NAME

       getcwd, getwd, get_current_dir_name - get current working directory

SYNOPSIS

       #include <unistd.h>

       char *getcwd(char *buf, size_t size);

       char *getwd(char *buf);

       char *get_current_dir_name(void);

   Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see feature_test_macros(7)):

       get_current_dir_name():
              _GNU_SOURCE

       getwd():
           Since glibc 2.12:
               _BSD_SOURCE ||
                   (_XOPEN_SOURCE >= 500 ||
                       _XOPEN_SOURCE && _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED) &&
                   !(_POSIX_C_SOURCE >= 200809L || _XOPEN_SOURCE >= 700)
           Before glibc 2.12:
               _BSD_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE >= 500 || _XOPEN_SOURCE && _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED

DESCRIPTION

       These  functions  return  a null-terminated string containing an absolute pathname that is
       the current working directory of the calling process.  The pathname  is  returned  as  the
       function result and via the argument buf, if present.

       The  getcwd() function copies an absolute pathname of the current working directory to the
       array pointed to by buf, which is of length size.

       If the length of the absolute pathname of the current  working  directory,  including  the
       terminating  null  byte, exceeds size bytes, NULL is returned, and errno is set to ERANGE;
       an application should check for this error, and allocate a larger buffer if necessary.

       As an extension to  the  POSIX.1-2001  standard,  Linux  (libc4,  libc5,  glibc)  getcwd()
       allocates  the  buffer  dynamically  using  malloc(3)  if  buf is NULL.  In this case, the
       allocated buffer has the length size unless size is zero, when buf is allocated as big  as
       necessary.  The caller should free(3) the returned buffer.

       get_current_dir_name() will malloc(3) an array big enough to hold the absolute pathname of
       the current working directory.  If the environment variable PWD is set, and its  value  is
       correct, then that value will be returned.  The caller should free(3) the returned buffer.

       getwd()  does  not malloc(3) any memory.  The buf argument should be a pointer to an array
       at least PATH_MAX bytes long.  If the length of  the  absolute  pathname  of  the  current
       working  directory,  including  the terminating null byte, exceeds PATH_MAX bytes, NULL is
       returned, and errno is set to ENAMETOOLONG.  (Note that on some systems, PATH_MAX may  not
       be  a  compile-time  constant;  furthermore,  its  value may depend on the filesystem, see
       pathconf(3).)  For portability and security reasons, use of getwd() is deprecated.

RETURN VALUE

       On success, these functions return a pointer to a string containing the  pathname  of  the
       current  working  directory.   In  the case getcwd() and getwd() this is the same value as
       buf.

       On failure, these functions return NULL, and errno is set  to  indicate  the  error.   The
       contents of the array pointed to by buf are undefined on error.

ERRORS

       EACCES Permission to read or search a component of the filename was denied.

       EFAULT buf points to a bad address.

       EINVAL The size argument is zero and buf is not a NULL pointer.

       EINVAL getwd(): buf is NULL.

       ENAMETOOLONG
              getwd():  The size of the null-terminated absolute pathname string exceeds PATH_MAX
              bytes.

       ENOENT The current working directory has been unlinked.

       ERANGE The size argument is less than the length of the absolute pathname of  the  working
              directory,  including  the  terminating  null  byte.  You need to allocate a bigger
              array and try again.

CONFORMING TO

       getcwd() conforms to POSIX.1-2001.  Note however that POSIX.1-2001 leaves the behavior  of
       getcwd() unspecified if buf is NULL.

       getwd()  is  present  in  POSIX.1-2001,  but  marked  LEGACY.   POSIX.1-2008  removes  the
       specification of getwd().  Use getcwd() instead.  POSIX.1-2001 does not define any  errors
       for getwd().

       get_current_dir_name() is a GNU extension.

NOTES

       Under  Linux,  the function getcwd() is a system call (since 2.1.92).  On older systems it
       would query /proc/self/cwd.  If both system  call  and  proc  filesystem  are  missing,  a
       generic implementation is called.  Only in that case can these calls fail under Linux with
       EACCES.

       These functions are often used to save the location of the current working  directory  for
       the  purpose  of  returning  to it later.  Opening the current directory (".") and calling
       fchdir(2) to return is usually a faster and more reliable  alternative  when  sufficiently
       many file descriptors are available, especially on platforms other than Linux.

SEE ALSO

       chdir(2), fchdir(2), open(2), unlink(2), free(3), malloc(3)

COLOPHON

       This  page  is  part of release 3.54 of the Linux man-pages project.  A description of the
       project,    and    information    about    reporting    bugs,    can    be    found     at
       http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.