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NAME
atomic_add, atomic_clear, atomic_cmpset, atomic_fetchadd, atomic_load, atomic_readandclear,
atomic_set, atomic_subtract, atomic_store — atomic operations
SYNOPSIS
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <machine/atomic.h>
void
atomic_add_[acq_|rel_]<type>(volatile <type> *p, <type> v);
void
atomic_clear_[acq_|rel_]<type>(volatile <type> *p, <type> v);
int
atomic_cmpset_[acq_|rel_]<type>(volatile <type> *dst, <type> old, <type> new);
<type>
atomic_fetchadd_<type>(volatile <type> *p, <type> v);
<type>
atomic_load_acq_<type>(volatile <type> *p);
<type>
atomic_readandclear_<type>(volatile <type> *p);
void
atomic_set_[acq_|rel_]<type>(volatile <type> *p, <type> v);
void
atomic_subtract_[acq_|rel_]<type>(volatile <type> *p, <type> v);
void
atomic_store_rel_<type>(volatile <type> *p, <type> v);
DESCRIPTION
Each of the atomic operations is guaranteed to be atomic in the presence of interrupts.
They can be used to implement reference counts or as building blocks for more advanced
synchronization primitives such as mutexes.
Types
Each atomic operation operates on a specific type. The type to use is indicated in the
function name. The available types that can be used are:
int unsigned integer
long unsigned long integer
ptr unsigned integer the size of a pointer
32 unsigned 32-bit integer
64 unsigned 64-bit integer
For example, the function to atomically add two integers is called atomic_add_int().
Certain architectures also provide operations for types smaller than “int”.
char unsigned character
short unsigned short integer
8 unsigned 8-bit integer
16 unsigned 16-bit integer
These must not be used in MI code because the instructions to implement them efficiently may
not be available.
Memory Barriers
Memory barriers are used to guarantee the order of data accesses in two ways. First, they
specify hints to the compiler to not re-order or optimize the operations. Second, on
architectures that do not guarantee ordered data accesses, special instructions or special
variants of instructions are used to indicate to the processor that data accesses need to
occur in a certain order. As a result, most of the atomic operations have three variants in
order to include optional memory barriers. The first form just performs the operation
without any explicit barriers. The second form uses a read memory barrier, and the third
variant uses a write memory barrier.
The second variant of each operation includes a read memory barrier. This barrier ensures
that the effects of this operation are completed before the effects of any later data
accesses. As a result, the operation is said to have acquire semantics as it acquires a
pseudo-lock requiring further operations to wait until it has completed. To denote this,
the suffix “_acq” is inserted into the function name immediately prior to the “_⟨type⟩”
suffix. For example, to subtract two integers ensuring that any later writes will happen
after the subtraction is performed, use atomic_subtract_acq_int().
The third variant of each operation includes a write memory barrier. This ensures that all
effects of all previous data accesses are completed before this operation takes place. As a
result, the operation is said to have release semantics as it releases any pending data
accesses to be completed before its operation is performed. To denote this, the suffix
“_rel” is inserted into the function name immediately prior to the “_⟨type⟩” suffix. For
example, to add two long integers ensuring that all previous writes will happen first, use
atomic_add_rel_long().
A practical example of using memory barriers is to ensure that data accesses that are
protected by a lock are all performed while the lock is held. To achieve this, one would
use a read barrier when acquiring the lock to guarantee that the lock is held before any
protected operations are performed. Finally, one would use a write barrier when releasing
the lock to ensure that all of the protected operations are completed before the lock is
released.
Multiple Processors
The current set of atomic operations do not necessarily guarantee atomicity across multiple
processors. To guarantee atomicity across processors, not only does the individual
operation need to be atomic on the processor performing the operation, but the result of the
operation needs to be pushed out to stable storage and the caches of all other processors on
the system need to invalidate any cache lines that include the affected memory region. On
the i386 architecture, the cache coherency model requires that the hardware perform this
task, thus the atomic operations are atomic across multiple processors. On the ia64
architecture, coherency is only guaranteed for pages that are configured to using a caching
policy of either uncached or write back.
Semantics
This section describes the semantics of each operation using a C like notation.
atomic_add(p, v)
*p += v;
atomic_clear(p, v)
*p &= ~v;
atomic_cmpset(dst, old, new)
if (*dst == old) {
*dst = new;
return 1;
} else
return 0;
The atomic_cmpset() functions are not implemented for the types “char”, “short”, “8”, and
“16”.
atomic_fetchadd(p, v)
tmp = *p;
*p += v;
return tmp;
The atomic_fetchadd() functions are only implemented for the types “int”, “long” and “32”
and do not have any variants with memory barriers at this time.
atomic_load(addr)
return (*addr)
The atomic_load() functions are only provided with acquire memory barriers.
atomic_readandclear(addr)
temp = *addr;
*addr = 0;
return (temp);
The atomic_readandclear() functions are not implemented for the types “char”, “short”,
“ptr”, “8”, and “16” and do not have any variants with memory barriers at this time.
atomic_set(p, v)
*p |= v;
atomic_subtract(p, v)
*p -= v;
atomic_store(p, v)
*p = v;
The atomic_store() functions are only provided with release memory barriers.
The type “64” is currently not implemented for any of the atomic operations on the arm,
i386, and powerpc architectures.
RETURN VALUES
The atomic_cmpset() function returns the result of the compare operation. The
atomic_fetchadd(), atomic_load(), and atomic_readandclear() functions return the value at
the specified address.
EXAMPLES
This example uses the atomic_cmpset_acq_ptr() and atomic_set_ptr() functions to obtain a
sleep mutex and handle recursion. Since the mtx_lock member of a struct mtx is a pointer,
the “ptr” type is used.
/* Try to obtain mtx_lock once. */
#define _obtain_lock(mp, tid) \
atomic_cmpset_acq_ptr(&(mp)->mtx_lock, MTX_UNOWNED, (tid))
/* Get a sleep lock, deal with recursion inline. */
#define _get_sleep_lock(mp, tid, opts, file, line) do { \
uintptr_t _tid = (uintptr_t)(tid); \
\
if (!_obtain_lock(mp, tid)) { \
if (((mp)->mtx_lock & MTX_FLAGMASK) != _tid) \
_mtx_lock_sleep((mp), _tid, (opts), (file), (line));\
else { \
atomic_set_ptr(&(mp)->mtx_lock, MTX_RECURSE); \
(mp)->mtx_recurse++; \
} \
} \
} while (0)
HISTORY
The atomic_add(), atomic_clear(), atomic_set(), and atomic_subtract() operations were first
introduced in FreeBSD 3.0. This first set only supported the types “char”, “short”, “int”,
and “long”. The atomic_cmpset(), atomic_load(), atomic_readandclear(), and atomic_store()
operations were added in FreeBSD 5.0. The types “8”, “16”, “32”, “64”, and “ptr” and all of
the acquire and release variants were added in FreeBSD 5.0 as well. The atomic_fetchadd()
operations were added in FreeBSD 6.0.