Provided by: libperl-critic-perl_1.121-1_all 
NAME
Perl::Critic::DEVELOPER - How to make new Perl::Critic::Policy modules.
DESCRIPTION
For developers who want to create custom coding standards, the following tells how to
create a Policy module for Perl::Critic. Although the Perl::Critic distribution already
includes a number of Policies based on Damian Conway's book Perl Best Practices (which
will be referred to via "PBP" from here on), Perl::Critic is not limited to his guidelines
and can be used to enforce any practice, preference, or style that you want to follow.
You can even write Policies to enforce contradictory guidelines. All you need to do is
write a corresponding Perl::Critic::Policy subclass, which may require as little as 10
lines of code.
BACKGROUND
The heart of Perl::Critic is PPI, a parser and lexer for Perl. PPI transforms Perl source
code into a Document Object Model (DOM). Each token in the document is represented by a
PPI class, such as PPI::Token::Operator or PPI::Token::Word, and then organized into
structure classes, like PPI::Statement::Expression and PPI::Structure::Subroutine. The
root node of the hierarchy is the PPI::Document.
The Perl::Critic engine traverses each node in the PPI::Document tree and invokes each of
the Perl::Critic::Policy subclasses at the appropriate node. The Policy can inspect the
node, look at the surrounding nodes, and do whatever else it wants. If the Policy decides
that a coding standard has been violated, it returns one or more Perl::Critic::Violation
objects. If there are no violations, then the Policy returns nothing.
Policies are usually written based on existing policies, so let's look at one to see how
it works. The RequireBlockGrep.pm Policy is relatively simple and demonstrates most of
the important issues. The goal of this Policy is to enforce that every call to "grep"
uses a block for the first argument and not an expression. The reasons for this Policy
are discussed in detail in PBP.
EXAMPLE POLICY
First, the Policy module needs to have a name. Perl::Critic uses Module::Pluggable to
automatically discover all modules in the "Perl::Critic::Policy" namespace. Also, we've
adopted the convention of grouping Policies into directories according to the chapters of
PBP. Since the goal of this Policy is to enforce the use of block arguments to "grep" and
it comes from the "Builtin Functions" chapter of PBP, we call it
"Perl::Critic::Policy::BuiltinFunctions::RequireBlockGrep".
package Perl::Critic::Policy::BuiltinFunctions::RequireBlockGrep;
Next, we set some pragmas and load the modules that we'll need. All Policy modules
inherit from the Perl::Critic::Policy class, which provides no-op implementations of the
basic methods. Our job is to override these methods to make them do something useful.
Technically, "use strict" and "use warnings" are optional, but we don't want Perl::Critic
to be a hypocrite, now do we?
use strict;
use warnings;
use Readonly;
use Perl::Critic::Utils qw{ :severities :classification :ppi };
use base 'Perl::Critic::Policy';
our $VERSION = '1.05';
Next, we'll declare a description and explanation for this Policy. The description is
always just a string that basically says "this is what's wrong." The explanation can be
either a string with further details, or a reference to an array of integers that
correspond to page numbers in PBP. We make them read-only because they never change.
(See Perl::Critic::Policy::ValuesAndExpressions::ProhibitConstantPragma for why we don't
"use constant".)
Readonly::Scalar my $DESC => q{Expression form of "grep"};
Readonly::Scalar my $EXPL => [ 169 ];
Most policies don't need to override the "initialize_if_enabled()" method provided by
Perl::Critic::Policy. However, if your Policy is configurable via .perlcriticrc, you
should implement a "supported_parameters()" method and need to implement
"initialize_if_enabled()" to examine the $config values. Since this Policy isn't
configurable, we'll declare that by providing an implementation of
"supported_parameters()" that returns an empty list.
sub supported_parameters { return () }
Next, we define the "default_severity()" method, which must return an integer indicating
the severity of violating this Policy. Severity values range from 1 to 5, where 5 is the
"most severe." In general, level 5 is reserved for things that are frequently misused
and/or cause bugs. Level 1 is for things that are highly subjective or purely cosmetic.
The Perl::Critic::Utils package exports several severity constants that you can use here
via the ":severities" tag.
sub default_severity { return $SEVERITY_HIGH }
Likewise, the "default_themes()" method returns a list of theme names. Themes are
intended to be named groups of Policies. All Policies that ship with Perl::Critic have a
"core" theme. Since use of "grep" without blocks often leads to bugs, we include a "bugs"
theme. And since this Policy comes directly from PBP, this Policy should be a member of
the "pbp" theme.
sub default_themes { return qw( core bugs pbp ) }
As a Policy author, you can assign any themes you want to the Policy. If you're
publishing a suite of custom Policies, we suggest that you create a unique theme that
covers all the Policies in the distribution. That way, users can easily enable or disable
all of your policies at once. For example, Policies in the Perl::Critic::More
distribution all have a "more" theme.
Next, we indicate what elements of the code this Policy will analyze, like statements or
variables or conditionals or POD. These elements are specified as PPI classes such as
PPI::Statement, PPI::Token::Symbol, PPI::Structure::Conditional or PPI::Token::Pod
respectively. The "applies_to()" method returns a list of PPI package names. (You can
get that list of available package names via "perldoc PPI".) As Perl::Critic traverses
the document, it will call the "violates()" method from this module whenever it encounters
one of the PPI types that are given here. In this case, we just want to test calls to
"grep". Since the token "grep" is a PPI::Token::Word, we return that package name from
the "applies_to()" method.
sub applies_to { return 'PPI::Token::Word' }
If your Policy needs to analyze several different types of elements, the "applies_to"
method may return the name of several PPI packages. If your Policy needs to examine the
file as a whole, then the "applies_to" method should return PPI::Document. Since there is
only one PPI::Document element, your Policy would only be invoked once per file.
Now comes the interesting part. The "violates()" method does all the work. It is always
called with 2 arguments: a reference to the current PPI element that Perl::Critic is
traversing, and a reference to the entire PPI document. [And since this is an object
method, there will be an additional argument that is a reference to this object ($self),
but you already knew that!] Since this Policy does not need access to the document as a
whole, we ignore the last parameter by assigning to "undef".
sub violates {
my ( $self, $elem, undef ) = @_;
The "violates()" method then often performs some tests to make sure we have the right
"type" of element. In our example, we know that the element will be a PPI::Token::Word
because that's what we declared back in the "applies_to()" method. However, we didn't
specify exactly which "word" we were looking for. Evaluating a PPI element in a string
context returns the literal form of the code. (You can also use the "content()" method.)
So we make sure that this "PPI::Token::Word" is, in fact, "grep". If it's not, then we
don't need to bother examining it.
return if $elem ne 'grep';
The "PPI::Token::Word" class is also used for barewords and methods called on object
references. It is possible for someone to declare a bareword hash key as "%hash = ( grep
=> 'foo')". We don't want to test those types of elements because they don't represent
function calls to "grep". So we use one of handy utility functions from
Perl::Critic::Utils to make sure that this "grep" is actually in the right context. (The
"is_function_call()" subroutine is brought in via the ":classification" tag.)
return if ! is_function_call($elem);
Now that we know this element is a call to the "grep" function, we can look at the nearby
elements to see what kind of arguments are being passed to it. In the following
paragraphs, we discuss how to do this manually in order to explore PPI; after that, we'll
show how this Policy actually uses facilities provided by Perl::Critic::Utils to get this
done.
Every PPI element is linked to its siblings, parent, and children (if it has any). Since
those siblings could just be whitespace, we use the "snext_sibling()" to get the next
code-sibling (the "s" in "snext_sibling" stands for "significant").
my $sib = $elem->snext_sibling() or return;
In Perl, the parenthesis around argument lists are usually optional, and PPI packs the
elements into a PPI::Structure::List object when parentheses are used. So if the sibling
is a "PPI::Structure::List", we pull out the first (significant) child of that list. This
child will be the first argument to "grep". If parentheses were not used, then the
sibling itself is the first argument.
my $arg = $sib->isa('PPI::Structure::List') ? $sib->schild(0) : $sib;
In actuality, this sort of function argument lookup is common, so there is a "first_arg"
in Perl::Critic::Utils subroutine available via the ":ppi" tag. So we use that instead.
my $arg = first_arg($elem);
Finally, we now have a reference to the first argument to "grep". If that argument is a
block (i.e. something in curly braces), then it will be a PPI::Structure::Block, in which
case our Policy is satisfied and we just return nothing.
return if !$arg;
return if $arg->isa('PPI::Structure::Block');
But if it is not a PPI::Structure::Block, then we know that this call to "grep" must be
using the expression form, and that violates our Policy. So we create and return a new
Perl::Critic::Violation object via the "violation" in Perl::Critic::Policy method, passing
in the description, explanation, and a reference to the PPI element that caused the
violation. And that's all there is to it!
return $self->violation( $DESC, $EXPL, $elem );
}
1;
One last thing -- people are going to need to understand what is wrong with the code when
your Policy finds a problem. It isn't reasonable to include all the details in your
violation description or explanation. So please include a DESCRIPTION section in the POD
for your Policy. It should succinctly describe the behavior and motivation for your
Policy and include a few examples of both good and bad code. Here's an example:
=pod
=head1 NAME
Perl::Critic::Policy::BuiltinFunctions::RequireBlockGrep
=head1 DESCRIPTION
The expression forms of C<grep> and C<map> are awkward and hard to read.
Use the block forms instead.
@matches = grep /pattern/, @list; #not ok
@matches = grep { /pattern/ } @list; #ok
@mapped = map transform($_), @list; #not ok
@mapped = map { transform($_) } @list; #ok
=cut
When your policy has a section like this, users can invoke perlcritic with a "--verbose"
parameter of 10 or 11 or with a "%d" escape to see it along with the rest of the output
for violations of your policy.
MAKING YOUR POLICY CONFIGURABLE
Perl::Critic takes care of gathering configuration information for your Policy, from
whatever source the user specifies. (See "CONFIGURATION" in Perl::Critic for the details
of how a user specifies the values you're going to receive.) What your Policy ends up
receiving for the value of a parameter is a string with leading and trailing whitespace
removed. By default, you will need to handle conversion of that string to a useful form
yourself. However, if you provide some metadata about your parameters, the parameter
handling will be taken care of for you. (Additionally, tools that deal with Policies
themselves can use this information to enhance their functionality. See the perlcritic
"--profile-proto" option for an example.)
You can look at Perl::Critic::Policy::ControlStructures::ProhibitCascadingIfElse for a
simple example of a configurable Policy and
Perl::Critic::Policy::Documentation::RequirePodSections for a more complex one.
Do It All Yourself
The "initialize_if_enabled()" method for a Policy receives one argument: an instance of
Perl::Critic::PolicyConfig. This method is only called if the user's configuration has
enabled the policy. It returns a boolean stating whether the Policy should continue to be
enabled. Generally, the only reason to return $FALSE is when some external requirement is
missing. For example, Perl::Critic::Policy::CodeLayout::RequireTidyCode used to disable
itself if Perl::Tidy was not installed (that is until we made it no longer optional for
the Perl-Critic distribution).
A basic, do-nothing implementation of "initialize_if_enabled()" would be:
use Perl::Critic::Utils qw< :booleans >;
...
sub initialize_if_enabled {
my ( $self, $config ) = @_;
return $TRUE;
}
As stated above, what you get in $config are trimmed strings. For example, if the user's
.perlcritic contains
[Your::Policy]
foo = bar baz
factor = 5.52
selections = 2 78 92
then $config will contain the equivalent of
my $config = {
foo => 'bar baz',
factor => '5.52',
selections => '2 78 92',
};
To make this available to the "violates()" method, the values are usually put into $self
under the name of the configuration item prefixed with an underscore. E.g.
sub initialize_if_enabled {
my ( $self, $config ) = @_;
$self->{_foo} = $config->get{foo};
$self->{_factor} = $config->get{factor};
$self->{_selections} = $config->get{selections};
return $TRUE;
}
Often, you'll want to convert the configuration values into something more useful. In
this example, "selections" is supposed to be a list of integers. Perl::Critic::Utils
contains a number of functions that can help you with this. Assuming that "violates()"
wants to have "selections" as an array, you'll want to have something like this:
use Perl::Critic::Utils qw{ :booleans :characters :data_conversion };
sub initialize_if_enabled {
my ( $self, $config ) = @_;
$self->{_foo} = $config->get{foo};
$self->{_factor} = $config->get{factor};
my $selections = $config->get{selections};
$selections = defined $selections ? $selections : $EMPTY_STRING;
$self->{_selections} = [ words_from_string($selections) ];
return $TRUE;
}
Since "selections" contains numbers, it may be desirable to change the assignment to look
like
$self->{_selections} = [ map { $_ + 0 } words_from_string($selections) ];
If "violates()" needs to quickly determine whether a particular value is in "selections",
you would want to use a hash instead of an array, like this:
$self->{_selections} = { hashify( words_from_string($selections) ) };
For an example of a Policy that has some simple, but non-standard configuration handling,
see Perl::Critic::Policy::CodeLayout::RequireTidyCode.
Note On Constructors
It used to be the case that Policies handled configuration by implementing a constructor.
However, there was no requirement to call the base constructor; as long as the Policy
ended up being a blessed hash reference, everything was fine. Unfortunately, this meant
that Policies would be loaded and their prerequisites would be "use"d, even if the Policy
wasn't enabled, slowing things down. Also, this severely restricted the core of
Perl::Critic's ability to enhance things. Use of constructors is deprecated and is
incompatible with "supported_parameters()" metadata below. Kindly use
"initialize_if_enabled()", instead, to do any sort of set up that you need.
Providing Basic Configuration Information Via "supported_parameters()"
As minimum for a well behaved Policy, you should implement "supported_parameters()" in
order to tell the rest of "Perl::Critic" what configuration values the Policy looks for,
even if it is only to say that the Policy is not configurable. In the simple form, this
function returns a list of the names of the parameters the Policy supports. So, for an
non-configurable Policy, as in the "RequireBlockGrep" example above, this looked like
sub supported_parameters { return () }
For the example being used in the "initialize_if_enabled()" section above, this would be
sub supported_parameters { return qw< foo factor selections >; }
Given this information, "Perl::Critic" can tell the user when they have specified a
parameter for a Policy which isn't valid, e.g. when they've misspelled the name of the
parameter, and can emit the parameter as part of a .perlcriticrc prototype.
You can provide even more information about your Policy's configuration by giving each
parameter a description and a string representation of the default value for the
parameter. You do this by having the values in the list returned by
"supported_parameters()" be hash references instead of strings, with keys of "name",
"description", and "default_string". For example,
sub supported_parameters {
return (
{
name => 'allowed_values',
description =>
'Individual and ranges of values to allow, and/or "all_integers".',
default_string => '0 1 2',
},
{
name => 'allowed_types',
description => 'Kind of literals to allow.',
default_string => 'Float',
},
);
}
Note that use of constructors is incompatible with specifying parameters in this way.
Using "supported_parameters()" to Get It Done For You
The "supported_parameters()" discussion above showed how you could help others with your
Policy, but didn't do anything to make your life as a Policy author easier; you still need
to implement "initialize_if_enabled()" to access any configuration that the user has
specified. To have the configuration automatically handled for you, you need to declare
how your parameters act by specifying a value for their "behavior". For example, the
following declares that a parameter allows the user to choose from five specific values
and that the user can select any combination of them:
sub supported_parameters {
return (
{
name => 'allowed_types',
description => 'Kind of literals to allow.',
default_string => 'Float',
behavior => 'enumeration',
enumeration_values => [ qw{ Binary Exp Float Hex Octal } ],
enumeration_allow_multiple_values => 1,
},
);
}
When you specify a behavior, parsing and validation of the user-specified and default
values is done for you and your "violates()" method can retrieve the value under the key
of the parameter name prefixed with an underscore, e.g., for the above declaration, the
parsed and validated value can be accessed via "$self->{_allowed_types}".
The behaviors provide additional functionality to "Perl::Critic"; for more on this, see
Perl::Critic::PolicyParameter and Perl::Critic::PolicyParameter::Behavior.
The following discusses each of the supported behaviors and the options they support. For
the full details of a behavior, see the documentation for the implementing class.
"string"
Implemented in Perl::Critic::PolicyParameter::Behavior::String.
The most basic of behaviors, the value of the parameter will be stored in the Policy as a
string.
This behavior is not configurable.
"supported_parameters()" example
sub supported_parameters {
return (
{
name => 'a_string',
description => 'An example string.',
default_string => 'blah blah blah',
behavior => 'string',
},
);
}
Access example
sub violates {
my ($self, $element, $document) = @_;
...
my $string = $self->{_a_string};
...
}
"boolean"
Implemented in Perl::Critic::PolicyParameter::Behavior::Boolean.
The value of the parameter will be either $TRUE or $FALSE.
This behavior is not configurable.
"supported_parameters()" example
sub supported_parameters {
return (
{
name => 'a_boolean',
description => 'An example boolean.',
default_string => '1',
behavior => 'boolean',
},
);
}
Access example
sub violates {
my ($self, $element, $document) = @_;
...
my $is_whatever = $self->{_a_boolean};
if ($is_whatever) {
...
}
...
}
"integer"
Implemented in Perl::Critic::PolicyParameter::Behavior::Integer.
The value is validated against "m/ \A [-+]? [1-9] [\d_]* \z /xms" (with an special check
for "0"). Notice that this means that underscores are allowed in input values as with
Perl numeric literals.
This takes two options, "integer_minimum" and "integer_maximum", which specify endpoints
of an inclusive range to restrict the value to. Either, neither, or both may be
specified.
"supported_parameters()" example
sub supported_parameters {
return (
{
name => 'an_integer',
description => 'An example integer.',
default_string => '5',
behavior => 'integer',
integer_minimum => 0,
integer_maximum => 10,
},
);
}
Access example
sub violates {
my ($self, $element, $document) = @_;
...
my $integer = $self->{_an_integer};
if ($integer > $TURNING_POINT) {
...
}
...
}
"string list"
Implemented in Perl::Critic::PolicyParameter::Behavior::StringList.
The values will be derived by splitting the input string on blanks. (See
"words_from_string" in Perl::Critic::Utils.) The parameter will be stored as a reference
to a hash, with the values being the keys.
This takes one optional option, "list_always_present_values", of a reference to an array
of strings that will always be included in the parameter value, e.g. if the value of this
option is "[ qw{ a b c } ]" and the user specifies a value of 'c d e', then the value of
the parameter will contain 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', and 'e'.
"supported_parameters()" example
sub supported_parameters {
return (
{
name => 'a_string_list',
description => 'An example list.',
default_string => 'red pink blue',
behavior => 'string list',
list_always_present_values => [ qw{ green purple} ],
},
);
}
Access example
sub violates {
my ($self, $element, $document) = @_;
...
my $list = $self->{_a_string_list};
my @list = keys %{$list};
...
return if not $list->{ $element->content() };
...
}
"enumeration"
Implemented in Perl::Critic::PolicyParameter::Behavior::Enumeration.
The values will be derived by splitting the input string on blanks. (See
"words_from_string" in Perl::Critic::Utils.) Depending upon the value of the
"enumeration_allow_multiple_values" option, the parameter will be stored as a string or a
reference to a hash, with the values being the keys.
This behavior takes one required option and one optional one. A value for
"enumeration_values" of a reference to an array of valid strings is required. A true
value can be specified for "enumeration_allow_multiple_values" to allow the user to pick
more than one value, but this defaults to false.
"supported_parameters()" example
use Perl::Critic::Utils qw{ :characters };
sub supported_parameters {
return (
{
name => 'a_single_valued_enumeration',
description =>
'An example enumeration that can only have a single value.',
default_string => $EMPTY,
behavior => 'enumeration',
enumeration_values => [ qw{ block statement pod operator } ],
enumeration_allow_multiple_values => 0,
},
{
name => 'a_multi_valued_enumeration',
description =>
'An example enumeration that can have multiple values.',
default_string => 'fe',
behavior => 'enumeration',
enumeration_values => [ qw{ fe fi fo fum } ],
enumeration_allow_multiple_values => 1,
},
);
}
Access example
sub violates {
my ($self, $element, $document) = @_;
...
my $single_value = $self->{_a_single_valued_enumeration};
...
my $multi_value = $self->{_a_multi_valued_enumeration};
if ( $multi_value->{fum} ) {
...
}
...
}
Using a Custom Parser
If none of the behaviors does exactly what you want it to, you can provide your own parser
for a parameter. The reason for doing this as opposed to using an implementation of
"initialize_if_enabled()" is that it allows you to use a behavior to provide its extra
functionality and it provides a means for a "Perl::Critic" configuration program, e.g. an
IDE that integrates "Perl::Critic", to validate your parameter as the user modifies its
value.
The way you declare that you have a custom parser is to include a reference to it in the
parameter specification with the "parser" key. For example:
sub supported_parameters {
return (
{
name => 'file_name',
description => 'A file for to read a list of values from.',
default_string => undef,
behavior => 'string',
parser => \&_parse_file_name,
},
);
}
A parser is a method on a subclass of Perl::Critic::Policy that takes two parameters: the
Perl::Critic::PolicyParameter that is being specified and the value string provided by the
user. The method is responsible for dealing with any default value and for saving the
parsed value for later use by the "violates()" method.
An example parser (without enough error handling) for the above example declaration:
use File::Slurp qw< slurp >;
use Perl::Critic::Exception::Configuration::Option::Policy::ParameterValue
qw{ throw_policy_value };
sub _parse_file_name {
my ($self, $parameter, $config_string) = @_;
my @thingies;
if ($config_string) {
if (not -r $config_string) {
throw_policy_value
policy => $self->get_short_name(),
option_name => $parameter->get_name(),
option_value => $config_string,
message_suffix => 'is not readable.';
}
@thingies = slurp $config_string;
}
$self->{_thingies} = \@thingies;
return;
}
Note that, if the value for the parameter is not valid, an instance of
Perl::Critic::Exception::Configuration::Option::Policy::ParameterValue is thrown. This
allows "Perl::Critic" to include that problem along with any other problems found with the
user's configuration in a single error message.
Using Both "supported_parameters()" and "initialize_if_enabled()"
There are cases where a Policy needs additional initialization beyond configuration or
where the way it acts depends upon the combination of multiple parameters. In such
situations, you will need to create an implementation of "initialize_if_enabled()". If
you want to take advantage of the supplied parameter handling from within implementation
of "initialize_if_enabled()", note that the information from "supported_parameters()" will
already have been used, with user-supplied parameter values validated and placed into the
Policy by the time "initialize_if_enabled()" has been called. It is likely that you will
not need to refer the contents of the $config parameter; just pull the information you
need out of $self. In fact, any value for the parameter values will be gone.
Summary of permitted hash keys in "supported_parameters()".
All types
- "name" (mandatory)
- "description" (optional)
- "behavior" (optional)
Currently, one of:
"boolean"
"enumeration"
"integer"
"string"
"string list"
- "default_string" (optional)
A string representation of the default value of the parameter.
- "parser" (optional)
A code ref to a custom parser for the parameter.
Enumerations
- "enumeration_values" (mandatory)
A mandatory reference to an array of strings.
- "enumeration_allow_multiple_values" (optional)
Boolean indicating whether or not the user is restricted to a single value.
Integers
- "integer_minimum" (optional)
Minimum allowed value, inclusive.
- "integer_maximum" (optional)
Maximum allowed value, inclusive.
String lists
- "list_always_present_values" (optional)
A reference to an array of values that should always be included in the value of the
parameter.
ADDITIONAL FEATURES
"default_maximum_violations_per_document()"
Certain problems that a Policy detects can be endemic to a particular file; if there's one
violation, there's likely to be many. A good example of this is
Perl::Critic::Policy::TestingAndDebugging::RequireUseStrict; if there's one line before
"use strict", there's a good chance that the entire file is missing "use strict". In such
cases, it's not much help to the user to report every single violation. If you've got
such a policy, you should override default_maximum_violations_per_document() method to
provide a limit. The user can override this value with a value for
"maximum_violations_per_document" in their .perlcriticrc.
See the source code for Perl::Critic::Policy::ValuesAndExpressions::ProhibitMagicNumbers
and Perl::Critic::Policy::TestingAndDebugging::RequireUseWarnings for examples.
"is_safe()"
Most Perl::Critic Policies are purely static. In other words, they never compile or
execute any of the source code that they analyze. However it is possible to write dynamic
Policies that do compile or execute code, which may result in unsafe operations (see
Perl::Critic::Dynamic for an example). So the "is_safe()" method is used to indicate
whether a Policy can be trusted to not cause mischief. By default, "is_safe()" returns
true. But if you are writing a Policy that will compile or execute any of the source code
that it analyzes, then you should override the "is_safe()" method to return false.
DISTRIBUTING YOUR POLICIES
Create a Distribution
You need to come up with a name for your set of policies. Sets of add-on policies are
generally named "Perl::Critic::something", e.g. Perl::Critic::More.
The module representing the distribution will not actually have any functionality; it's
just documentation and a name for users to use when installing via CPAN/CPANPLUS. The
important part is that this will include a list of the included policies, with
descriptions of each.
A typical implementation will look like:
package Perl::Critic::Example;
use strict;
use warnings;
our $VERSION = '1.000000';
1; # Magic true value required at end of module
__END__
=head1 NAME
Perl::Critic::Example - Policies for Perl::Critic that act as an example.
=head1 AFFILIATION
This module has no functionality, but instead contains documentation
for this distribution and acts as a means of pulling other modules
into a bundle. All of the Policy modules contained herein will have
an "AFFILIATION" section announcing their participation in this
grouping.
=head1 SYNOPSIS
Some L<Perl::Critic|Perl::Critic> policies that will help you keep your
code nice and compliant.
=head1 DESCRIPTION
The included policies are:
=over
=item L<Perl::Critic::Policy::Documentation::Example|Perl::Critic::Policy::Documentation::Example>
Complains about some example documentation issues. [Default severity: 3]
=item L<Perl::Critic::Policy::Variables::Example|Perl::Critic::Policy::Variables::Example>
All modules must have at least one variable. [Default severity: 3]
=back
=head1 CONFIGURATION AND ENVIRONMENT
All policies included are in the "example" theme. See the
L<Perl::Critic|Perl::Critic> documentation for how to make use of this.
Themes
Users can choose which policies to enable using themes. You should implement
"default_themes()" so that users can take advantage of this. In particular, you should
use a theme named after your distribution in all your policies; this should match the
value listed in the "CONFIGURATION AND ENVIRONMENT" POD section as shown above.
default_themes { return qw< example math > }
If you're looking for ideas of what themes to use, have a look at the output of
"perlcritic --list-themes".
Documentation
AFFILIATION
Since all policies have to go somewhere under the "Perl::Critic::Policy::" namespace, it
isn't always clear what distribution a policy came from when browsing through their
documentation. For this reason, you should include an "AFFILIATION" section in the POD
for all of your policies that state where the policy comes from. For example:
=head1 AFFILIATION
This policy is part of L<Perl::Critic::Example|Perl::Critic::Example>.
CONFIGURATION
In order to make it clear what can be done with a policy, you should always include a
"CONFIGURATION" section in your POD, even if it's only to say:
=head1 CONFIGURATION
This Policy is not configurable except for the standard options.
TESTING YOUR POLICY
The Perl::Critic distribution also contains a framework for testing your Policy. See
Test::Perl::Critic::Policy for the details.
HINT
When you're trying to figure out what PPI is going to hand you for a chunk of code, there
is a tools/ppidump program in the Perl::Critic distribution that will help you. For
example, when developing the above RequireBlockGrep example, you might want to try
tools/ppidump '@matches = grep /pattern/, @list;'
and
tools/ppidump '@matches = grep { /pattern/ } @list;'
to see the differences between the two cases.
Alternatively, see the "ppi_dumper" documentation at
<http://search.cpan.org/dist/App-PPI-Dumper/script/ppi_dumper> and the "PPI::Tester"
documentation at <http://search.cpan.org/dist/PPI-Tester/lib/PPI/Tester.pm>.
VERSION
This is part of Perl::Critic version 1.116.
SEE ALSO
Chas. Owens has a blog post about developing in-house policies at
<http://svok.blogspot.com/2009/09/adding-house-policies-to-perlcritic.html>.
AUTHOR
Jeffrey Ryan Thalhammer <jeff@imaginative-software.com>
COPYRIGHT
Copyright (c) 2005-2011 Imaginative Software Systems. All rights reserved.
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same
terms as Perl itself. The full text of this license can be found in the LICENSE file
included with this module.