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NAME
getenv - get value of an environment variable
SYNOPSIS
#include <stdlib.h> char *getenv(const char *name);
DESCRIPTION
The getenv() function shall search the environment of the calling process (see the Base Definitions
volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Chapter 8, Environment Variables) for the environment variable name if it
exists and return a pointer to the value of the environment variable. If the specified environment
variable cannot be found, a null pointer shall be returned. The application shall ensure that it does not
modify the string pointed to by the getenv() function.
The string pointed to may be overwritten by a subsequent call to getenv(), setenv(), or unsetenv(), but
shall not be overwritten by a call to any other function in this volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001.
If the application modifies environ or the pointers to which it points, the behavior of getenv() is
undefined.
The getenv() function need not be reentrant. A function that is not required to be reentrant is not
required to be thread-safe.
RETURN VALUE
Upon successful completion, getenv() shall return a pointer to a string containing the value for the
specified name. If the specified name cannot be found in the environment of the calling process, a null
pointer shall be returned.
The return value from getenv() may point to static data which may be overwritten by subsequent calls to
getenv(), setenv(), or unsetenv().
On XSI-conformant systems, the return value from getenv() may point to static data which may also be
overwritten by subsequent calls to putenv().
ERRORS
No errors are defined.
The following sections are informative.
EXAMPLES
Getting the Value of an Environment Variable
The following example gets the value of the HOME environment variable.
#include <stdlib.h>
...
const char *name = "HOME";
char *value;
value = getenv(name);
APPLICATION USAGE
None.
RATIONALE
The clearenv() function was considered but rejected. The putenv() function has now been included for
alignment with the Single UNIX Specification.
The getenv() function is inherently not reentrant because it returns a value pointing to static data.
Conforming applications are required not to modify environ directly, but to use only the functions
described here to manipulate the process environment as an abstract object. Thus, the implementation of
the environment access functions has complete control over the data structure used to represent the
environment (subject to the requirement that environ be maintained as a list of strings with embedded
equal signs for applications that wish to scan the environment). This constraint allows the
implementation to properly manage the memory it allocates, either by using allocated storage for all
variables (copying them on the first invocation of setenv() or unsetenv()), or keeping track of which
strings are currently in allocated space and which are not, via a separate table or some other means.
This enables the implementation to free any allocated space used by strings (and perhaps the pointers to
them) stored in environ when unsetenv() is called. A C runtime start-up procedure (that which invokes
main() and perhaps initializes environ) can also initialize a flag indicating that none of the
environment has yet been copied to allocated storage, or that the separate table has not yet been
initialized.
In fact, for higher performance of getenv(), the implementation could also maintain a separate copy of
the environment in a data structure that could be searched much more quickly (such as an indexed hash
table, or a binary tree), and update both it and the linear list at environ when setenv() or unsetenv()
is invoked.
Performance of getenv() can be important for applications which have large numbers of environment
variables. Typically, applications like this use the environment as a resource database of user-
configurable parameters. The fact that these variables are in the user's shell environment usually means
that any other program that uses environment variables (such as ls, which attempts to use COLUMNS ), or
really almost any utility ( LANG , LC_ALL , and so on) is similarly slowed down by the linear search
through the variables.
An implementation that maintains separate data structures, or even one that manages the memory it
consumes, is not currently required as it was thought it would reduce consensus among implementors who do
not want to change their historical implementations.
The POSIX Threads Extension states that multi-threaded applications must not modify environ directly, and
that IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 is providing functions which such applications can use in the future to
manipulate the environment in a thread-safe manner. Thus, moving away from application use of environ is
desirable from that standpoint as well.
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
None.
SEE ALSO
exec() , putenv() , setenv() , unsetenv() , the Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Chapter
8, Environment Variables, <stdlib.h>
COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition,
Standard for Information Technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,
Inc and The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee document. The
original Standard can be obtained online at http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .