Provided by: libmath-planepath-perl_113-1_all 
NAME
Math::PlanePath::DiagonalRationals -- rationals X/Y by diagonals
SYNOPSIS
use Math::PlanePath::DiagonalRationals;
my $path = Math::PlanePath::DiagonalRationals->new;
my ($x, $y) = $path->n_to_xy (123);
DESCRIPTION
This path enumerates positive rationals X/Y with no common factor, going in diagonal order
from Y down to X.
17 | 96...
16 | 80
15 | 72 81
14 | 64 82
13 | 58 65 73 83 97
12 | 46 84
11 | 42 47 59 66 74 85 98
10 | 32 48 86
9 | 28 33 49 60 75 87
8 | 22 34 50 67 88
7 | 18 23 29 35 43 51 68 76 89 99
6 | 12 36 52 90
5 | 10 13 19 24 37 44 53 61 77 91
4 | 6 14 25 38 54 69 92
3 | 4 7 15 20 30 39 55 62 78 93
2 | 2 8 16 26 40 56 70 94
1 | 1 3 5 9 11 17 21 27 31 41 45 57 63 71 79 95
Y=0 |
+---------------------------------------------------
X=0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
The order is the same as the "Diagonals" path, but only those X,Y with no common factor
are numbered.
1/1, N = 1
1/2, 1/2, N = 2 .. 3
1/3, 1/3, N = 4 .. 5
1/4, 2/3, 3/2, 4/1, N = 6 .. 9
1/5, 5/1, N = 10 .. 11
N=1,2,4,6,10,etc at the start of each diagonal (in the column at X=1) is the cumulative
totient,
totient(i) = count numbers having no common factor with i
i=K
cumulative_totient(K) = sum totient(i)
i=1
Direction
Option "direction => 'up'" reverses the order within each diagonal to count upward from
the X axis.
direction => "up"
8 | 27
7 | 21 26
6 | 17
5 | 11 16 20 25
4 | 9 15 24
3 | 5 8 14 19
2 | 3 7 13 23
1 | 1 2 4 6 10 12 18 22
Y=0|
+---------------------------
X=0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
N Start
The default is to number points starting N=1 as shown above. An optional "n_start" can
give a different start with the same shape, For example to start at 0,
n_start => 0
8 | 21
7 | 17 22
6 | 11
5 | 9 12 18 23
4 | 5 13 24
3 | 3 6 14 19
2 | 1 7 15 25
1 | 0 2 4 8 10 16 20 26
Y=0|
+---------------------------
X=0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Coprime Columns
The diagonals are the same as the columns in "CoprimeColumns". For example the diagonal
N=18 to N=21 from X=0,Y=8 down to X=8,Y=0 is the same as the "CoprimeColumns" vertical at
X=8. In general the correspondence is
Xdiag = Ycol
Ydiag = Xcol - Ycol
Xcol = Xdiag + Ydiag
Ycol = Xdiag
"CoprimeColumns" has an extra N=0 at X=1,Y=1 which is not present in "DiagonalRationals".
(It would be Xdiag=1,Ydiag=0 which is 1/0.)
The points numbered or skipped in a column up to X=Y is the same as the points numbered or
skipped on a diagonal, simply because X,Y no common factor is the same as Y,X+Y no common
factor.
Taking the "CoprimeColumns" as enumerating fractions F = Ycol/Xcol with 0 < F < 1 the
corresponding diagonal rational 0 < R < infinity is
1 F
R = ------- = ---
1/F - 1 1-F
1 R
F = ------- = ---
1/R + 1 1+R
which is a one-to-one mapping between the fractions F < 1 and all rationals.
FUNCTIONS
See "FUNCTIONS" in Math::PlanePath for behaviour common to all path classes.
"$path = Math::PlanePath::DiagonalRationals->new ()"
"$path = Math::PlanePath::DiagonalRationals->new (n_start => $n)"
Create and return a new path object.
"($x,$y) = $path->n_to_xy ($n)"
Return the X,Y coordinates of point number $n on the path. Points begin at 1 and if
"$n < 1" then the return is an empty list.
BUGS
The current implementation is fairly slack and is slow on medium to large N. A table of
cumulative totients is built and retained for the diagonal d=X+Y.
OEIS
This enumeration of rationals is in Sloane's Online Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences in
the following forms
<http://oeis.org/A020652> (etc)
direction=down, n_start=1 (the defaults)
A020652 X, numerator
A020653 Y, denominator
A038567 X+Y sum, starting from X=1,Y=1
A054431 by diagonals 1=coprime, 0=not
(excluding X=0 row and Y=0 column)
A054430 permutation N at Y/X
reverse runs of totient(k) many integers
A054424 permutation DiagonalRationals -> RationalsTree SB
A054425 padded with 0s at non-coprimes
A054426 inverse SB -> DiagonalRationals
A060837 permutation DiagonalRationals -> FactorRationals
direction=down, n_start=0
A157806 abs(X-Y) difference
direction=up swaps X,Y.
SEE ALSO
Math::PlanePath, Math::PlanePath::CoprimeColumns, Math::PlanePath::RationalsTree,
Math::PlanePath::PythagoreanTree
HOME PAGE
<http://user42.tuxfamily.org/math-planepath/index.html>
LICENSE
Copyright 2011, 2012, 2013 Kevin Ryde
Math-PlanePath is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
version 3, or (at your option) any later version.
Math-PlanePath is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with Math-
PlanePath. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.