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NAME
freeaddrinfo, getaddrinfo - get address information
SYNOPSIS
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netdb.h>
void freeaddrinfo(struct addrinfo *ai);
int getaddrinfo(const char *restrict nodename,
const char *restrict servname,
const struct addrinfo *restrict hints,
struct addrinfo **restrict res);
DESCRIPTION
The freeaddrinfo() function shall free one or more addrinfo structures returned by getaddrinfo(), along
with any additional storage associated with those structures. If the ai_next field of the structure is
not null, the entire list of structures shall be freed. The freeaddrinfo() function shall support the
freeing of arbitrary sublists of an addrinfo list originally returned by getaddrinfo().
The getaddrinfo() function shall translate the name of a service location (for example, a host name)
and/or a service name and shall return a set of socket addresses and associated information to be used in
creating a socket with which to address the specified service.
Note: In many cases it is implemented by the Domain Name System, as documented in RFC 1034, RFC 1035,
and RFC 1886.
The freeaddrinfo() and getaddrinfo() functions shall be thread-safe.
The nodename and servname arguments are either null pointers or pointers to null-terminated strings. One
or both of these two arguments shall be supplied by the application as a non-null pointer.
The format of a valid name depends on the address family or families. If a specific family is not given
and the name could be interpreted as valid within multiple supported families, the implementation shall
attempt to resolve the name in all supported families and, in absence of errors, one or more results
shall be returned.
If the nodename argument is not null, it can be a descriptive name or can be an address string. If the
specified address family is AF_INET, AF_INET6, or AF_UNSPEC, valid descriptive names include host
names. If the specified address family is AF_INET or AF_UNSPEC, address strings using Internet standard
dot notation as specified in inet_addr() are valid.
If the specified address family is AF_INET6 or AF_UNSPEC, standard IPv6 text forms described in
inet_ntop() are valid.
If nodename is not null, the requested service location is named by nodename; otherwise, the requested
service location is local to the caller.
If servname is null, the call shall return network-level addresses for the specified nodename. If
servname is not null, it is a null-terminated character string identifying the requested service. This
can be either a descriptive name or a numeric representation suitable for use with the address family or
families. If the specified address family is AF_INET, AF_INET6, or AF_UNSPEC, the service can be
specified as a string specifying a decimal port number.
If the hints argument is not null, it refers to a structure containing input values that may direct the
operation by providing options and by limiting the returned information to a specific socket type,
address family, and/or protocol. In this hints structure every member other than ai_flags, ai_family,
ai_socktype, and ai_protocol shall be set to zero or a null pointer. A value of AF_UNSPEC for ai_family
means that the caller shall accept any address family. A value of zero for ai_socktype means that the
caller shall accept any socket type. A value of zero for ai_protocol means that the caller shall accept
any protocol. If hints is a null pointer, the behavior shall be as if it referred to a structure
containing the value zero for the ai_flags, ai_socktype, and ai_protocol fields, and AF_UNSPEC for the
ai_family field.
The ai_flags field to which the hints parameter points shall be set to zero or be the bitwise-inclusive
OR of one or more of the values AI_PASSIVE, AI_CANONNAME, AI_NUMERICHOST, AI_NUMERICSERV, AI_V4MAPPED,
AI_ALL, and AI_ADDRCONFIG.
If the AI_PASSIVE flag is specified, the returned address information shall be suitable for use in
binding a socket for accepting incoming connections for the specified service. In this case, if the
nodename argument is null, then the IP address portion of the socket address structure shall be set to
INADDR_ANY for an IPv4 address or IN6ADDR_ANY_INIT for an IPv6 address. If the AI_PASSIVE flag is not
specified, the returned address information shall be suitable for a call to connect() (for a connection-
mode protocol) or for a call to connect(), sendto(), or sendmsg() (for a connectionless protocol). In
this case, if the nodename argument is null, then the IP address portion of the socket address structure
shall be set to the loopback address. The AI_PASSIVE flag shall be ignored if the nodename argument is
not null.
If the AI_CANONNAME flag is specified and the nodename argument is not null, the function shall attempt
to determine the canonical name corresponding to nodename (for example, if nodename is an alias or
shorthand notation for a complete name).
Note: Since different implementations use different conceptual models, the terms ``canonical name'' and
``alias'' cannot be precisely defined for the general case. However, Domain Name System
implementations are expected to interpret them as they are used in RFC 1034.
A numeric host address string is not a ``name'', and thus does not have a ``canonical name'' form; no
address to host name translation is performed. See below for handling of the case where a canonical name
cannot be obtained.
If the AI_NUMERICHOST flag is specified, then a non-null nodename string supplied shall be a numeric host
address string. Otherwise, an [EAI_NONAME] error is returned. This flag shall prevent any type of name
resolution service (for example, the DNS) from being invoked.
If the AI_NUMERICSERV flag is specified, then a non-null servname string supplied shall be a numeric port
string. Otherwise, an [EAI_NONAME] error shall be returned. This flag shall prevent any type of name
resolution service (for example, NIS+) from being invoked.
If the AI_V4MAPPED flag is specified along with an ai_family of AF_INET6, then getaddrinfo() shall return
IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses on finding no matching IPv6 addresses ( ai_addrlen shall be 16). The
AI_V4MAPPED flag shall be ignored unless ai_family equals AF_INET6. If the AI_ALL flag is used with the
AI_V4MAPPED flag, then getaddrinfo() shall return all matching IPv6 and IPv4 addresses. The AI_ALL flag
without the AI_V4MAPPED flag is ignored.
If the AI_ADDRCONFIG flag is specified, IPv4 addresses shall be returned only if an IPv4 address is
configured on the local system, and IPv6 addresses shall be returned only if an IPv6 address is
configured on the local system.
The ai_socktype field to which argument hints points specifies the socket type for the service, as
defined in socket() . If a specific socket type is not given (for example, a value of zero) and the
service name could be interpreted as valid with multiple supported socket types, the implementation shall
attempt to resolve the service name for all supported socket types and, in the absence of errors, all
possible results shall be returned. A non-zero socket type value shall limit the returned information to
values with the specified socket type.
If the ai_family field to which hints points has the value AF_UNSPEC, addresses shall be returned for use
with any address family that can be used with the specified nodename and/or servname. Otherwise,
addresses shall be returned for use only with the specified address family. If ai_family is not AF_UNSPEC
and ai_protocol is not zero, then addresses are returned for use only with the specified address family
and protocol; the value of ai_protocol shall be interpreted as in a call to the socket() function with
the corresponding values of ai_family and ai_protocol.
RETURN VALUE
A zero return value for getaddrinfo() indicates successful completion; a non-zero return value indicates
failure. The possible values for the failures are listed in the ERRORS section.
Upon successful return of getaddrinfo(), the location to which res points shall refer to a linked list of
addrinfo structures, each of which shall specify a socket address and information for use in creating a
socket with which to use that socket address. The list shall include at least one addrinfo structure. The
ai_next field of each structure contains a pointer to the next structure on the list, or a null pointer
if it is the last structure on the list. Each structure on the list shall include values for use with a
call to the socket() function, and a socket address for use with the connect() function or, if the
AI_PASSIVE flag was specified, for use with the bind() function. The fields ai_family, ai_socktype, and
ai_protocol shall be usable as the arguments to the socket() function to create a socket suitable for use
with the returned address. The fields ai_addr and ai_addrlen are usable as the arguments to the connect()
or bind() functions with such a socket, according to the AI_PASSIVE flag.
If nodename is not null, and if requested by the AI_CANONNAME flag, the ai_canonname field of the first
returned addrinfo structure shall point to a null-terminated string containing the canonical name
corresponding to the input nodename; if the canonical name is not available, then ai_canonname shall
refer to the nodename argument or a string with the same contents. The contents of the ai_flags field of
the returned structures are undefined.
All fields in socket address structures returned by getaddrinfo() that are not filled in through an
explicit argument (for example, sin6_flowinfo) shall be set to zero.
Note: This makes it easier to compare socket address structures.
ERRORS
The getaddrinfo() function shall fail and return the corresponding value if:
EAI_AGAIN
The name could not be resolved at this time. Future attempts may succeed.
EAI_BADFLAGS
The flags parameter had an invalid value.
EAI_FAIL
A non-recoverable error occurred when attempting to resolve the name.
EAI_FAMILY
The address family was not recognized.
EAI_MEMORY
There was a memory allocation failure when trying to allocate storage for the return value.
EAI_NONAME
The name does not resolve for the supplied parameters.
Neither nodename nor servname were supplied. At least one of these shall be supplied.
EAI_SERVICE
The service passed was not recognized for the specified socket type.
EAI_SOCKTYPE
The intended socket type was not recognized.
EAI_SYSTEM
A system error occurred; the error code can be found in errno.
EAI_OVERFLOW
An argument buffer overflowed.
The following sections are informative.
EXAMPLES
None.
APPLICATION USAGE
If the caller handles only TCP and not UDP, for example, then the ai_protocol member of the hints
structure should be set to IPPROTO_TCP when getaddrinfo() is called.
If the caller handles only IPv4 and not IPv6, then the ai_family member of the hints structure should be
set to AF_INET when getaddrinfo() is called.
The term ``canonical name'' is misleading; it is taken from the Domain Name System (RFC 2181). It should
be noted that the canonical name is a result of alias processing, and not necessarily a unique attribute
of a host, address, or set of addresses. See RFC 2181 for more discussion of this in the Domain Name
System context.
RATIONALE
None.
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
None.
SEE ALSO
connect() , gai_strerror() , gethostbyaddr() , getnameinfo() , getservbyname() , socket() , the Base
Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, <netdb.h>, <sys/socket.h>
COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition,
Standard for Information Technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,
Inc and The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee document. The
original Standard can be obtained online at http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .
IEEE/The Open Group 2003 FREEADDRINFO(P)