEverOn(true);
                   VerilatedVcdC* tfp = new VerilatedVcdC;
                   topp->trace (tfp, 99);
                   tfp->open ("obj_dir/t_trace_ena_cc/simx.vcd");
                   ...
                   while (sc_time_stamp() < sim_time && !Verilated::gotFinish()) {
                       main_time += #;
                       tfp->dump (main_time);
                   }
                   tfp->close();
               }

       How do I generate waveforms (traces) in SystemC?
           Add the --trace switch to Verilator, and in your top level C sc_main code, include
           verilated_vcd_sc.h.  Then call Verilated::traceEverOn(true).  Then create a
           VerilatedVcdSc object as you would create a normal SystemC trace file.  For an
           example, see the call to VerilatedVcdSc in the test_sp/sc_main.cpp file of the
           distribution, and below.

           Alternatively you may use the C++ trace mechanism described in the previous question,
           however the timescale and timeprecision will not inherited from your SystemC settings.

           You also need to compile verilated_vcd_sc.cpp and verilated_vcd_c.cpp and add them to
           your link, preferably by adding the dependencies in $(VK_GLOBAL_OBJS) to your
           Makefile's link rule.  This is done for you if using the Verilator --exe flag.

           Note you can also call ->trace on multiple Verilated objects with the same trace file
           if you want all data to land in the same output file.

               #include "verilated_vcd_sc.h"
               ...
               int main(int argc, char **argv, char **env) {
                   ...
                   Verilated::traceEverOn(true);
                   VerilatedVcdSc* tfp = new VerilatedVcdSc;
                   topp->trace (tfp, 99);
                   tfp->open ("obj_dir/t_trace_ena_cc/simx.vcd");
                   ...
                   sc_start(1);
                   ...
                   tfp->close();
               }

       How do I view waveforms (traces)?
           Verilator makes standard VCD (Value Change Dump) files.  They are viewable with the
           public domain Dinotrace or GtkWave programs, or any of the many commercial offerings.

       How do I reduce the size of large waveform (trace) files?
           First, instead of calling VerilatedVcdC->open at the beginning of time, delay calling
           it until the time stamp where you want to tracing to begin.  Likewise you can also
           call VerilatedVcdC->open before the end of time (perhaps a short period after you
           detect a verification error.)

           Next, add /*verilator tracing_off*/ to any very low level modules you never want to
           trace (such as perhaps library cells).  Finally, use the --trace-depth option to limit
           the depth of tracing, for example --trace-depth 1 to see only the top level signals.

           Also be sure you write your trace files to a local disk, instead of to a network disk.
           Network disks are generally far slower.

       How do I do coverage analysis?
           Verilator supports both block (line) coverage and user inserted functional coverage.
           Both require the SystemPerl package to be installed but do not require use of the
           SystemPerl output mode.

           First, run verilator with the --coverage option.  If you're using your own makefile,
           compile the model with the GCC flag -DSP_COVERAGE (if using Verilator's, it will do
           this for you.)

           Run your tests in different directories.  Each test will create a logs/coverage.pl
           file.

           After running all of your tests, the vcoverage utility (from the SystemPerl package)
           is executed.  Vcoverage reads the logs/coverage.pl file(s), and creates an annotated
           source code listing showing code coverage details.

           For an example, after running 'make test' in the Verilator distribution, see the
           test_sp/logs/coverage_source directory.  Grep for lines starting with '%' to see what
           lines Verilator believes need more coverage.

       Where is the translate_off command?  (How do I ignore a construct?)
           Translate on/off pragmas are generally a bad idea, as it's easy to have mismatched
           pairs, and you can't see what another tool sees by just preprocessing the code.
           Instead, use the preprocessor; Verilator defines the "VERILATOR" define for you, so
           just wrap the code in an ifndef region:

              `ifndef VERILATOR
                 Something_Verilator_Dislikes;
              `endif

       Why do I get "unexpected `do'" or "unexpected `bit'" errors?
           Do, bit, ref, return, and other words are now SystemVerilog keywords.  You should
           change your code to not use them to insure it works with newer tools.  Alternatively,
           surround them by the Verilog 2005/SystemVerilog begin_keywords pragma to indicate
           Verilog 2001 code.

              `begin_keywords "1364-2001"
                 integer bit; initial bit = 1;
              `end_keywords

           If you want the whole file to be parsed as Verilog 2001, just create a file with

              `begin_keywords "1364-2001"

           and add it before other Verilog files on the command line.  (Note this will also
           change the default for --prefix, so if you're not using --prefix, you will now need
           to.)

       How do I prevent my assertions from firing during reset?
           Call Verilated::assertOn(false) before you first call the model, then turn it back on
           after reset.  It defaults to true.  When false, all assertions controlled by --assert
           are disabled.

       Why do I get "undefined reference to `sc_time_stamp()'"?
           In C++ (non SystemC) code you need to define this function so that the simulator knows
           the current time.  See the "CONNECTING TO C++" examples.

       Why do I get "undefined reference to `VL_RAND_RESET_I' or `Verilated::...'"?
           You need to link your compiled Verilated code against the verilated.cpp file found in
           the include directory of the Verilator kit.  This is one target in the
           $(VK_GLOBAL_OBJS) make variable, which should be part of your Makefile's link rule.

       Is the PLI supported?
           Only somewhat.  More specifically, the common PLI-ish calls $display, $finish, $stop,
           $time, $write are converted to C++ equivalents.  You can also use the "import DPI"
           SystemVerilog feature to call C code (see the chapter above).  There is also limited
           VPI access to public signals.

           If you want something more complex, since Verilator emits standard C++ code, you can
           simply write your own C++ routines that can access and modify signal values without
           needing any PLI interface code, and call it with $c("{any_c++_statement}").

       How do I make a Verilog module that contain a C++ object?
           You need to add the object to the structure that Verilator creates, then use $c to
           call a method inside your object.  The test_regress/t/t_extend_class files show an
           example of how to do this.

       How do I get faster build times?
           Between GCC 3.0 to 3.3, each compiled progressively slower, thus if you can use GCC
           2.95, or GCC 3.4 you'll have faster builds.  Two ways to cheat are to compile on
           parallel machines and avoid compilations altogether.  See the --output-split option,
           and the web for the ccache, distcc and icecream packages. ccache will skip GCC runs
           between identical source builds, even across different users.  You can use the
           OBJCACHE environment variable to use these CC wrappers.

       Why do so many files need to recompile when I add a signal?
           Adding a new signal requires the symbol table to be recompiled.  Verilator uses one
           large symbol table, as that results in 2-3 less assembly instructions for each signal
           access.  This makes the execution time 10-15% faster, but can result in more
           compilations when something changes.

       How do I access functions/tasks in C?
           Use the SystemVerilog Direct Programming Interface.  You write a Verilog function or
           task with input/outputs that match what you want to call in with C.  Then mark that
           function as an external function.  See the DPI chapter in the manual.

       How do I access signals in C?
           The best thing is to make a SystemVerilog "export DPI task" or function that accesses
           that signal, as described in the DPI chapter in the manual and DPI tutorials on the
           web.  This will allow Verilator to better optimize the model and should be portable
           across simulators.

           If you really want raw access to the signals, declare the signals you will be
           accessing with a /*verilator public*/ comment before the closing semicolon.  Then
           scope into the C++ class to read the value of the signal, as you would any other
           member variable.

           Signals are the smallest of 8-bit chars, 16-bit shorts, 32-bit longs, or 64-bit long
           longs that fits the width of the signal.  Generally, you can use just uint32_t's for 1
           to 32 bits, or vluint64_t for 1 to 64 bits, and the compiler will properly up-convert
           smaller entities.

           Signals wider than 64 bits are stored as an array of 32-bit uint32_t's.  Thus to read
           bits 31:0, access signal[0], and for bits 63:32, access signal[1].  Unused bits (for
           example bit numbers 65-96 of a 65-bit vector) will always be zero.  if you change the
           value you must make sure to pack zeros in the unused bits or core-dumps may result.
           (Because Verilator strips array bound checks where it believes them to be
           unnecessary.)

           In the SYSTEMC example above, if you had in our.v:

               input clk /*verilator public*/;
               // Note the placement of the semicolon above

           From the sc_main.cpp file, you'd then:

               #include "Vour.h"
               #include "Vour_our.h"
               cout << "clock is " << top->v->clk << endl;

           In this example, clk is a bool you can read or set as any other variable.  The value
           of normal signals may be set, though clocks shouldn't be changed by your code or
           you'll get strange results.

       Should a module be in Verilog or SystemC?
           Sometimes there is a block that just interconnects cells, and have a choice as to if
           you write it in Verilog or SystemC.  Everything else being equal, best performance is
           when Verilator sees all of the design.  So, look at the hierarchy of your design,
           labeling cells as to if they are SystemC or Verilog.  Then:

           A module with only SystemC cells below must be SystemC.

           A module with a mix of Verilog and SystemC cells below must be SystemC. (As Verilator
           cannot connect to lower-level SystemC cells.)

           A module with only Verilog cells below can be either, but for best performance should
           be Verilog.  (The exception is if you have a design that is instantiated many times;
           in this case Verilating one of the lower modules and instantiating that Verilated
           cells multiple times into a SystemC module *may* be faster.)

BUGS

       First, check the the coding limitations section.

       Next, try the --debug switch.  This will enable additional internal assertions, and may
       help identify the problem.

       Finally, reduce your code to the smallest possible routine that exhibits the bug.  Even
       better, create a test in the test_regress/t directory, as follows:

           cd test_regress
           cp -p t/t_EXAMPLE.pl t/t_BUG.pl
           cp -p t/t_EXAMPLE.v t/t_BUG.v

       There are many hits on how to write a good test in the driver.pl documentation which can
       be seen by running:

           cd $VERILATOR_ROOT  # Need the original distribution kit
           test_regress/driver.pl --help

       Edit t/t_BUG.pl to suit your example; you can do anything you want in the Verilog code
       there; just make sure it retains the single clk input and no outputs.  Now, the following
       should fail:

           cd $VERILATOR_ROOT  # Need the original distribution kit
           cd test_regress
           t/t_BUG.pl  # Run on Verilator
           t/t_BUG.pl --debug # Run on Verilator, passing --debug to Verilator
           t/t_BUG.pl --vcs  # Run on a commercial simulator
           t/t_BUG.pl --nc|--iv|--ghdl  # Likewise on other simulators

       The test driver accepts a number of options, many of which mirror the main Verilator
       option. For example the previous test could have been run with debugging enabled.  The
       full set of test options can be seen by running driver.pl --help as shown above.

       Finally, report the bug using the bug tracker at <http://www.veripool.org/verilator>.  The
       bug will become publicly visible; if this is unacceptable, mail the bug report to
       "wsnyder@wsnyder.org".

HISTORY

       Verilator was conceived in 1994 by Paul Wasson at the Core Logic Group at Digital
       Equipment Corporation.  The Verilog code that was converted to C was then merged with a C
       based CPU model of the Alpha processor and simulated in a C based environment called CCLI.

       In 1995 Verilator started being used also for Multimedia and Network Processor development
       inside Digital.  Duane Galbi took over active development of Verilator, and added several
       performance enhancements.  CCLI was still being used as the shell.

       In 1998, through the efforts of existing DECies, mainly Duane Galbi, Digital graciously
       agreed to release the source code.  (Subject to the code not being resold, which is
       compatible with the GNU Public License.)

       In 2001, Wilson Snyder took the kit, and added a SystemC mode, and called it Verilator2.
       This was the first packaged public release.

       In 2002, Wilson Snyder created Verilator3 by rewriting Verilator from scratch in C++.
       This added many optimizations, yielding about a 2-5x performance gain.

       In 2009, major SystemVerilog and DPI language support was added.

       Currently, various language features and performance enhancements are added as the need
       arises.  Verilator is now about 3x faster than in 2002, and is faster than many popular
       commercial simulators.

CONTRIBUTORS

       Many people have provided ideas and other assistance with Verilator.

       The major corporate sponsors of Verilator, by providing significant contributions of time
       or funds include include Cavium Networks, Compaq Corporation, Digital Equipment
       Corporation, Embecosm Ltd., Hicamp Systems, Intel Corporation, Mindspeed Technologies
       Inc., MicroTune Inc., picoChip Designs Ltd., Sun Microsystems, Nauticus Networks, and
       SiCortex Inc.

       The people who have contributed major functionality are Byron Bradley, Jeremy Bennett,
       Lane Brooks, Duane Galbi, Paul Wasson, and Wilson Snyder.  Major testers include Jeff
       Dutton, Ralf Karge, David Hewson, Wim Michiels, Alex Solomatnikov, Sebastien Van
       Cauwenberghe and Gene Weber.

       Some of the people who have provided ideas and feedback for Verilator include: David
       Addison, Vasu Arasanipalai, Jens Arm, J Baxter, Jeremy Bennett, David Black, Gregg
       Bouchard, Christopher Boumenot, Nick Bowler, Byron Bradley, Bryan Brady, Lane Brooks, John
       Brownlee, Lawrence Butcher, Chris Candler, Lauren Carlson, Donal Casey, Terry Chen, Robert
       A. Clark, Allan Cochrane, Gunter Dannoritzer, Ashutosh Das, Bernard Deadman, Mike Denio,
       John Deroo, John Dickol, Ruben Diez, Danny Ding, Ivan Djordjevic, Alex Duller, Jeff
       Dutton, Chandan Egbert, Joe Eiler, Ahmed El-Mahmoudy, Robert Farrell, Eugen Fekete, Andrea
       Foletto, Bob Fredieu, Shankar Giri, Sam Gladstone, Amir Gonnen, Chitlesh Goorah, Neil
       Hamilton, Thomas Hawkins, David Hewson, Jae Hossell, Ben Jackson, Iztok Jeras, Christophe
       Joly, Mike Kagen, Guy-Armand Kamendje, Vasu Kandadi, Patricio Kaplan, Ralf Karge, Dan
       Katz, Sol Katzman, Jonathan Kimmitt, Gernot Koch, Soon Koh, Steve Kolecki, David Kravitz,
       Steve Lang, Stephane Laurent, Walter Lavino, Christian Leber, John Li, Charlie Lind,
       Andrew Ling, Paul Liu, Dan Lussier, Fred Ma, Duraid Madina, Mark Marshall, Jason McMullan,
       Wim Michiels, Dennis Muhlestein, John Murphy, Richard Myers, Dimitris Nalbantis, Paul
       Nitza, Pete Nixon, Lisa Noack, Mark Nodine, Andreas Olofsson, Brad Parker, Dominic
       Plunkett, Niranjan Prabhu, Usha Priyadharshini, Alberto Del Rio, Oleg Rodionov, John
       Sanguinetti, Salman Sheikh, Mike Shinkarovsky, Rafael Shirakawa, Jeffrey Short, Rodney
       Sinclair, Brian Small, Alex Solomatnikov, Art Stamness, John Stroebel, Emerson Suguimoto,
       Gene Sullivan, Renga Sundararajan, Stefan Thiede, Gary Thomas, Steve Tong, Hans Van
       Antwerpen, Holger Waechtler, Stefan Wallentowitz, Shawn Wang, Greg Waters, Thomas Watts,
       Eugene Weber, David Welch, Leon Wildman, Gerald Williams, Trevor Williams, Jeff Winston,
       Joshua Wise, Johan Wouters, and Ding Xiaoliang.

       Thanks to them, and all those we've missed including above.

DISTRIBUTION

       The latest version is available from <http://www.veripool.org/>.

       Copyright 2003-2014 by Wilson Snyder.  Verilator is free software; you can redistribute it
       and/or modify the Verilator internals under the terms of either the GNU Lesser General
       Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License Version 2.0.

AUTHORS

       When possible, please instead report bugs to <http://www.veripool.org/>.

       Wilson Snyder <wsnyder@wsnyder.org>

       Major concepts by Paul Wasson and Duane Galbi.

SEE ALSO

       verilator_profcfunc, systemperl, vcoverage, make,

       "verilator --help" which is the source for this document,

       and internals.txt in the distribution.