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NAME
socket - create an endpoint for communication
SYNOPSIS
#include <sys/types.h> /* See NOTES */
#include <sys/socket.h>
int socket(int domain, int type, int protocol);
DESCRIPTION
socket() creates an endpoint for communication and returns a descriptor.
The domain argument specifies a communication domain; this selects the protocol family which will be used
for communication. These families are defined in <sys/socket.h>. The currently understood formats
include:
Name Purpose Man page
AF_UNIX, AF_LOCAL Local communication unix(7)
AF_INET IPv4 Internet protocols ip(7)
AF_INET6 IPv6 Internet protocols ipv6(7)
AF_IPX IPX - Novell protocols
AF_NETLINK Kernel user interface device netlink(7)
AF_X25 ITU-T X.25 / ISO-8208 protocol x25(7)
AF_AX25 Amateur radio AX.25 protocol
AF_ATMPVC Access to raw ATM PVCs
AF_APPLETALK Appletalk ddp(7)
AF_PACKET Low level packet interface packet(7)
The socket has the indicated type, which specifies the communication semantics. Currently defined types
are:
SOCK_STREAM Provides sequenced, reliable, two-way, connection-based byte streams. An out-of-band
data transmission mechanism may be supported.
SOCK_DGRAM Supports datagrams (connectionless, unreliable messages of a fixed maximum length).
SOCK_SEQPACKET Provides a sequenced, reliable, two-way connection-based data transmission path for
datagrams of fixed maximum length; a consumer is required to read an entire packet with
each input system call.
SOCK_RAW Provides raw network protocol access.
SOCK_RDM Provides a reliable datagram layer that does not guarantee ordering.
SOCK_PACKET Obsolete and should not be used in new programs; see packet(7).
Some socket types may not be implemented by all protocol families; for example, SOCK_SEQPACKET is not
implemented for AF_INET.
Since Linux 2.6.27, the type argument serves a second purpose: in addition to specifying a socket type,
it may include the bitwise OR of any of the following values, to modify the behavior of socket():
SOCK_NONBLOCK Set the O_NONBLOCK file status flag on the new open file description. Using this flag
saves extra calls to fcntl(2) to achieve the same result.
SOCK_CLOEXEC Set the close-on-exec (FD_CLOEXEC) flag on the new file descriptor. See the description
of the O_CLOEXEC flag in open(2) for reasons why this may be useful.
The protocol specifies a particular protocol to be used with the socket. Normally only a single protocol
exists to support a particular socket type within a given protocol family, in which case protocol can be
specified as 0. However, it is possible that many protocols may exist, in which case a particular
protocol must be specified in this manner. The protocol number to use is specific to the “communication
domain” in which communication is to take place; see protocols(5). See getprotoent(3) on how to map
protocol name strings to protocol numbers.
Sockets of type SOCK_STREAM are full-duplex byte streams, similar to pipes. They do not preserve record
boundaries. A stream socket must be in a connected state before any data may be sent or received on it.
A connection to another socket is created with a connect(2) call. Once connected, data may be
transferred using read(2) and write(2) calls or some variant of the send(2) and recv(2) calls. When a
session has been completed a close(2) may be performed. Out-of-band data may also be transmitted as
described in send(2) and received as described in recv(2).
The communications protocols which implement a SOCK_STREAM ensure that data is not lost or duplicated.
If a piece of data for which the peer protocol has buffer space cannot be successfully transmitted within
a reasonable length of time, then the connection is considered to be dead. When SO_KEEPALIVE is enabled
on the socket the protocol checks in a protocol-specific manner if the other end is still alive. A
SIGPIPE signal is raised if a process sends or receives on a broken stream; this causes naive processes,
which do not handle the signal, to exit. SOCK_SEQPACKET sockets employ the same system calls as
SOCK_STREAM sockets. The only difference is that read(2) calls will return only the amount of data
requested, and any data remaining in the arriving packet will be discarded. Also all message boundaries
in incoming datagrams are preserved.
SOCK_DGRAM and SOCK_RAW sockets allow sending of datagrams to correspondents named in sendto(2) calls.
Datagrams are generally received with recvfrom(2), which returns the next datagram along with the address
of its sender.
SOCK_PACKET is an obsolete socket type to receive raw packets directly from the device driver. Use
packet(7) instead.
An fcntl(2) F_SETOWN operation can be used to specify a process or process group to receive a SIGURG
signal when the out-of-band data arrives or SIGPIPE signal when a SOCK_STREAM connection breaks
unexpectedly. This operation may also be used to set the process or process group that receives the I/O
and asynchronous notification of I/O events via SIGIO. Using F_SETOWN is equivalent to an ioctl(2) call
with the FIOSETOWN or SIOCSPGRP argument.
When the network signals an error condition to the protocol module (e.g., using a ICMP message for IP)
the pending error flag is set for the socket. The next operation on this socket will return the error
code of the pending error. For some protocols it is possible to enable a per-socket error queue to
retrieve detailed information about the error; see IP_RECVERR in ip(7).
The operation of sockets is controlled by socket level options. These options are defined in
<sys/socket.h>. The functions setsockopt(2) and getsockopt(2) are used to set and get options,
respectively.
RETURN VALUE
On success, a file descriptor for the new socket is returned. On error, -1 is returned, and errno is set
appropriately.
ERRORS
EACCES Permission to create a socket of the specified type and/or protocol is denied.
EAFNOSUPPORT
The implementation does not support the specified address family.
EINVAL Unknown protocol, or protocol family not available.
EINVAL Invalid flags in type.
EMFILE Process file table overflow.
ENFILE The system limit on the total number of open files has been reached.
ENOBUFS or ENOMEM
Insufficient memory is available. The socket cannot be created until sufficient resources are
freed.
EPROTONOSUPPORT
The protocol type or the specified protocol is not supported within this domain.
Other errors may be generated by the underlying protocol modules.
CONFORMING TO
4.4BSD, POSIX.1-2001.
The SOCK_NONBLOCK and SOCK_CLOEXEC flags are Linux-specific.
socket() appeared in 4.2BSD. It is generally portable to/from non-BSD systems supporting clones of the
BSD socket layer (including System V variants).
NOTES
POSIX.1-2001 does not require the inclusion of <sys/types.h>, and this header file is not required on
Linux. However, some historical (BSD) implementations required this header file, and portable
applications are probably wise to include it.
The manifest constants used under 4.x BSD for protocol families are PF_UNIX, PF_INET, and so on, while
AF_UNIX, AF_INET, and so on are used for address families. However, already the BSD man page promises:
"The protocol family generally is the same as the address family", and subsequent standards use AF_*
everywhere.
EXAMPLE
An example of the use of socket() is shown in getaddrinfo(3).
SEE ALSO
accept(2), bind(2), connect(2), fcntl(2), getpeername(2), getsockname(2), getsockopt(2), ioctl(2), listen(2), read(2), recv(2), select(2), send(2), shutdown(2), socketpair(2), write(2), getprotoent(3), ip(7), socket(7), tcp(7), udp(7), unix(7) “An Introductory 4.3BSD Interprocess Communication Tutorial” and “BSD Interprocess Communication Tutorial”, reprinted in UNIX Programmer's Supplementary Documents Volume 1.
COLOPHON
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