Provided by: groff_1.22.2-5_amd64 
NAME
groff_char - groff glyph names
DESCRIPTION
This manual page lists the standard groff glyph names and the default input mapping, latin1. The glyphs
in this document look different depending on which output device was chosen (with option -T for the
man(1) program or the roff formatter). Glyphs not available for the device that is being used to print
or view this manual page are marked with `(N/A)'; the device currently used is `utf8'.
In the actual version, groff provides only 8-bit characters for direct input and named entities for
further glyphs. On ASCII platforms, input character codes in the range 0 to 127 (decimal) represent the
usual 7-bit ASCII characters, while codes between 127 and 255 are interpreted as the corresponding
characters in the latin1 (ISO-8859-1) code set by default. This mapping is contained in the file
latin1.tmac and can be changed by loading a different input encoding. Note that some of the input
characters are reserved by groff, either for internal use or for special input purposes. On EBCDIC
platforms, only code page cp1047 is supported (which contains the same characters as latin1; the input
encoding file is called cp1047.tmac). Again, some input characters are reserved for internal and special
purposes.
All roff systems provide the concept of named glyphs. In traditional roff systems, only names of
length 2 were used, while groff also provides support for longer names. It is strongly suggested that
only named glyphs are used for all character representations outside of the printable 7-bit ASCII range.
Some of the predefined groff escape sequences (with names of length 1) also produce single glyphs; these
exist for historical reasons or are printable versions of syntactical characters. They include `\\',
`\´', `\`', `\-', `\.', and `\e'; see groff(7).
In groff, all of these different types of characters and glyphs can be tested positively with the `.if c'
conditional.
REFERENCE
In this section, the glyphs in groff are specified in tabular form. The meaning of the columns is as
follows.
Output shows how the glyph is printed for the current device; although this can have quite a different
shape on other devices, it always represents the same glyph.
Input specifies how the glyph is input either directly by a key on the keyboard, or by a groff escape
sequence.
Code applies to glyphs which can be input with a single character, and gives the ISO latin1 decimal
code of that input character. Note that this code is equivalent to the lowest 256 Unicode
characters, including 7-bit ASCII in the range 0 to 127.
PostScript
gives the usual PostScript name of the glyph.
Unicode
is the glyph name used in composite glyph names.
7-bit Character Codes 32–126
These are the basic glyphs having 7-bit ASCII code values assigned. They are identical to the printable
characters of the character standards ISO-8859-1 (latin1) and Unicode (range Basic Latin). The glyph
names used in composite glyph names are `u0020' up to `u007E'.
Note that input characters in the range 0-31 and character 127 are not printable characters. Most of
them are invalid input characters for groff anyway, and the valid ones have special meaning. For EBCDIC,
the printable characters are in the range 66-255.
48-57 Decimal digits 0 to 9 (print as themselves).
65-90 Upper case letters A-Z (print as themselves).
97-122 Lower case letters a–z (print as themselves).
Most of the remaining characters not in the just described ranges print as themselves; the only
exceptions are the following characters:
` the ISO latin1 `Grave Accent' (code 96) prints as `, a left single quotation mark; the original
character can be obtained with `\`'.
' the ISO latin1 `Apostrophe' (code 39) prints as ', a right single quotation mark; the original
character can be obtained with `\(aq'.
- the ISO latin1 `Hyphen, Minus Sign' (code 45) prints as a hyphen; a minus sign can be obtained
with `\-'.
~ the ISO latin1 `Tilde' (code 126) is reduced in size to be usable as a diacritic; a larger glyph
can be obtained with `\(ti'.
^ the ISO latin1 `Circumflex Accent' (code 94) is reduced in size to be usable as a diacritic; a
larger glyph can be obtained with `\(ha'.
Output Input Code PostScript Unicode Notes
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
! ! 33 exclam u0021
" " 34 quotedbl u0022
# # 35 numbersign u0023
$ $ 36 dollar u0024
% % 37 percent u0025
& & 38 ampersand u0026
' ' 39 quoteright u0027
( ( 40 parenleft u0028
) ) 41 parenright u0029
* * 42 asterisk u002A
+ + 43 plus u002B
, , 44 comma u002C
- - 45 hyphen u2010
. . 46 period u002E
/ / 47 slash u002F
: : 58 colon u003A
; ; 59 semicolon u003B
< < 60 less u003C
= = 61 equal u003D
> > 62 greater u003E
? ? 63 question u003F
@ @ 64 at u0040
[ [ 91 bracketleft u005B
\ \ 92 backslash u005C
] ] 93 bracketright u005D
^ ^ 94 circumflex u005E circumflex accent
_ _ 95 underscore u005F
` ` 96 quoteleft u0060
{ { 123 braceleft u007B
| | 124 bar u007C
} } 125 braceright u007D
~ ~ 126 tilde u007E tilde accent
8-bit Character Codes 160 to 255
They are interpreted as printable characters according to the latin1 (ISO-8859-1) code set, being
identical to the Unicode range Latin-1 Supplement.
Input characters in range 128-159 (on non-EBCDIC hosts) are not printable characters.
160 the ISO latin1 no-break space is mapped to `\~', the stretchable space character.
173 the soft hyphen control character. groff never uses this character for output (thus it is omitted
in the table below); the input character 173 is mapped onto `\%'.
The remaining ranges (161-172, 174-255) are printable characters that print as themselves. Although they
can be specified directly with the keyboard on systems with a latin1 code page, it is better to use their
glyph names; see next section.
Output Input Code PostScript Unicode Notes
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
¡ ¡ 161 exclamdown u00A1 inverted exclamation mark
¢ ¢ 162 cent u00A2
£ £ 163 sterling u00A3
¤ ¤ 164 currency u00A4
¥ ¥ 165 yen u00A5
¦ ¦ 166 brokenbar u00A6
§ § 167 section u00A7
¨ ¨ 168 dieresis u00A8
© © 169 copyright u00A9
ª ª 170 ordfeminine u00AA
« « 171 guillemotleft u00AB
¬ ¬ 172 logicalnot u00AC
® ® 174 registered u00AE
¯ ¯ 175 macron u00AF
° ° 176 degree u00B0
± ± 177 plusminus u00B1
² ² 178 twosuperior u00B2
³ ³ 179 threesuperior u00B3
´ ´ 180 acute u00B4 acute accent
µ µ 181 mu u00B5 micro sign
¶ ¶ 182 paragraph u00B6
· · 183 periodcentered u00B7
¸ ¸ 184 cedilla u00B8
¹ ¹ 185 onesuperior u00B9
º º 186 ordmasculine u00BA
» » 187 guillemotright u00BB
¼ ¼ 188 onequarter u00BC
½ ½ 189 onehalf u00BD
¾ ¾ 190 threequarters u00BE
¿ ¿ 191 questiondown u00BF
À À 192 Agrave u0041_0300
Á Á 193 Aacute u0041_0301
  194 Acircumflex u0041_0302
à à 195 Atilde u0041_0303
Ä Ä 196 Adieresis u0041_0308
Å Å 197 Aring u0041_030A
Æ Æ 198 AE u00C6
Ç Ç 199 Ccedilla u0043_0327
È È 200 Egrave u0045_0300
É É 201 Eacute u0045_0301
Ê Ê 202 Ecircumflex u0045_0302
Ë Ë 203 Edieresis u0045_0308
Ì Ì 204 Igrave u0049_0300
Í Í 205 Iacute u0049_0301
Î Î 206 Icircumflex u0049_0302
Ï Ï 207 Idieresis u0049_0308
Ð Ð 208 Eth u00D0
Ñ Ñ 209 Ntilde u004E_0303
Ò Ò 210 Ograve u004F_0300
Ó Ó 211 Oacute u004F_0301
Ô Ô 212 Ocircumflex u004F_0302
Õ Õ 213 Otilde u004F_0303
Ö Ö 214 Odieresis u004F_0308
× × 215 multiply u00D7
Ø Ø 216 Oslash u00D8
Ù Ù 217 Ugrave u0055_0300
Ú Ú 218 Uacute u0055_0301
Û Û 219 Ucircumflex u0055_0302
Ü Ü 220 Udieresis u0055_0308
Ý Ý 221 Yacute u0059_0301
Þ Þ 222 Thorn u00DE
ß ß 223 germandbls u00DF
à à 224 agrave u0061_0300
á á 225 aacute u0061_0301
â â 226 acircumflex u0061_0302
ã ã 227 atilde u0061_0303
ä ä 228 adieresis u0061_0308
å å 229 aring u0061_030A
æ æ 230 ae u00E6
ç ç 231 ccedilla u0063_0327
è è 232 egrave u0065_0300
é é 233 eacute u0065_0301
ê ê 234 ecircumflex u0065_0302
ë ë 235 edieresis u0065_0308
ì ì 236 igrave u0069_0300
í í 237 iacute u0069_0301
î î 238 icircumflex u0069_0302
ï ï 239 idieresis u0069_0308
ð ð 240 eth u00F0
ñ ñ 241 ntilde u006E_0303
ò ò 242 ograve u006F_0300
ó ó 243 oacute u006F_0301
ô ô 244 ocircumflex u006F_0302
õ õ 245 otilde u006F_0303
ö ö 246 odieresis u006F_0308
÷ ÷ 247 divide u00F7
ø ø 248 oslash u00F8
ù ù 249 ugrave u0075_0300
ú ú 250 uacute u0075_0301
û û 251 ucircumflex u0075_0302
ü ü 252 udieresis u0075_0308
ý ý 253 yacute u0079_0301
þ þ 254 thorn u00FE
ÿ ÿ 255 ydieresis u0079_0308
Named Glyphs
Glyph names can be embedded into the document text by using escape sequences. groff(7) describes how
these escape sequences look. Glyph names can consist of quite arbitrary characters from the ASCII or
latin1 code set, not only alphanumeric characters. Here some examples:
\(ch A glyph having the 2-character name ch.
\[char_name]
A glyph having the name char_name (having length 1, 2, 3, ...). Note that `c' is not the same as
`\[c]' (c a single character): The latter is internally mapped to glyph name `\c'. By default,
groff defines a single glyph name starting with a backslash, namely `\-', which can be either
accessed as `\-' or `\[-]'.
\[base_glyph composite_1 composite_2 ...]
A composite glyph; see below for a more detailed description.
In groff, each 8-bit input character can also referred to by the construct `\[charn]' where n is the
decimal code of the character, a number between 0 and 255 without leading zeros (those entities are not
glyph names). They are normally mapped onto glyphs using the .trin request. Another special convention
is the handling of glyphs with names directly derived from a Unicode code point; this is discussed below.
Moreover, new glyph names can be created by the .char request; see groff(7).
In the following, a plus sign in the `Notes' column indicates that this particular glyph name appears in
the PS version of the original troff documentation, CSTR 54.
Entries marked with `***' denote glyphs for mathematical purposes (mainly used for DVI output).
Normally, such glyphs have metrics which make them unusable in normal text.
Output Input PostScript Unicode Notes
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Ð \[-D] Eth u00D0 uppercase eth
ð \[Sd] eth u00F0 lowercase eth
Þ \[TP] Thorn u00DE uppercase thorn
þ \[Tp] thorn u00FE lowercase thorn
ß \[ss] germandbls u00DF German sharp s
Ligatures and Other Latin Glyphs
Output Input PostScript Unicode Notes
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
ff \[ff] ff u0066_0066 ff ligature +
fi \[fi] fi u0066_0069 fi ligature +
fl \[fl] fl u0066_006C fl ligature +
ffi \[Fi] ffi u0066_0066_0069 ffi ligature +
ffl \[Fl] ffl u0066_0066_006C ffl ligature +
Ł \[/L] Lslash u0141 (Polish)
ł \[/l] lslash u0142 (Polish)
Ø \[/O] Oslash u00D8 (Scandinavian)
ø \[/o] oslash u00F8 (Scandinavian)
Æ \[AE] AE u00C6
æ \[ae] ae u00E6
Π\[OE] OE u0152
œ \[oe] oe u0153
IJ \[IJ] IJ u0132 (Dutch)
ij \[ij] ij u0133 (Dutch)
ı \[.i] dotlessi u0131 (Turkish)
ȷ \[.j] dotlessj u0237 j without a dot
Accented Characters
Output Input PostScript Unicode Notes
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Á \['A] Aacute u0041_0301
Ć \['C] Cacute u0043_0301
É \['E] Eacute u0045_0301
Í \['I] Iacute u0049_0301
Ó \['O] Oacute u004F_0301
Ú \['U] Uacute u0055_0301
Ý \['Y] Yacute u0059_0301
á \['a] aacute u0061_0301
ć \['c] cacute u0063_0301
é \['e] eacute u0065_0301
í \['i] iacute u0069_0301
ó \['o] oacute u006F_0301
ú \['u] uacute u0075_0301
ý \['y] yacute u0079_0301
Ä \[:A] Adieresis u0041_0308 A with umlaut
Ë \[:E] Edieresis u0045_0308
Ï \[:I] Idieresis u0049_0308
Ö \[:O] Odieresis u004F_0308
Ü \[:U] Udieresis u0055_0308
Ÿ \[:Y] Ydieresis u0059_0308
ä \[:a] adieresis u0061_0308
ë \[:e] edieresis u0065_0308
ï \[:i] idieresis u0069_0308
ö \[:o] odieresis u006F_0308
ü \[:u] udieresis u0075_0308
ÿ \[:y] ydieresis u0079_0308
 \[^A] Acircumflex u0041_0302
Ê \[^E] Ecircumflex u0045_0302
Î \[^I] Icircumflex u0049_0302
Ô \[^O] Ocircumflex u004F_0302
Û \[^U] Ucircumflex u0055_0302
â \[^a] acircumflex u0061_0302
ê \[^e] ecircumflex u0065_0302
î \[^i] icircumflex u0069_0302
ô \[^o] ocircumflex u006F_0302
û \[^u] ucircumflex u0075_0302
À \[`A] Agrave u0041_0300
È \[`E] Egrave u0045_0300
Ì \[`I] Igrave u0049_0300
Ò \[`O] Ograve u004F_0300
Ù \[`U] Ugrave u0055_0300
à \[`a] agrave u0061_0300
è \[`e] egrave u0065_0300
ì \[`i] igrave u0069_0300
ò \[`o] ograve u006F_0300
ù \[`u] ugrave u0075_0300
à \[~A] Atilde u0041_0303
Ñ \[~N] Ntilde u004E_0303
Õ \[~O] Otilde u004F_0303
ã \[~a] atilde u0061_0303
ñ \[~n] ntilde u006E_0303
õ \[~o] otilde u006F_0303
Š \[vS] Scaron u0053_030C
š \[vs] scaron u0073_030C
Ž \[vZ] Zcaron u005A_030C
ž \[vz] zcaron u007A_030C
Ç \[,C] Ccedilla u0043_0327
ç \[,c] ccedilla u0063_0327
Å \[oA] Aring u0041_030A
å \[oa] aring u0061_030A
Accents
The composite request is used to map most of the accents to non-spacing glyph names; the values given in
parentheses are the original (spacing) ones.
Output Input PostScript Unicode Notes
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
˝ \[a"] hungarumlaut u030B (u02DD) (Hungarian)
¯ \[a-] macron u0304 (u00AF)
˙ \[a.] dotaccent u0307 (u02D9)
^ \[a^] circumfle u0302 (u005E)
´ \[aa] acute u0301 (u00B4) +
` \[ga] grave u0300 (u0060) +
˘ \[ab] breve u0306 (u02D8)
¸ \[ac] cedilla u0327 (u00B8)
¨ \[ad] dieresis u0308 (u00A8) umlaut
ˇ \[ah] caron u030C (u02C7)
˚ \[ao] ring u030A (u02DA) circle
~ \[a~] tilde u0303 (u007E)
˛ \[ho] ogonek u0328 (u02DB) hook
^ \[ha] asciicircum u005E (spacing)
~ \[ti] asciitilde u007E (spacing)
Quotes
Output Input PostScript Unicode Notes
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
„ \[Bq] quotedblbase u201E low double comma quote
‚ \[bq] quotesinglbase u201A low single comma quote
“ \[lq] quotedblleft u201C
” \[rq] quotedblright u201D
‘ \[oq] quoteleft u2018 single open quote
’ \[cq] quoteright u2019 single closing quote
' \[aq] quotesingle u0027 apostrophe quote (ASCII 39)
" \[dq] quotedbl u0022 double quote (ASCII 34)
« \[Fo] guillemotleft u00AB
» \[Fc] guillemotright u00BB
‹ \[fo] guilsinglleft u2039
› \[fc] guilsinglright u203A
Punctuation
Output Input PostScript Unicode Notes
──────────────────────────────────────────────────
¡ \[r!] exclamdown u00A1
¿ \[r?] questiondown u00BF
— \[em] emdash u2014 +
– \[en] endash u2013
‐ \[hy] hyphen u2010 +
Brackets
The extensible bracket pieces are font-invariant glyphs. In classical troff only one glyph was available
to vertically extend brackets, braces, and parentheses: `bv'. We map it rather arbitrarily to u23AA.
Note that not all devices contain extensible bracket pieces which can be piled up with `\b' due to the
restrictions of the escape's piling algorithm. A general solution to build brackets out of pieces is the
following macro:
.\" Make a pile centered vertically 0.5em
.\" above the baseline.
.\" The first argument is placed at the top.
.\" The pile is returned in string `pile'
.eo
.de pile-make
. nr pile-wd 0
. nr pile-ht 0
. ds pile-args
.
. nr pile-# \n[.$]
. while \n[pile-#] \{\
. nr pile-wd (\n[pile-wd] >? \w'\$[\n[pile-#]]')
. nr pile-ht +(\n[rst] - \n[rsb])
. as pile-args \v'\n[rsb]u'\"
. as pile-args \Z'\$[\n[pile-#]]'\"
. as pile-args \v'-\n[rst]u'\"
. nr pile-# -1
. \}
.
. ds pile \v'(-0.5m + (\n[pile-ht]u / 2u))'\"
. as pile \*[pile-args]\"
. as pile \v'((\n[pile-ht]u / 2u) + 0.5m)'\"
. as pile \h'\n[pile-wd]u'\"
..
.ec
Another complication is the fact that some glyphs which represent bracket pieces in original troff can be
used for other mathematical symbols also, for example `lf' and `rf' which provide the `floor' operator.
Other devices (most notably for DVI output) don't unify such glyphs. For this reason, the four glyphs
`lf', `rf', `lc', and `rc' are not unified with similarly looking bracket pieces. In groff, only glyphs
with long names are guaranteed to pile up correctly for all devices (provided those glyphs exist).
Output Input PostScript Unicode Notes
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
[ \[lB] bracketleft u005B
] \[rB] bracketright u005D
{ \[lC] braceleft u007B
} \[rC] braceright u007D
⟨ \[la] angleleft u27E8 left angle bracket
⟩ \[ra] angleright u27E9 right angle bracket
⎪ \[bv] braceex u23AA vertical extension *** +
⎪ \[braceex] braceex u23AA
⎡ \[bracketlefttp] bracketlefttp u23A1
⎣ \[bracketleftbt] bracketleftbt u23A3
⎢ \[bracketleftex] bracketleftex u23A2
⎤ \[bracketrighttp] bracketrighttp u23A4
⎦ \[bracketrightbt] bracketrightbt u23A6
⎥ \[bracketrightex] bracketrightex u23A5
⎧ \[lt] bracelefttp u23A7 +
⎧ \[bracelefttp] bracelefttp u23A7
⎨ \[lk] braceleftmid u23A8 +
⎨ \[braceleftmid] braceleftmid u23A8
⎩ \[lb] braceleftbt u23A9 +
⎩ \[braceleftbt] braceleftbt u23A9
⎪ \[braceleftex] braceleftex u23AA
⎫ \[rt] bracerighttp u23AB +
⎫ \[bracerighttp] bracerighttp u23AB
⎬ \[rk] bracerightmid u23AC +
⎬ \[bracerightmid] bracerightmid u23AC
⎭ \[rb] bracerightbt u23AD +
⎭ \[bracerightbt] bracerightbt u23AD
⎪ \[bracerightex] bracerightex u23AA
⎛ \[parenlefttp] parenlefttp u239B
⎝ \[parenleftbt] parenleftbt u239D
⎜ \[parenleftex] parenleftex u239C
⎞ \[parenrighttp] parenrighttp u239E
⎠ \[parenrightbt] parenrightbt u23A0
⎟ \[parenrightex] parenrightex u239F
Arrows
Output Input PostScript Unicode Notes
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
← \[<-] arrowleft u2190 +
→ \[->] arrowright u2192 +
↔ \[<>] arrowboth u2194 (horizontal)
↓ \[da] arrowdown u2193 +
↑ \[ua] arrowup u2191 +
↕ \[va] arrowupdn u2195
⇐ \[lA] arrowdblleft u21D0
⇒ \[rA] arrowdblright u21D2
⇔ \[hA] arrowdblboth u21D4 (horizontal)
⇓ \[dA] arrowdbldown u21D3
⇑ \[uA] arrowdblup u21D1
⇕ \[vA] uni21D5 u21D5 vertical double-headed double arrow
⎯ \[an] arrowhorizex u23AF horizontal arrow extension
Lines
The font-invariant glyphs `br', `ul', and `rn' form corners; they can be used to build boxes. Note that
both the PostScript and the Unicode-derived names of these three glyphs are just rough approximations.
`rn' also serves in classical troff as the horizontal extension of the square root sign.
`ru' is a font-invariant glyph, namely a rule of length 0.5m.
Output Input PostScript Unicode Notes
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
| \[ba] bar u007C
│ \[br] SF110000 u2502 box rule +
_ \[ul] underscore u005F +
‾ \[rn] overline u203E +
_ \[ru] --- --- baseline rule +
¦ \[bb] brokenbar u00A6
/ \[sl] slash u002F +
\ \[rs] backslash u005C reverse solidus
Use `\[radicalex]', not `\[overline]', for continuation of square root.
Text markers
Output Input PostScript Unicode Notes
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
○ \[ci] circle u25CB +
• \[bu] bullet u2022 +
‡ \[dd] daggerdbl u2021 double dagger sign +
† \[dg] dagger u2020 +
◊ \[lz] lozenge u25CA
□ \[sq] uni25A1 u25A1 white square +
¶ \[ps] paragraph u00B6
§ \[sc] section u00A7 +
☜ \[lh] uni261C u261C hand pointing left +
☞ \[rh] a14 u261E hand pointing right +
@ \[at] at u0040
# \[sh] numbersign u0023
↵ \[CR] carriagereturn u21B5
✓ \[OK] a19 u2713 check mark, tick
Legal Symbols
Output Input PostScript Unicode Notes
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
© \[co] copyright u00A9 +
® \[rg] registered u00AE +
™ \[tm] trademark u2122
\[bs] --- --- AT&T Bell Labs logo +
The Bell Labs logo is not supported in groff.
Currency symbols
Output Input PostScript Unicode Notes
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
$ \[Do] dollar u0024
¢ \[ct] cent u00A2 +
€ \[eu] --- u20AC official Euro symbol
€ \[Eu] Euro u20AC font-specific Euro glyph variant
¥ \[Ye] yen u00A5
£ \[Po] sterling u00A3 British currency sign
¤ \[Cs] currency u00A4 Scandinavian currency sign
ƒ \[Fn] florin u0192 Dutch currency sign
Units
Output Input PostScript Unicode Notes
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
° \[de] degree u00B0 +
‰ \[%0] perthousand u2030 per thousand, per mille sign
′ \[fm] minute u2032 footmark, prime +
″ \[sd] second u2033
µ \[mc] mu u00B5 micro sign
ª \[Of] ordfeminine u00AA
º \[Om] ordmasculine u00BA
Logical Symbols
Output Input PostScript Unicode Notes
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
∧ \[AN] logicaland u2227
∨ \[OR] logicalor u2228
¬ \[no] logicalnot u00AC +
¬ \[tno] logicalnot u00AC text variant of `no'
∃ \[te] existential u2203 there exists
∀ \[fa] universal u2200 for all
∋ \[st] suchthat u220B
∴ \[3d] therefore u2234
∴ \[tf] therefore u2234
| \[or] bar u007C bitwise OR operator (as used in C) +
Mathematical Symbols
Output Input PostScript Unicode Notes
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
½ \[12] onehalf u00BD +
¼ \[14] onequarter u00BC +
¾ \[34] threequarters u00BE +
⅛ \[18] oneeighth u215B
⅜ \[38] threeeighths u215C
⅝ \[58] fiveeighths u215D
⅞ \[78] seveneighths u215E
¹ \[S1] onesuperior u00B9
² \[S2] twosuperior u00B2
³ \[S3] threesuperior u00B3
+ \[pl] plus u002B plus in special font +
− \[mi] minus u2212 minus in special font +
∓ \[-+] uni2213 u2213
± \[+-] plusminus u00B1 +
± \[t+-] plusminus u00B1 text variant of `+-'
· \[pc] periodcentered u00B7
⋅ \[md] dotmath u22C5 multiplication dot
× \[mu] multiply u00D7 +
× \[tmu] multiply u00D7 text variant of `mu'
⊗ \[c*] circlemultiply u2297 multiply sign in a circle
⊕ \[c+] circleplus u2295 plus in a circle
÷ \[di] divide u00F7 division +
÷ \[tdi] divide u00F7 text variant of `di'
⁄ \[f/] fraction u2044 bar for fractions
∗ \[**] asteriskmath u2217 +
≤ \[<=] lessequal u2264 +
≥ \[>=] greaterequal u2265 +
≪ \[<<] uni226A u226A much less
≫ \[>>] uni226B u226B much greater
= \[eq] equal u003D equals in special font +
≠ \[!=] notequal u003D_0338 +
≡ \[==] equivalence u2261 +
≢ \[ne] uni2262 u2261_0338
≅ \[=~] congruent u2245 approx. equal
≃ \[|=] uni2243 u2243 asymptot. equal to +
∼ \[ap] similar u223C +
≈ \[~~] approxequal u2248 almost equal to
≈ \[~=] approxequal u2248
∝ \[pt] proportional u221D +
∅ \[es] emptyset u2205 +
∈ \[mo] element u2208 +
∉ \[nm] notelement u2208_0338
⊂ \[sb] propersubset u2282 +
⊄ \[nb] notsubset u2282_0338
⊃ \[sp] propersuperset u2283 +
⊅ \[nc] uni2285 u2283_0338 not superset
⊆ \[ib] reflexsubset u2286 +
⊇ \[ip] reflexsuperset u2287 +
∩ \[ca] intersection u2229 intersection, cap +
∪ \[cu] union u222A union, cup +
∠ \[/_] angle u2220
⊥ \[pp] perpendicular u22A5
∫ \[is] integral u222B +
∫ \[integral] integral u222B ***
∑ \[sum] summation u2211 ***
∏ \[product] product u220F ***
∐ \[coproduct] uni2210 u2210 ***
∇ \[gr] gradient u2207 +
√ \[sr] radical u221A square root +
√ \[sqrt] radical u221A ***
\[radicalex] radicalex --- square root continuation
\[sqrtex] radicalex --- ***
⌈ \[lc] uni2308 u2308 left ceiling +
⌉ \[rc] uni2309 u2309 right ceiling +
⌊ \[lf] uni230A u230A left floor +
⌋ \[rf] uni230B u230B right floor +
∞ \[if] infinity u221E +
ℵ \[Ah] aleph u2135
ℑ \[Im] Ifraktur u2111 Gothic I, imaginary
ℜ \[Re] Rfraktur u211C Gothic R, real
℘ \[wp] weierstrass u2118 Weierstrass p
∂ \[pd] partialdiff u2202 partial differentiation +
ℏ \[-h] uni210F u210F Planck constant / 2pi
ℏ \[hbar] uni210F u210F
Greek glyphs
These glyphs are intended for technical use, not for real Greek; normally, the uppercase letters have
upright shape, and the lowercase ones are slanted. There is a problem with the mapping of letter phi to
Unicode. Prior to Unicode version 3.0, the difference between U+03C6, GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI, and
U+03D5, GREEK PHI SYMBOL, was not clearly described; only the glyph shapes in the Unicode book could be
used as a reference. Starting with Unicode 3.0, the reference glyphs have been exchanged and described
verbally also: In mathematical context, U+03D5 is the stroked variant and U+03C6 the curly glyph.
Unfortunately, most font vendors didn't update their fonts to this (incompatible) change in Unicode. At
the time of this writing (January 2006), it is not clear yet whether the Adobe Glyph Names `phi' and
`phi1' also change its meaning if used for mathematics, thus compatibility problems are likely to happen
– being conservative, groff currently assumes that `phi' in a PostScript symbol font is the stroked
version.
In groff, symbol `\[*f]' always denotes the stroked version of phi, and `\[+f]' the curly variant.
Output Input PostScript Unicode Notes
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Α \[*A] Alpha u0391 +
Β \[*B] Beta u0392 +
Γ \[*G] Gamma u0393 +
Δ \[*D] Delta u0394 +
Ε \[*E] Epsilon u0395 +
Ζ \[*Z] Zeta u0396 +
Η \[*Y] Eta u0397 +
Θ \[*H] Theta u0398 +
Ι \[*I] Iota u0399 +
Κ \[*K] Kappa u039A +
Λ \[*L] Lambda u039B +
Μ \[*M] Mu u039C +
Ν \[*N] Nu u039D +
Ξ \[*C] Xi u039E +
Ο \[*O] Omicron u039F +
Π \[*P] Pi u03A0 +
Ρ \[*R] Rho u03A1 +
Σ \[*S] Sigma u03A3 +
Τ \[*T] Tau u03A4 +
Υ \[*U] Upsilon u03A5 +
Φ \[*F] Phi u03A6 +
Χ \[*X] Chi u03A7 +
Ψ \[*Q] Psi u03A8 +
Ω \[*W] Omega u03A9 +
α \[*a] alpha u03B1 +
β \[*b] beta u03B2 +
γ \[*g] gamma u03B3 +
δ \[*d] delta u03B4 +
ε \[*e] epsilon u03B5 +
ζ \[*z] zeta u03B6 +
η \[*y] eta u03B7 +
θ \[*h] theta u03B8 +
ι \[*i] iota u03B9 +
κ \[*k] kappa u03BA +
λ \[*l] lambda u03BB +
μ \[*m] mu u03BC +
ν \[*n] nu u03BD +
ξ \[*c] xi u03BE +
ο \[*o] omicron u03BF +
π \[*p] pi u03C0 +
ρ \[*r] rho u03C1 +
ς \[ts] sigma1 u03C2 terminal sigma +
σ \[*s] sigma u03C3 +
τ \[*t] tau u03C4 +
υ \[*u] upsilon u03C5 +
ϕ \[*f] phi u03D5 (stroked glyph) +
χ \[*x] chi u03C7 +
ψ \[*q] psi u03C8 +
ω \[*w] omega u03C9 +
ϑ \[+h] theta1 u03D1 variant theta
φ \[+f] phi1 u03C6 variant phi (curly shape)
ϖ \[+p] omega1 u03D6 variant pi, looking like omega
ϵ \[+e] uni03F5 u03F5 variant epsilon
Card symbols
Output Input PostScript Unicode Notes
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
♣ \[CL] club u2663 black club suit
♠ \[SP] spade u2660 black spade suit
♥ \[HE] heart u2665 black heart suit
♡ \[u2661] uni2661 u2661 white heart suit
♦ \[DI] diamond u2666 black diamond suit
♢ \[u2662] uni2662 u2662 white diamond suit
AUTHOR
Copyright © 1989-2004, 2006-2009, 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This document is distributed under the terms of the FDL (GNU Free Documentation License) version 1.3 or
later. You should have received a copy of the FDL on your system, it is also available on-line at the
GNU copyleft site ⟨http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html⟩.
This document is part of groff, the GNU roff distribution. It was written by James Clark
⟨jjc@jclark.com⟩ with additions by Werner Lemberg ⟨wl@gnu.org⟩ and Bernd Warken ⟨groff-
bernd.warken-72@web.de⟩.
SEE ALSO
groff(1)
the GNU roff formatter
groff(7)
a short reference of the groff formatting language
An extension to the troff character set for Europe, E.G. Keizer, K.J. Simonsen, J. Akkerhuis; EUUG
Newsletter, Volume 9, No. 2, Summer 1989
The Unicode Standard ⟨http://www.unicode.org⟩