trusty (3) Devel::Cover.3pm.gz
NAME
Devel::Cover - Code coverage metrics for Perl
VERSION
version 1.08
SYNOPSIS
To get coverage for an uninstalled module:
cover -test
or
cover -delete
HARNESS_PERL_SWITCHES=-MDevel::Cover make test
cover
To get coverage for an uninstalled module which uses Module::Build (0.26 or later):
./Build testcover
If the module does not use the t/*.t framework:
PERL5OPT=-MDevel::Cover make test
If you want to get coverage for a program:
perl -MDevel::Cover yourprog args
cover
To alter default values:
perl -MDevel::Cover=-db,cover_db,-coverage,statement,time yourprog args
DESCRIPTION
This module provides code coverage metrics for Perl. Code coverage metrics describe how thoroughly tests
exercise code. By using Devel::Cover you can discover areas of code not exercised by your tests and
determine which tests to create to increase coverage. Code coverage can be considered an indirect
measure of quality.
Although it is still being developed, Devel::Cover is now quite stable and provides many of the features
to be expected in a useful coverage tool.
Statement, branch, condition, subroutine, and pod coverage information is reported. Statement and
subroutine coverage data should be accurate. Branch and condition coverage data should be mostly
accurate too, although not always what one might initially expect. Pod coverage comes from
Pod::Coverage. If Pod::Coverage::CountParents is available it will be used instead. Coverage data for
other criteria are not yet collected.
The cover program can be used to generate coverage reports. Devel::Cover ships with a number of
different reports including various types of HTML output, textual reports, a report to display missing
coverage in the same format as compilation errors and a report to display coverage information within the
Vim editor.
It is possible to add annotations to reports, for example you can add a column to an HTML report showing
who last changed a line, as determined by git blame. Some annotation modules are shipped with
Devel::Cover and you can easily create your own.
The gcov2perl program can be used to convert gcov files to "Devel::Cover" databases. This allows you to
display your C or XS code coverage together with your Perl coverage, or to use any of the Devel::Cover
reports to display your C coverage data.
Code coverage data are collected by replacing perl ops with functions which count how many times the ops
are executed. These data are then mapped back to reality using the B compiler modules. There is also a
statement profiling facility which should not be relied on. For proper profiling use Devel::NYTProf.
Previous versions of Devel::Cover collected coverage data by replacing perl's runops function. It is
still possible to switch to that mode of operation, but this now gets little testing and will probably be
removed soon. You probably don't care about any of this.
The most appropriate mailing list on which to discuss this module would be perl-qa. See
<http://lists.perl.org/list/perl-qa.html>.
The Devel::Cover repository can be found at <http://github.com/pjcj/Devel--Cover>. This is also where
problems should be reported.
REQUIREMENTS AND RECOMMENDED MODULES
REQUIREMENTS
• Perl 5.6.1 or greater. Perl 5.8.8 or greater is recommended.
Perl 5.7 is unsupported. Perl 5.8.8 or greater is recommended. Perl 5.8.7 has problems and may
crash. Whilst Perl 5.6 should mostly work you will probably miss out on coverage information which
would be available using a more modern version and will likely run into bugs in perl. Devel::Cover
support for unsupported Perl versions may be removed at any time, but I try to keep older versions
running provided this does not cause undue difficulty i other areas.
Different versions of perl may give slightly different results due to changes in the op tree.
• The ability to compile XS extensions.
This means a working C compiler and make program at least. If you built perl from source you will
have these already and they will be used automatically. If your perl was built in some other way,
for example you may have installed it using your Operating System's packaging mechanism, you will
need to ensure that the appropriate tools are installed.
• Storable and Digest::MD5
Both are in the core in Perl 5.8.0 and above.
OPTIONAL MODULES
• Template, and either PPI::HTML or Perl::Tidy
Needed if you want syntax highlighted HTML reports.
• Pod::Coverage (0.06 or above) or Pod::Coverage::CountParents
One is needed if you want Pod coverage. If Pod::Coverage::CountParents is installed, it is
preferred.
• Test::More
Required if you want to run Devel::Cover's own tests.
• Test::Warn
Some of Devel::Cover's own tests require it.
• Test::Differences
Needed if the tests fail and you would like nice output telling you why.
• Template and Parallel::Iterator
Needed if you want to run cpancover.
• JSON, JSON::PP or JSON::XS
JSON is used to store the coverage database if it is available.
Use with mod_perl
By adding "use Devel::Cover;" to your mod_perl startup script, you should be able to collect coverage
information when running under mod_perl. You can also add any options you need at this point. I would
suggest adding this as early as possible in your startup script in order to collect as much coverage
information as possible.
OPTIONS
-blib - "use blib" and ignore files matching \bt/ (default true
iff blib directory exists).
-coverage criterion - Turn on coverage for the specified criterion. Criteria
include statement, branch, condition, path, subroutine,
pod, time, all and none (default all available).
-db cover_db - Store results in coverage db (default ./cover_db).
-dir path - Directory in which coverage will be collected (default
cwd).
-ignore RE - Set REs of files to ignore (default "/Devel/Cover\b").
+ignore RE - Append to REs of files to ignore.
-inc path - Set prefixes of files to include (default @INC).
+inc path - Append to prefixes of files to include.
-merge val - Merge databases, for multiple test benches (default on).
-select RE - Set REs of files to select (default none).
+select RE - Append to REs of files to select.
-silent val - Don't print informational messages (default off).
-subs_only val - Only cover code in subroutine bodies (default off).
-replace_ops val - Use op replacing rather than runops (default on).
-summary val - Print summary information iff val is true (default on).
More on Coverage Options
You can specify options to some coverage criteria. At the moment only pod coverage takes any options.
These are the parameters which are passed into the Pod::Coverage constructor. The extra options are
separated by dashes, and you may specify as many as you wish. For example, to specify that all
subroutines containing xx are private, call Devel::Cover with the option -coverage,pod-also_private-xx.
SELECTING FILES TO COVER
You may select the files for which you want to collect coverage data using the select, ignore and inc
options. The system uses the following procedure to decide whether a file will be included in coverage
reports:
• If the file matches a RE given as a select option, it will be included.
• Otherwise, if it matches a RE given as an ignore option, it won't be included.
• Otherwise, if it is in one of the inc directories, it won't be included.
• Otherwise, it will be included.
You may add to the REs to select by using +select, or you may reset the selections using -select. The
same principle applies to the REs to ignore.
The inc directories are initially populated with the contents of perl's @INC array. You may reset these
directories using -inc, or add to them using +inc.
Although these options take regular expressions, you should not enclose the RE within // or any other
quoting characters.
The options -coverage, [+-]select, [+-]ignore and [+-]inc can be specified multiple times, but they can
also take multiple comma separated arguments. In any case you should not add a space after the comma,
unless you want the argument to start with that literal space.
UNCOVERABLE CRITERIA
Sometimes you have code which is uncoverable for some reason. Perhaps it is an else clause that cannot
be reached, or a check for an error condition that should never happen. You can tell Devel::Cover that
certain criteria are uncoverable and then they are not counted as errors when they are not exercised. In
fact, they are counted as errors if they are exercised.
This feature should only be used as something of a last resort. Ideally you would find some way of
exercising all your code. But if you have analysed your code and determined that you are not going to be
able to exercise it, it may be better to record that fact in some formal fashion and stop Devel::Cover
complaining about it, so that real problems are not lost in the noise.
There are two ways to specify a construct as uncoverable, one invasive and one non-invasive.
Invasive specification
You can use special comments in your code to specify uncoverable criteria. Comments are of the form:
# uncoverable <criterion> [details]
The keyword "uncoverable" must be the first text in the comment. It should be followed by the name of
the coverage criterion which is uncoverable. There may then be further information depending on the
nature of the uncoverable construct.
Statements
The "uncoverable" comment should appear on either the same line as the statement, of on the line before
it:
$impossible++; # uncoverable statement
# uncoverable statement
it_has_all_gone_horribly_wrong();
If there are multiple statements (or any other criterion) on a line you can specify which statement is
uncoverable by using the "count" attribute, count:n, which indicates that the uncoverable statement is
the nth statement on the line.
# uncoverable statement count:1
# uncoverable statement count:2
cannot_run_this(); or_this();
Branches
The "uncoverable" comment should specify whether the "true" or "false" branch is uncoverable.
# uncoverable branch true
if (pi == 3)
Both branches may be uncoverable:
# uncoverable branch true
# uncoverable branch false
if (impossible_thing_happened_one_way()) {
handle_it_one_way(); # uncoverable statement
} else {
handle_it_another_way(); # uncoverable statement
}
Conditions
Because of the way in which Perl short-circuits boolean operations, there are three ways in which such
conditionals can be uncoverable. In the case of " $x && $y" for example, the left operator may never be
true, the right operator may never be true, and the whole operation may never be false. These conditions
may be modelled thus:
# uncoverable branch true
# uncoverable condition left
# uncoverable condition false
if ($x && !$y)
{
$x++; # uncoverable statement
}
# uncoverable branch true
# uncoverable condition right
# uncoverable condition false
if (!$x && $y)
{
}
"Or" conditionals are handled in a similar fashion (TODO - provide some examples) but "xor" conditionals
are not properly handled yet.
Subroutines
A subroutine should be marked as uncoverable at the point where the first statement is marked as
uncoverable. Ideally all other criteria in the subroutine would be marked as uncoverable automatically,
but that isn't the case at the moment.
sub z
{
# uncoverable subroutine
$y++; # uncoverable statement
}
Non-invasive specification
If you can't, or don't want to add coverage comments to your code, you can specify the uncoverable
information in a separate file. My default this file is .uncoverable but you can override that.
The interface to managing this file is the cover program, and the options are:
-uncoverable_file
-add_uncoverable_point
-delete_uncoverable_point
-clean_uncoverable_points
Of these, only the first two are implemented at the moment. The parameter for -add_uncoverable_point is
a string composed of up to seven space separated elements: "$file $criterion $line $count $type $class
$note".
TODO - more information and examples.
ENVIRONMENT
User variables
The -silent option is turned on when Devel::Cover is invoked via $HARNESS_PERL_SWITCHES or $PERL5OPT.
Devel::Cover tries to do the right thing when $MOD_PERL is set. $DEVEL_COVER_OPTIONS is appended to any
options passed into Devel::Cover.
Developer variables
When running Devel::Cover's own test suite, $DEVEL_COVER_DEBUG turns on debugging information,
$DEVEL_COVER_GOLDEN_VERSION overrides Devel::Cover's own idea of which golden results it should test
against, and $DEVEL_COVER_NO_COVERAGE runs the tests without collecting coverage. $DEVEL_COVER_DB_FORMAT
may be set to either "JSON" or "Storable" to override the default choice of DB format (JSON if available,
otherwise Storable). $DEVEL_COVER_IO_OPTIONS provides fine-grained control over the DB format. For
example, setting it to "pretty" when the format is JSON will store the DB in a readable JSON format.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Some code and ideas cribbed from:
• Devel::OpProf
• B::Concise
• B::Deparse
SEE ALSO
• Devel::Cover::Tutorial
• B
• Pod::Coverage
LIMITATIONS
There are things that Devel::Cover can't cover.
Absence of shared dependencies
Perl keeps track of which modules have been loaded (to avoid reloading them). Because of this, it isn't
possible to get coverage for a path where a runtime import fails if the module being imported is one that
Devel::Cover uses internally. For example, suppose your program has this function:
sub foo {
eval { require Storable };
if ($@) {
carp "Can't find Storable";
return;
}
# ...
}
You might write a test for the failure mode as
BEGIN { @INC = () }
foo();
# check for error message
Because Devel::Cover uses Storable internally, the import will succeed (and the test will fail) under a
coverage run.
Modules used by Devel::Cover while gathering coverage:
• B
• B::Debug
• B::Deparse
• Carp
• Cwd
• Digest::MD5
• File::Path
• File::Spec
• Storable or JSON
Redefined subroutines
If you redefine a subroutine you may find that the original subroutine is not reported on. This is
because I haven't yet found a way to locate the original CV. Hints, tips or patches to resolve this will
be gladly accepted.
BUGS
Almost certainly.
See the BUGS file, the TODO file and the bug trackers at
<https://github.com/pjcj/Devel--Cover/issues?sort=created&direction=desc&state=open> and
<https://rt.cpan.org/Public/Dist/Display.html?Name=Devel-Cover>
Please report new bugs on Github.
LICENCE
Copyright 2001-2013, Paul Johnson (paul@pjcj.net) This software is free. It is licensed under the same terms as Perl itself. The latest version of this software should be available on CPAN and from my homepage: http://www.pjcj.net/.