Provided by: libmarc-perl_1.07-5_all 
NAME
MARC.pm - Perl extension to manipulate MAchine Readable Cataloging records.
SYNOPSIS
use MARC;
# constructors
$x=MARC->new();
$x=MARC->new("filename","fileformat");
$x->openmarc({file=>"makrbrkr.mrc",'format'=>"marcmaker",
increment=>"5", lineterm=>"\n",
charset=>\%char_hash});
$record_num=$x->createrecord({leader=>"00000nmm 2200000 a 4500"});
# input/output operations
$y=$x->nextmarc(10); # increment
$x->closemarc();
print $x->marc_count();
$x->deletemarc({record=>'2',field=>'110'});
$y=$x->selectmarc(['4','21-50','60']);
# character translation
my %inc = %{$x->usmarc_default()}; # MARCMaker input charset
my %outc = %{$x->ustext_default()}; # MARCBreaker output charset
# data queries
@records = $x->searchmarc({field=>"245"});
@records = $x->searchmarc({field=>"260",subfield=>"c",
regex=>"/19../"});
@records = $x->searchmarc({field=>"245",notregex=>"/huckleberry/i"});
@results = $x->getvalue({record=>'12',field=>'856',subfield=>'u'});
# header and control field operations
$rldr = $x->unpack_ldr($record);
print "Desc is $rldr->{Desc}";
next if ($x->bib_format($record) eq 'SERIALS');
$rff = $x->unpack_008($record);
last if ($rff->{'Date1'}=~/00/ or $rff->{'Date2'}=~/00/);
# data modifications
$x->addfield({record=>"2", field=>"245",
i1=>"1", i2=>"4", ordered=>'y', value=>
[a=>"The adventures of Huckleberry Finn /",
c=>"Mark Twain ; illustrated by E.W. Kemble."]});
my $update245 = {field=>'245',record=>2,ordered=>'y'};
my @u245 = $x->getupdate($update245);
$x->deletemarc($update245);
$x->addfield($update245, @u245_modified);
# outputs
$y = $x->output({'format'=>"marcmaker", charset=>\%outc});
$x->output({file=>">>my_text.txt",'format'=>"ascii",record=>2});
$x->output({file=>">my_marcmaker.mkr",'format'=>"marcmaker",
nolinebreak=>'y',lineterm=>'\n'});
$x->output({file=>">titles.html",'format'=>"html", 245=>"Title: "});
# manipulation of individual marc records.
@recs = $x[1..$#$x];
grep {$_->unpack_ldr() && 0} @recs;
@LCs = grep {$_->unp_ldr{Desc} eq 'a' &&
$_->getvalue({field=>'040'}) =~/DLC\c_.DLC/} @recs;
foreach my $rec (@LCs) {
print $rec->output({format=>'usmarc'});
}
# manipulation as strings.
foreach my $rec (@LCs) {
my $stringvar = $rec->as_string();
$stringvar=~s[^(
100\s # main entries of this stripe..
..\s # (don't care about indicators)
\c_.\s*
)(\S) # take the first letter..
] [
${1}uc($2) # and upcase it. All authors have
# upcase first letters in my library.
]xm; # x means 'ignore whitespace and allow
# embedded comments'.
$rec->from_string($stringvar);
my ($i2,$article) = $stringvar =~/245 .(.) \c_.(.{0,9})/;
$article = substr($article,0,$i2) if $i2=~/\d/;
print "article $article is not common" unless $COMMON_ARTS{$article};
}
DESCRIPTION
MARC.pm is a Perl 5 module for reading in, manipulating, and outputting bibliographic records in the
USMARC format. You will need to have Perl 5.004 or greater for MARC.pm to work properly. Since it is a
Perl module you use MARC.pm from one of your own Perl scripts. To see what sorts of conversions are
possible you can try out a web interface to MARC.pm which will allow you to upload MARC files and
retrieve the results (for details see the section below entitled "Web Interface").
However, to get the full functionality you will probably want to install MARC.pm on your server or PC.
MARC.pm can handle both single and batches of MARC records. The limit on the number of records in a
batch is determined by the memory capacity of the machine you are running. If memory is an issue for you
MARC.pm will allow you to read in records from a batch gradually. MARC.pm also includes a variety of
tools for searching, removing, and even creating records from scratch.
Types of Conversions:
• MARC -> ASCII : separates the MARC fields out into separate lines
• MARC <-> MARCMaker : The MARCMaker format is a format that was developed by the Library of Congress
for use with their DOS based MARCMaker and MARCBreaker utilities. This format is particularly useful
for making global changes (ie. with a text editor's search and replace) and then converting back to
MARC (MARC.pm will read properly formatted MARCMaker records). For more information about the
MARCMaker format see http://lcweb.loc.gov/marc/marcsoft.html
• MARC -> HTML : The MARC to HTML conversion creates an HTML file from the fields and field labels that
you supply. You could possibly use this to create HTML bibliographies from a batch of MARC records.
• MARC <-> XML : XML support is handled by MARC::XML which is a subclass of MARC.pm and is also
available for download from the CPAN.
• MARC -> URLS : This conversion will extract URLs from a batch of MARC records. The URLs are found in
the 856 field, subfield u. The HTML page that is generated can then be used with link-checking
software to determine which URLs need to be repaired. Hopefully library system vendors will soon
support this activity soon and make this conversion unecessary!
Downloading and Installing
Download
The module is provided in standard CPAN distribution format. It will extract into a directory MARC-
version with any necessary subdirectories. Change into the MARC top directory. Download the latest
version from http://www.cpan.org/modules/by-module/MARC/
Unix
perl Makefile.PL
make
make test
make install
Win9x/WinNT/Win2000
perl Makefile.PL
perl test.pl
perl install.pl
Test
Once you have installed, you can check if Perl can find it. Change to some other directory and
execute from the command line:
perl -e "use MARC"
If you do not get any response that means everything is OK! If you get an error like Can't locate
method "use" via package MARC. then Perl is not able to find MARC.pm - double check that the file
copied it into the right place during the install.
Todo
• Support for other MARC formats (UKMARC, FINMARC, etc).
• Create a map and instructions for using and extending the MARC.pm data structure.
• Develop better error catching mechanisms.
• Support for MARC <-> Unicode character conversions.
• MARC <-> EAD (Encoded Archival Description) conversion?
• MARC <-> DC/RDF (Dublin Core Metadata encoded in the Resource Description Framework)?
Web Interface
A web interface to MARC.pm is available at http://libstaff.lib.odu.edu/cgi-bin/marc.cgi where you can
upload records and observe the results. If you'd like to check out the cgi script take a look at
http://libstaff.lib.odu.edu/depts/systems/iii/scripts/MARCpm/marc-cgi.txt However, to get the full
functionality you will want to install MARC.pm on your server or PC.
Option Templates
A MARC record is a complex structure. Hence, most of the methods have a number of options. Since a series
of operations frequently uses many the same options for each method, you can create a single variable
that forms a "template" for the desired options. The variable points to a hash - and the hash keys have
been selected so the same hash works for all of the related methods.
my $loc852 = {record=>1, field=>'852', ordered=>'y'};
my ($found) = $x->searchmarc($loc852);
if (defined $found) {
my @m852 = $x->getupdate($loc852);
$x->deletemarc($loc852);
# change @m852 as desired
$x->updaterecord($loc852, @m852fix);
}
else {
$x->addfield($loc852, @m852new);
}
The following methods are specifically designed to work together using Option Templates. The required
options are shown as bold. Any "(default)" options are shown in parentheses. Although deletemarc()
permits an array for the record option, a single record should be used in a Template. The subfield option
must not be used in a Template that uses both deletemarc and one of the methods that acts on a complete
field like addfield(). The value option must not be used with updaterecord().
deletemarc() - field (all), record (all), subfield [supplemental]
searchmarc() - field, regex, notregex, subfield [supplemental]
getvalue() - record, field, subfield, delimiter [supplemental]
getupdate() - record, field
addfield() - record, field, i1 (' '), i2 (' '), value, ordered ('y')
updaterecord() - record, field, i1 (' '), i2 (' '), ordered ('y')
The methods that accept a subfield option also accept specifying it as a supplemental parameter.
Supplemental parameters append/overwrite the hash values specified in the template.
$x->deletemarc($loc852, 'subfield','k');
my $f260 = {field=>"260",regex=>"/19../"};
my @records=$x->searchmarc($f260,'subfield','c');
foreach $found (@records) {
$value = $x->getvalue($f260,'record',"$found",'field',"245");
print "TITLE: $value\n";
}
METHODS
Here is a list of the methods in MARC.pm that are available to you for reading in, manipulating and
outputting MARC data.
new()
Creates a new MARC object.
$x = MARC->new();
You can also use the optional file and format parameters to create and populate the object with data from
a file. If a file is specified it will read in the entire file. If you wish to read in only portions of
the file see openmarc(), nextmarc(), and closemarc() below. The format defaults to 'usmarc' if not
specified. It is only used when a file is given.
$x = MARC->new("mymarc.dat","usmarc");
$x = MARC->new("mymarcmaker.mkr","marcmaker");
Creates a new MARC::Rec object.
$rec=MARC::Rec->new();
$rec=MARC::Rec->new($filehandle,"usmarc");
MARC::Rec objects are typically created by reading from a filehandle using nextrec() and a proto
MARC::Rec object or by directly stuffing the @{$rec->{'array'}} array.
openmarc()
Opens a specified file for reading data into a MARC object. If no format is specified openmarc() will
default to USMARC. The increment parameter defines how many records you would like to read from the file.
If no increment is defined then the file will just be opened, and no records will be read in. If
increment is set to -1 then the entire file will be read in.
$x = new MARC;
$x->openmarc({file=>"mymarc.dat",'format'=>"usmarc",
increment=>"1"});
$x->openmarc({file=>"mymarcmaker.mkr",'format'=>"marcmaker",
increment=>"5"});
note: openmarc() will return the number of records read in. If the file opens successfully, but no
records are read, it returns "0 but true". For example:
$y=$x->openmarc({file=>"mymarc.dat",'format'=>"usmarc",
increment=>"5"});
print "Read in $y records!";
When the MARCMaker format is specified, the lineterm parameter can be used to override the CRLF line-
ending default (the format was originally released for MS-DOS). A charset parameter accepts a hash-
reference to a user supplied character translation table. The "usmarc.txt" table supplied with the LoC.
MARCMaker utility is used internally as the default. You can use the usmarc_default method to get a hash-
reference to it if you only want to modify a couple of characters. See example below.
$x->openmarc({file=>"makrbrkr.mrc",'format'=>"marcmaker",
increment=>"5",lineterm=>"\n",
charset=>\%char_hash});
nextmarc()
Once a file is open nextmarc() can be used to read in the next group of records. The increment can be
passed to change the number of records read in if necessary. An increment of -1 will read in the rest of
the file. Specifying the increment will change the value set with openmarc(). Otherwise, that value is
the default.
$x->nextmarc();
$x->nextmarc(10);
$x->nextmarc(-1);
note: Similar to openmarc(), nextmarc() will return the number of records read in.
$y=$x->nextmarc();
print "$y more records read in!";
nextrec()
MARC:Rec instances can read from a filehandle and produce a new MARC::Rec instance. If nextrec is passed
a string, it will read from that instead. The string should be formatted according to the {format} field
of the instance.
Cases where a new instance cannot be created are classified by a status value:
my ($newrec,$status) = $rec->nextrec();
$status is undefined if we are at the end of the filehandle. If the data read from the filehandle cannot
be made into a marc record, $status will be negative. For example, $status is -1 if there is a
distinction between recsize and leader definition of recsize, and -2 if the leader is not numeric.
An idiom for reading records incrementally with MARC::Recs is:
my $proto=MARC::Rec->new($filehandle,$format);
while (1) {
my ($rec,$status)=$proto->nextrec();
last unless $status;
die "Bad record, bad, bad record: error $status"
if $status <0;
print $rec->output({$format=>'ascii'});
# or replace print and output with your own functions/methods.
}
close $filehandle or die "File $filehandle is not happy on close\n";
If you are getting records from an external source as strings, the idiom is:
my $proto=MARC::Rec->new($filehandle,$format);
while (1) {
my $string = get_external_marc();
last unless $string;
my ($rec,$status)=$proto->nextrec($string);
last unless $status;
die "Bad record, bad, bad record: error $status"
if $status <0;
print $rec->output({$format=>'ascii'});
# or replace print and output with your own functions/methods.
}
closemarc()
If you are finished reading in records from a file you should close it immediately.
$x->closemarc();
add_map()
add_map() takes a recnum and a ref to a field in ($tag, $i1,$i2,a=>"bar",...) or ($tag, $field) formats
and will append to the various indices that we have hanging off that record. It is intended for use in
creating records de novo and as a component for rebuild_map(). It carefully does not copy subfield values
or entire fields, maintaining some reference relationships. What this means for indices created with
add_map that you can directly edit subfield values in $marc->[recnum]{array} and the index will adjust
automatically. Vice-versa, if you edit subfield values in $marc->{recnum}{tag}{subfield_code} the fields
in $marc->[recnum]{array} will adjust. If you change structural information in the array with such an
index, you must rebuild the part of the index related to the current tag (and possibly the old tag if you
change the tag).
use MARC 1.02;
while (<>) {
chomp;
my ($author,$title) = split(/\t/);
my $rnum = $x->createrecord({leader=>
"00000nmm 2200000 a 4500"});
my @auth = (100, ' ', ' ', a=>$author);
my @title = (245, ' ', ' ', a=>$title);
push @{$x->[$rnum]{array}}, \@auth;
$x->add_map($rnum,\@auth);
push @{$x->[$rnum]{array}}, \@title;
$x->add_map($rnum,\@title);
}
MARC::Rec::add_map($rfield) does not need the record specification and has the same effect as add_map.
rebuild_map
rebuild_map takes a recnum and a tag and will synchronise the index with the array elements of the marc
record at the recnum with that tag.
#Gonna change all 099's to 092's since this is a music collection.
grep {$->[0] =~s/099/092} @{$x->[$recnum]{array}};
#Oops, now the index is out of date on the 099's...
$x->rebuild_map($recnum,099);
#... and the 092's since we now have new ones.
$x->rebuild_map($recnum,092);
#All fixed.
MARC::Rec::rebuild_map($tag) does not need the record number and has the same effect as rebuild_map.
rebuild_map_all
rebuild_map takes a recnum and will synchronise the index with the array elements of the marc record at
the recnum.
MARC::Rec::rebuild_map_all() does not need the record number and has the same effect as rebuild_map_all.
getfields
getfields takes a template and returns an array of fieldrefs from the record number implied by that
template. The fields referred are fields from the $marc->[$recnum]{array} group. The fields are all
fields from the first one with the tag from the template to the last with that tag. Some marc records
(e.g. cjk) may have fields with other tags mixed in. Consecutive calls to updatefields with a different
tag and the same record are probably a bad idea unless you have assurance that fields with the same tag
are always together.
MARC::Rec::getfields is identical to getfields, but ignores any record specification in the template.
marc_count()
Returns the total number of records in a MARC object. This method was previously named length(), but that
conflicts with the Perl built-in of the same name. Use the new name, the old one is deprecated and will
disappear shortly.
$length=$x->marc_count();
getfirstvalue()
getfirstvalue will return the first value of a field or subfield or indicator or i12 in a particular
record found in the MARC object. It does not depend on the index being up to date.
MARC::Rec::getfirstvalue is identical to getfields, but ignores any record specification in the template.
getvalue()
This method will retrieve MARC field data from a specific record in the MARC object. getvalue() takes
four parameters: record, field, subfield, and delimiter. Since a single MARC record could contain several
of the fields or subfields the results are returned to you as an array. If you only pass record and field
you will be returned the entire field without subfield delimiters. Optionally you can use delimiter to
specify what character to use for the delimiter, and you will also get the subfield delimiters. If you
also specify subfield your results will be limited to just the contents of that subfield. Repeated
subfield occurances will end up in separate array elements in the order in which they were read in. The
subfield designations 'i1', 'i2' and 'i12' can be used to get indicator(s).
#get the 650 field(s)
@results = $x->getvalue({record=>'1',field=>'650'});
#get the 650 field(s) with subfield delimiters (ie. |x |v etc)
@results = $x->getvalue({record=>'1',field=>'650',delimiter=>'|'});
#get all of the subfield u's from the 856 field
@results = $x->getvalue({record=>'12',field=>'856',subfield=>'u'});
MARC::Rec::getvalue($template) is identical to getvalue, but ignores any record specification.
unpack_ldr($record)
Returns a ref to a hash version of the record'th LDR. Installs the ref in $marc as
$marc->[$record]{unp_ldr}
my $rldr = $x->unpack_ldr(1);
print "Desc is $rldr{Desc}";
my ($m040) = $x->getvalues({record=>'1',field=>'040'});
print "First record is LC, let's leave it alone"
if $rldr->{'Desc'} eq 'a' && $m040=~/DLC\s*\c_c\s*DLC/;
The hash version contains the following information:
Key 000-Pos length Function [standard value]
--- ------- ------ --------
rec_len 00-04 5 Logical Record Length
RecStat 05 1 Record Status
Type 06 1 Type of Record
BLvl 07 1 Bibliographic Level
Ctrl 08 1
Undefldr 09-11 3 [x22]
base_addr 12-16 5 Base Address of Data
ELvl 17 1 Encoding Level
Desc 18 1 Descriptive Cataloging Form
ln_rec 19 1 Linked-Record Code
len_len_field 20 1 Length "length of field" [4]
len_start_char 21 1 Length "start char pos" [5]
len_impl 22 1 Length "implementation dep" [0]
Undef2ldr 23 1 [0]
MARC::Rec::unpack_ldr() is identical to unpack_ldr, but does not need the record number.
get_hash_ldr($record)
Takes a record number. Returns a ref to the cached version of the hash ldr if it exists. Does this
*without* overwriting the hash ldr. Allows external code to safely manipulate hash versions of the ldr.
my $rhldr = $marc->get_hash_ldr($record);
return undef unless $rhldr;
$rhldr->{'Desc'} =~ s/a/b/;
$ldr = $x->pack_ldr($record);
MARC::Rec::get_hash_ldr() is identical to get_hash_ldr, but does not need the record number.
pack_ldr($record)
Takes a record number. Updates the appropriate ldr.
$marc->[$record]{'unp_ldr'}{'Desc'} =~ s/a/b/;
my $ldr = $x->pack_ldr($record);
return undef unless $ldr;
MARC::Rec::pack_ldr() is identical to pack_ldr, but does not need the record number.
bib_format($record)
Takes a record number. Returns the "format" used in determining the meanings of the fixed fields in 008.
Will force update of the ldr based on any existing hash version.
foreach $record (1..$#$x) {
next if $x->bib_format($record) eq 'SERIALS';
# serials are hard
do_something($x->[record]);
}
MARC::Rec::bib_format() is identical to bib_format, but does not need the record number.
unpack_008($record)
Returns a ref to hash version of the 008 field, based on the field's value. Installs the ref as
$marc->[$record]{unp_008}
foreach $record (1..$#$x) {
my $rff = $x->unpack_008($record);
print "Record $record: Y2K problem possible"
if ($rff->{'Date1'}=~/00/ or $rff->{'Date2'}=~/00/);
}
MARC::Rec::unpack_008() is identical to unpack_008, but does not need the record number.
get_hash_008($record)
Takes a record number. Returns a ref to the cached version of the hash 008 if it exists. Does this
*without* overwriting the hash 008. Allows external code to safely manipulate hash versions of the 008.
my $rh008 = $marc->get_hash_008($record);
return undef unless $rh008;
$rh008->{'Date1'} =~ s/00/01/;
my $m008 = $x->pack_008($record);
return undef unless $m008;
MARC::Rec::get_hash_008() is identical to get_hash_008, but does not need the record number.
pack_008($record)
Takes a record number and updates the appropriate 008. Will force update of the ldr based on any existing
hash version.
foreach $record (1..$#$x) {
my $rff = $x->unpack_008($record);
$rff->{'Date1'}='2000';
print "Record:$record Y2K problem created";
$x->pack_008($record);
# New value is in the 008 field of $record'th marc
}
MARC::Rec::pack_008() is identical to pack_008, but does not need the record number.
deletefirst()
deletefirst() takes a template. It deletes the field data for a first match, using the template and
leaves the rest alone. If the template has a subfield element it deletes based on the subfield
information in the template. If the last subfield of a field is deleted, deletefirst() also deletes the
field. It complains about attempts to delete indicators. If there is no match, it does nothing.
Deletefirst also rebuilds the map if the template asks for that $do_rebuild_map. Deletefirst returns the
number of matches deleted (that would be 0 or 1), or undef if it feels grumpy (i.e. carps).
MARC::Rec::deletefirst($template) is identical to deletefirst, but ignores any record number specified by
$template.
Most use of deletefirst is expected to be by MARC::Tie.
deletemarc()
This method will allow you to remove a specific record, fields or subfields from a MARC object. Accepted
parameters include: record, field and subfield. Note: you can use the .. operator to delete a range of
records. deletemarc() will return the number of items deleted (be they records, fields or subfields). The
record parameter is optional. It defaults to all user records [1..$#marc] if not specified.
#delete all the records in the object
$x->deletemarc();
#delete records 1-5 and 7
$x->deletemarc({record=>[1..5,7]});
#delete all of the 650 fields from all of the records
$x->deletemarc({field=>'650'});
#delete the 110 field in record 2
$x->deletemarc({record=>'2',field=>'110'});
#delete all of the subfield h's in the 245 fields
$x->deletemarc({field=>'245',subfield=>'h'});
updatefirst()
updatefirst() takes a template, and an array from $marc->[recnum]{array}. It replaces/creates the field
data for a first match, using the template and the array, and leaves the rest alone. If the template has
a subfield element, (this includes indicators) it ignores all other information in the array and only
updates/creates based on the subfield information in the array. If the template has no subfield
information then indicators are left untouched unless a new field needs to be created, in which case they
are left blank.
MARC::Rec::updatefirst($template) is identical to deletefirst, but ignores any record number specified by
$template.
Most use of updatefirst() is expected to be from MARC::Tie. It does not currently provide a useful
return value.
updatefields()
updatefields() takes a template which specifies recnum, a $do_rebuild_map and a field (needs the field in
case $rafields->[0] is empty). It also takes a ref to an array of fieldrefs formatted like the output of
getfields(), and replaces/creates the field data. It assumes that it should replace the fields with the
first tag in the fieldrefs. It calls rebuild_map() if $do_rebuild_map.
#Let's kill the *last* 500 field.
my $loc500 = {record=>1,field=>500,rebuild_map=>1};
my @rfields = $x->getfields($loc500);
pop @rfields;
$x->updatefields($loc500,\@rfields);
getmatch()
getmatch() takes a subfield code (can be an indicator) and a fieldref. Returns 0 or a ref to the value
to be updated.
#Let's update the value of i2 for the *last* 500
my $loc500 = {record=>1,field=>500,rebuild_map=>1};
my @rfields = $x->getfields($loc500);
my $rvictim = pop @rfields;
my $rval = getmatch('i2',$rvictim);
$$rval = "4" if $rval;
MARC::Rec::getmatch($subf,$rfield) is identical to getmatch;
insertpos()
insertpos() takes a subfield code (can not be an indicator), a value, and a fieldref. Updates the
fieldref with the first place that the fieldref can match. Assumes there is no exact subfield match in
$fieldref.
#Let's update the value of subfield 'a' for the *last* 500
my $value = "new info";
my $loc500 = {record=>1,field=>500,rebuild_map=>1};
my @rfields = $x->getfields($loc500);
my $rvictim = pop @rfields;
my $rval = getmatch('a',$rvictim);
if ($rval) {
$$rval = $value ;
} else {
$x->insertpos('a',$value,$rvictim);
}
MARC::Rec::insertpos($subf,$value,$rfield) is identical to insertpos;
selectmarc()
This method will select specific records from a MARC object and delete the rest. You can specify both
individual records and ranges of records in the same way as deletemarc(). selectmarc() will also return
the number of records deleted.
$x->selectmarc(['3']);
$y=$x->selectmarc(['4','21-50','60']);
print "$y records selected!";
searchmarc()
This method will allow you to search through a MARC object, and retrieve record numbers for records that
matched your criteria. You can search for: 1) records that contain a particular field, or field and
subfield ; 2) records that have fields or subfields that match a regular expression ; 3) and records that
have fields or subfields that do not match a regular expression. The record numbers are returned to you
in an array which you can then use with deletemarc(), selectmarc() and output() if you want.
• 1) Field/Subfield Presence:
@records=$x->searchmarc({field=>"245"});
@records=$x->searchmarc({field=>"245",subfield=>"a"});
• 2) Field/Subfield Match:
@records=$x->searchmarc({field=>"245",
regex=>"/huckleberry/i"});
@records=$x->searchmarc({field=>"260",subfield=>"c",
regex=>"/19../"});
• 3) Field/Subfield NotMatch:
@records=$x->searchmarc({field=>"245",
notregex=>"/huckleberry/i"});
@records=$x->searchmarc({field=>"260",
subfield=>"c",notregex=>"/19../"});
createrecord()
You can use this method to initialize a new record. It only takes one optional parameter, leader which
sets the 24 characters in the record leader: see http://lcweb.loc.gov/marc/bibliographic/ecbdhome.html
for more details on the leader. Note: you do not need to pass character positions 00-04 or 12-16 since
these are calculated by MARC.pm if outputting to MARC you can assign 0 to each position. If no leader is
passed a default USMARC leader will be created of "00000nam 2200000 a 4500". createrecord() will return
the record number for the record that was created, which you will need to use later when adding fields
with addfield(). Createrecord now makes the new record an instance of an appropriate MARC::Rec subclass.
use MARC;
my $x = new MARC;
$record_number = $x->createrecord();
$record_number = $x->createrecord({leader=>
"00000nmm 2200000 a 4500"});
MARC::Rec::createrecord($leader) returns an instance of a suitable subclass of MARC::Rec.
getupdate()
The getupdate() method returns an array that contains the contents of a fieldin a defined order that
permits restoring the field after deleting it. This permits changing only individual subfields while
keeping other data intact. If a field is repeated in the record, the resulting array separates the field
infomation with an element containing "\036" - the internal field separator which can never occur in real
MARC data parameters. A non-existing field returns "undef". An example will make the structure clearer.
The next two MARC fields (shown in ASCII) will be described in the following array:
246 30 $aPhoto archive
246 3 $aAssociated Press photo archive
my $update246 = {field=>'246',record=>2,ordered=>'y'};
# next two statements are equivalent
my @u246 = $x->getupdate($update246);
# or
my @u246 = ('i1','3','i2','0',
'a','Photo archive',"\036",
'i1','3','i2',' ',
'a','Associated Press photo archive',"\036");
After making any desired modifications to the data, the existing field can be replaced using the
following sequence (for non-repeating fields):
$x->deletemarc($update246));
my @records = ();
foreach my $y1 (@u246) {
last if ($y1 eq "\036");
push @records, $y1;
}
$x->addfield($update246, @records);
updaterecord()
The updaterecord() method is a more complete version of the preceeding sequence with error checking and
the ability to split the update array into multiple addfield() commands when given repeating fields. It
takes an array of key/value pairs, formatted like the output of getupdate(), and replaces/creates the
field data. For repeated tags, a "\036" element is used to delimit data into separate addfield()
commands. It returns the number of successful addfield() commands or "undef" on failure.
$repeats = $x->updaterecord($update246, @u246); # same as above
addfield()
This method will allow you to addfields to a specified record. The syntax may look confusing at first,
but once you understand it you will be able to add fields to records that you have read in, or to records
that you have created with createrecord(). addfield() takes six parameters: record which indicates the
record number to add the field to, field which indicates the field you wish to create (ie. 245), i1 which
holds one character for the first indicator, i2 which holds one character for the second indicator, and
value which holds the subfield data that you wish to add to the field. addfield() will automatically try
to insert your new field in tag order (ie. a 500 field before a 520 field), however you can turn this off
if you set ordered to "no" which will add the field to the end. Here are some examples:
$y = $x->createrecord(); # $y will store the record number created
$x->addfield({record=>"$y", field=>"100", i1=>"1", i2=>"0",
value=> [a=>"Twain, Mark, ", d=>"1835-1910."]});
$x->addfield({record=>"$y", field=>"245",
i1=>"1", i2=>"4", value=>
[a=>"The adventures of Huckleberry Finn /",
c=>"Mark Twain ; illustrated by E.W. Kemble."]});
This example intitalized a new record, and added a 100 field and a 245 field. For some more creative uses
of the addfield() function take a look at the EXAMPLES section. The value parameters, including i1 and
i2, can be specified using a separate array. This permits restoring field(s) from the array returned by
the getupdate() method - either as-is or with modifications. The i1 and i2 key/value pairs must be first
and in that order if included.
# same as "100" example above
my @v100 = 'i1','1','i2',"0",'a',"Twain, Mark, ",
'd',"1835-1910.";
$x->addfield({record=>"$y", field=>"100"}, @v100);
add_005s()
Add_005s takes a specification of records (defaults to everything) and updates the indicated records with
updated 005 fields (date of last transaction).
output()
Output is a multifunctional method for creating formatted output from a MARC object. There are three
parameters file, format, records. If file is specified the output will be directed to that file. It is
important to specify with > and >> whether you want to create or append the file! If no file is specified
then the results of the output will be returned to a variable (both variations are listed below).
The MARC standard includes a control field (005) that records the date of last automatic processing. This
is implemented as a side-effect of output() to a file or if explicitly requested via a add_005s field of
the template. The current time is stamped on the records indicated by the template.
Valid format values currently include usmarc, marcmaker, ascii, html, urls, and isbd. The optional
records parameter allows you to pass an array of record numbers which you wish to output. You must pass
the array as a reference, hence the forward-slash in \@records below. If you do not include records the
output will default to all the records in the object.
The lineterm parameter can be used to override the line-ending default for any of the formats. MARCMaker
defaults to CRLF (the format was originally released for MS-DOS). The others use '\n' as the default.
With the MARCMaker format, a charset parameter accepts a hash-reference to a user supplied character
translation table. The "ustext.txt" table supplied with the LoC. MARCBreaker utility is used internally
as the default. You can use the ustext_default method to get a hash-reference to it if you only want to
modify a couple of characters. See example below.
The MARCMaker Specification requires that long lines be split to less than 80 columns. While that
behavior is the default, the nolinebreak parameter can override it and the resulting output will be much
like the ascii format.
MARC::Rec::output($template) is the same as output except that ignores record number(s) and only outputs
its caller. (E.g., with $format eq 'urls' it does not output html header and footer information.)
• MARC
$x->output({file=>">mymarc.dat",'format'=>"usmarc"});
$x->output({file=>">mymarc.dat",'format'=>"usmarc",
records=>\@records});
$y=$x->output({'format'=>"usmarc"}); #put the output into $y
• MARCMaker
$x->output({file=>">mymarcmaker.mkr",'format'=>"marcmaker"});
$x->output({file=>">mymarcmaker.mkr",'format'=>"marcmaker",
records=>\@records});
$y=$x->output({'format'=>"marcmaker"}); #put the output into $y
$x->output({file=>"brkrtest.mkr",'format'=>"marcmaker",
nolinebreak=>"1", lineterm=>"\n",
charset=>\%char_hash});
• ASCII
$x->output({file=>">myascii.txt",'format'=>"ascii"});
$x->output({file=>">myascii.txt",'format'=>"ascii",
records=>\@records});
$y=$x->output({'format'=>"ascii"}); #put the output into $y
• HTML
The HTML output method has some additional parameters. fields which if set to "all" will output all
of the fields. Or you can pass the tag number and a label that you want to use for that tag. This
will result in HTML output that only contains the specified tags, and will use the label in place of
the MARC code.
$x->output({file=>">myhtml.html",'format'=>"html",
fields=>"all"});
#this will only output the 100 and 245 fields, with the
#labels "Title: " and "Author: "
$x->output({file=>">myhtml.html",'format'=>"html",
245=>"Title: ",100=>"Author: "});
$y=$x->output({'format'=>"html"});
If you want to build the HTML file in stages, there are four other format values available to you: 1)
"html_header", 2) "html_start", 3) "html_body", and 4) "html_footer". Be careful to use the >> append
when adding to a file though!
$x->output({file=>">myhtml.html",
'format'=>"html_header"}); # Content-type
$x->output({file=>">>myhtml.html",
'format'=>"html_start"}); # <BODY>
$x->output({file=>">>myhtml.html",
'format'=>"html_body",fields=>"all"});
$x->output({file=>">>myhtml.html",
'format'=>"html_footer"});
• URLS
$x->output({file=>"urls.html",'format'=>"urls"});
$y=$x->output({'format'=>"urls"});
• ISBD
An experimental output format that attempts to mimic the ISBD.
$x->output({file=>"isbd.txt",'format'=>"isbd"});
$y=$x->output({'format'=>"isbd"});
• XML
Roundtrip conversion between MARC and XML is handled by the subclass MARC::XML. MARC::XML is
available for download from the CPAN.
usmarc_default()
This method returns a hash reference to a translation table between mnemonics delimited by curly braces
and single-byte character codes in the MARC record. Multi-byte characters are not currently supported.
The hash has keys of the form '{esc}' and values of the form chr(0x1b). It is used during MARCMaker
input.
my %inc = %{$x->usmarc_default()};
printf "dollar = %s\n", $inc{'dollar'}; # prints '$'
$inc{'yen'} = 'Y';
$x->openmarc({file=>"makrbrkr.mrc",'format'=>"marcmaker",
charset=>\%inc});
MARC::Rec::usmarc_default is identical to usmarc_default;
ustext_default()
This method returns a hash reference to a translation table between single-byte character codes and
mnemonics delimited by curly braces. Multi-byte characters are not currently supported. The hash has keys
of the form chr(0x1b) and values of the form '{esc}'. It is used during MARCMaker output.
my %outc = %{$x->ustext_default()};
printf "dollar = %s\n", $outc{'$'}; # prints '{dollar}'
$outc{'$'} = '{uscash}';
printf "dollar = %s\n", $outc{'$'}; # prints '{uscash}'
$y = $x->output({'format'=>"marcmaker", charset=>\%outc});
MARC::Rec::ustext_default is identical to ustext_default;
as_string()
As_string() takes no paramaters and returns a (Unix) newline separated version of the record.
Format is: $tag<SPACE>$i1$i2<SPACE>$subfields
where $subfields are separated by "\c_" binary subfield indicators.
Tag 000 is ldr.
Subclasses may need to override this format. If so, they should override from_string.
from_string()
From_string() takes a string paramater and updates the calling record's {array} information. It assumes
the string is formatted like the output of as_string().
EXAMPLES
Here are a few examples to fire your imagination.
• This example will read in the complete contents of a MARC file called "mymarc.dat" and then output it
as a MARCMaker file called "mymkr.mkr".
#!/usr/bin/perl
use MARC;
$x = MARC->new("mymarc.dat","marcmaker");
$x->output({file=>"mymkr.mkr",'format'=>"marcmaker");
• The MARC object occupies a fair number of working memory, and you may want to do conversions on very
large files. In this case you will want to use the openmarc(), nextmarc(), deletemarc(), and
closemarc() methods to read in portions of the MARC file, do something with the record(s), remove
them from the object, and then read in the next record(s). This example will read in one record at a
time from a MARC file called "mymarc.dat" and convert it to a MARC Maker file called "myfile.mkr".
#!/usr/bin/perl
use MARC;
$x = new MARC;
$x->openmarc({file=>"mymarc.dat",'format'=>"usmarc"});
while ($x->nextmarc(1)) {
$x->output({file=>">>myfile.mkr",'format'=>"marcmaker"});
$x->deletemarc(); #empty the object for reading in another
}
• Perhaps you have a tab delimited text file of data for online journals you have access to from Dow
Jones Interactive, and you would like to create a batch of MARC records to load into your catalog. In
this case you can use createrecord(), addfield() and output() to create records as you read in your
delimited file. When you are done, you then output to a file in USMARC.
#!/usr/bin/perl
use MARC;
$x = new MARC;
open (INPUT_FILE, "delimited_file");
while ($line=<INPUT_FILE>) {
($journaltitle,$issn) = split /\t/,$line;
$num=$x->createrecord();
$x->addfield({record=>$num,
field=>"022",
i1=>" ", i2=>" ",
value=>$issn});
$x->addfield({record=>$num,
field=>"245",
i1=>"0", i2=>" ",
value=>[a=>$journaltitle]});
$x->addfield({record=>$num,
field=>"260",
i1=>" ", i2=>" ",
value=>[a=>"New York (N.Y.) :",
b=>"Dow Jones & Company"]});
$x->addfield({record=>$num,
field=>"710",
i1=>"2", i2=>" ",
value=>[a=>"Dow Jones Interactive."]});
$x->addfield({record=>$num,
field=>"856",
i1=>"4", i2=>" ",
value=>[u=>"http://www.djnr.com",
z=>"Connect"]});
}
close INPUT_FILE;
$x->output({file=>">dowjones.mrc",'format'=>"usmarc"})
• Perhaps you have periodicals coming in that you want to order by location and then title. MARC::Rec's
get you out of some array indexing.
#!/usr/bin//perl use MARC 1.03;
my @newmarcs=@$marc[1..$#$marc]; # array slice. my @sortmarcs = sort by_loc_oclc @newmarcs;
@marc[1..$#$marc] = @sortmarcs;
sub by_loc_title {
my ($aloc,$atitle) = loc_title($a);
my ($bloc,$btitle) = loc_title($b);
return $aloc cmp $bloc || $atitle cmp $btitle; }
sub loc_title {
my ($rec)=@_;
my $n049 = $rec->getfirstvalue({field=>040});
my ($loc) = $n049=~/(ND\S+)/; # Or the first two letters of your OCLC
# location.
my $title = $rec->getfirstvalue({field=>100,delimiter=>" "});
return ($loc,$title);
}
NOTES
Please let us know if you run into any difficulties using MARC.pm - we'd be happy to try to help. Also,
please contact us if you notice any bugs, or if you would like to suggest an improvement/enhancement.
Email addresses are listed at the bottom of this page.
Development of MARC.pm and other library oriented Perl utilities is conducted on the Perl4Lib listserv.
Perl4Lib is an open list and is an ideal place to ask questions about MARC.pm. Subscription information
is available at http://www.vims.edu/perl4lib
Two global boolean variables are reserved for test and debugging. Both are "0" (off) by default. The
$TEST variable disables internal error messages generated using Carp. It also overrides the date_stamp in
the "005" field with a constant "19960221075055.7". It should only be used in the automatic test suite.
The $DEBUG variable adds verbose diagnostic messages. Since both variables are used only in testing,
MARC::Rec uses $MARC::TEST and $MARC::DEBUG rather than define a second pair.
AUTHORS
Chuck Bearden cbearden@rice.edu
Bill Birthisel wcbirthisel@alum.mit.edu
Derek Lane dereklane@pobox.com
Charles McFadden chuck@vims.edu
Ed Summers ed@cheetahmail.com
SEE ALSO
perl(1), http://lcweb.loc.gov/marc
COPYRIGHT
Copyright (C) 1999,2000, Bearden, Birthisel, Lane, McFadden, and Summers. All rights reserved. This
module is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself. 23
April 2000. Portions Copyright (C) 1999,2000, Duke University, Lane.