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NAME
setuid - set user ID
SYNOPSIS
#include <unistd.h>
int setuid(uid_t uid);
DESCRIPTION
If the process has appropriate privileges, setuid() shall set the real user ID, effective user ID, and
the saved set-user-ID of the calling process to uid.
If the process does not have appropriate privileges, but uid is equal to the real user ID or the saved
set-user-ID, setuid() shall set the effective user ID to uid; the real user ID and saved set-user-ID
shall remain unchanged.
The setuid() function shall not affect the supplementary group list in any way.
RETURN VALUE
Upon successful completion, 0 shall be returned. Otherwise, -1 shall be returned and errno set to
indicate the error.
ERRORS
The setuid() function shall fail, return -1, and set errno to the corresponding value if one or more of
the following are true:
EINVAL The value of the uid argument is invalid and not supported by the implementation.
EPERM The process does not have appropriate privileges and uid does not match the real user ID or the
saved set-user-ID.
The following sections are informative.
EXAMPLES
None.
APPLICATION USAGE
None.
RATIONALE
The various behaviors of the setuid() and setgid() functions when called by non-privileged processes
reflect the behavior of different historical implementations. For portability, it is recommended that new
non-privileged applications use the seteuid() and setegid() functions instead.
The saved set-user-ID capability allows a program to regain the effective user ID established at the last
exec call. Similarly, the saved set-group-ID capability allows a program to regain the effective group ID
established at the last exec call. These capabilities are derived from System V. Without them, a program
might have to run as superuser in order to perform the same functions, because superuser can write on the
user's files. This is a problem because such a program can write on any user's files, and so must be
carefully written to emulate the permissions of the calling process properly. In System V, these
capabilities have traditionally been implemented only via the setuid() and setgid() functions for non-
privileged processes. The fact that the behavior of those functions was different for privileged
processes made them difficult to use. The POSIX.1-1990 standard defined the setuid() function to behave
differently for privileged and unprivileged users. When the caller had the appropriate privilege, the
function set the calling process' real user ID, effective user ID, and saved set-user ID on
implementations that supported it. When the caller did not have the appropriate privilege, the function
set only the effective user ID, subject to permission checks. The former use is generally needed for
utilities like login and su, which are not conforming applications and thus outside the scope of
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001. These utilities wish to change the user ID irrevocably to a new value, generally
that of an unprivileged user. The latter use is needed for conforming applications that are installed
with the set-user-ID bit and need to perform operations using the real user ID.
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 augments the latter functionality with a mandatory feature named _POSIX_SAVED_IDS.
This feature permits a set-user-ID application to switch its effective user ID back and forth between the
values of its exec-time real user ID and effective user ID. Unfortunately, the POSIX.1-1990 standard did
not permit a conforming application using this feature to work properly when it happened to be executed
with the (implementation-defined) appropriate privilege. Furthermore, the application did not even have a
means to tell whether it had this privilege. Since the saved set-user-ID feature is quite desirable for
applications, as evidenced by the fact that NIST required it in FIPS 151-2, it has been mandated by
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001. However, there are implementors who have been reluctant to support it given the
limitation described above.
The 4.3BSD system handles the problem by supporting separate functions: setuid() (which always sets both
the real and effective user IDs, like setuid() in IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 for privileged users), and
seteuid() (which always sets just the effective user ID, like setuid() in IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 for non-
privileged users). This separation of functionality into distinct functions seems desirable. 4.3BSD does
not support the saved set-user-ID feature. It supports similar functionality of switching the effective
user ID back and forth via setreuid(), which permits reversing the real and effective user IDs. This
model seems less desirable than the saved set-user-ID because the real user ID changes as a side effect.
The current 4.4BSD includes saved effective IDs and uses them for seteuid() and setegid() as described
above. The setreuid() and setregid() functions will be deprecated or removed.
The solution here is:
* Require that all implementations support the functionality of the saved set-user-ID, which is set by
the exec functions and by privileged calls to setuid().
* Add the seteuid() and setegid() functions as portable alternatives to setuid() and setgid() for non-
privileged and privileged processes.
Historical systems have provided two mechanisms for a set-user-ID process to change its effective user ID
to be the same as its real user ID in such a way that it could return to the original effective user ID:
the use of the setuid() function in the presence of a saved set-user-ID, or the use of the BSD setreuid()
function, which was able to swap the real and effective user IDs. The changes included in
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 provide a new mechanism using seteuid() in conjunction with a saved set-user-ID.
Thus, all implementations with the new seteuid() mechanism will have a saved set-user-ID for each
process, and most of the behavior controlled by _POSIX_SAVED_IDS has been changed to agree with the case
where the option was defined. The kill() function is an exception. Implementors of the new seteuid()
mechanism will generally be required to maintain compatibility with the older mechanisms previously
supported by their systems. However, compatibility with this use of setreuid() and with the
_POSIX_SAVED_IDS behavior of kill() is unfortunately complicated. If an implementation with a saved set-
user-ID allows a process to use setreuid() to swap its real and effective user IDs, but were to leave the
saved set-user-ID unmodified, the process would then have an effective user ID equal to the original real
user ID, and both real and saved set-user-ID would be equal to the original effective user ID. In that
state, the real user would be unable to kill the process, even though the effective user ID of the
process matches that of the real user, if the kill() behavior of _POSIX_SAVED_IDS was used. This is
obviously not acceptable. The alternative choice, which is used in at least one implementation, is to
change the saved set-user-ID to the effective user ID during most calls to setreuid(). The standard
developers considered that alternative to be less correct than the retention of the old behavior of
kill() in such systems. Current conforming applications shall accommodate either behavior from kill(),
and there appears to be no strong reason for kill() to check the saved set-user-ID rather than the
effective user ID.
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
None.
SEE ALSO
exec() , getegid() , geteuid() , getgid() , getuid() , setegid() , seteuid() , setgid() , setregid() ,
setreuid() , the Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, <sys/types.h>, <unistd.h>
COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition,
Standard for Information Technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,
Inc and The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee document. The
original Standard can be obtained online at http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .