Provided by: graphicsmagick_1.3.18-1ubuntu3.1_amd64 bug

SYNOPSIS

       gm animate [ options ... ] file [ [ options ... ] file ... ]

       gm batch [ options ... ] [ script ]

       gm benchmark [ options ... ] subcommand

       gm compare [ options ... ] reference-image [ options ... ] compare-image [ options ... ]

       gm composite [ options ... ] change-image base-image [ mask-image ] output-image

       gm conjure [ options ] script.msl [ [ options ] script.msl ]

       gm convert [ [ options ... ] [ input-file ...  ] [ options ... ] ] output-file

       gm display [ options ... ] file ...  [ [options ... ]file ... ]

       gm identify file [ file ... ]

       gm import [ options ... ] file

       gm mogrify [ options ... ] file ...

       gm montage [ options ... ] file [ [ options ... ] file ... ] output-file

       gm time subcommand

       gm version

DESCRIPTION

        GraphicsMagick's  gm  provides  a suite of utilities for creating, comparing, converting,
       editing, and displaying images.  All of the utilities are provided as  sub-commands  of  a
       single gm executable:

       animate  displays  an  animation (e.g. a GIF file) on any workstation display running an X
       server.

       batch executes an arbitary number of the utility commands (e.g. convert) in the form of  a
       simple  linear  batch script in order to improve execution efficiency, and/or to allow use
       as a subordinate co-process under the control of an arbitrary script or program.

       benchmark executes one of the other utility commands (e.g. convert) for a specified number
       of  iterations,  or  execution  time,  and  reports  execution  time  and  other profiling
       information such as CPU utilization. Benchmark provides various operating modes  including
       executing  the  command  with a varying number of threads, and alternate reporting formats
       such as comma-separated value (CSV).

       compare compares two images and  reports  difference  statistics  according  to  specified
       metrics  and/or  outputs an image with a visual representation of the differences.  It may
       also be used to test if images are similar within a particular range and specified metric,
       returning a truth value to the executing environment.

       composite composites images (blends or merges images together) to create new images.

       conjure interprets and executes scripts in the Magick Scripting Language (MSL).

       convert  converts  an input file using one image format to an output file with the same or
       differing image format while applying an arbitrary number of image transformations.

       display is a machine architecture independent image processing and  display  facility.  It
       can display an image on any workstation display running an X server.

       identify describes the format and characteristics of one or more image files. It will also
       report if an image is incomplete or corrupt.

       import reads an image from any visible window on an X server and outputs it  as  an  image
       file.  You  can  capture a single window, the entire screen, or any rectangular portion of
       the screen.

       mogrify transforms an image or a  sequence  of  images.  These  transforms  include  image
       scaling,  image rotation, color reduction, and others. The transmogrified image overwrites
       the original image.

       montage creates a composite by combining several separate images. The images are tiled  on
       the  composite  image  with  the  name  of  the  image optionally appearing just below the
       individual tile.

       time executes a subcommand  and  reports  the  user,  system,  and  total  execution  time
       consumed.

       version  reports  the  GraphicsMagick  release  version,  maximum  sample-depth, copyright
       notice, supported features, and the options used while building the software.

       The GraphicsMagick utilities recognize the following image formats:

       Name  Mode Description
        o  3FR       r-- Hasselblad Photo RAW
        o  8BIM      rw- Photoshop resource format
        o  8BIMTEXT  rw- Photoshop resource text format
        o  8BIMWTEXT rw- Photoshop resource wide text format
        o  APP1      rw- Raw application information
        o  APP1JPEG  rw- Raw JPEG binary data
        o  ART       r-- PF1: 1st Publisher
        o  ARW       r-- Sony Alpha DSLR RAW
        o  AVI       r-- Audio/Visual Interleaved
        o  AVS       rw+ AVS X image
        o  BIE       rw- Joint Bi-level Image experts Group
                         interchange format
        o  BMP       rw+ Microsoft Windows bitmap image
        o  BMP2      -w- Microsoft Windows bitmap image v2
        o  BMP3      -w- Microsoft Windows bitmap image v3
        o  CACHE     --- Magick Persistent Cache image format
        o  CALS      rw- Continuous Acquisition and Life-cycle
                         Support Type 1 image
        o  CAPTION   r-- Caption (requires separate size info)
        o  CIN       rw- Kodak Cineon Format
        o  CMYK      rw- Raw cyan, magenta, yellow, and black
                         samples (8 or 16 bits, depending on
                         the image depth)
        o  CMYKA     rw- Raw cyan, magenta, yellow, black, and
                         matte samples (8 or 16 bits, depending
                         on the image depth)
        o  CR2       r-- Canon Photo RAW
        o  CRW       r-- Canon Photo RAW
        o  CUR       r-- Microsoft Cursor Icon
        o  CUT       r-- DR Halo
        o  DCM       r-- Digital Imaging and Communications in
                         Medicine image
        o  DCR       r-- Kodak Photo RAW
        o  DCX       rw+ ZSoft IBM PC multi-page Paintbrush
        o  DNG       r-- Adobe Digital Negative
        o  DPS       r-- Display PostScript Interpreter
        o  DPX       rw- Digital Moving Picture Exchange
        o  EPDF      rw- Encapsulated Portable Document Format
        o  EPI       rw- Adobe Encapsulated PostScript
                         Interchange format
        o  EPS       rw- Adobe Encapsulated PostScript
        o  EPS2      -w- Adobe Level II Encapsulated PostScript
        o  EPS3      -w- Adobe Level III Encapsulated PostScript
        o  EPSF      rw- Adobe Encapsulated PostScript
        o  EPSI      rw- Adobe Encapsulated PostScript
                         Interchange format
        o  EPT       rw- Adobe Encapsulated PostScript with MS-DOS
                         TIFF preview
        o  EPT2      rw- Adobe Level II Encapsulated PostScript
                         with MS-DOS TIFF preview
        o  EPT3      rw- Adobe Level III Encapsulated PostScript
                         with MS-DOS TIFF preview
        o  EXIF      rw- Exif digital camera binary data
        o  FAX       rw+ Group 3 FAX (Not TIFF Group3 FAX!)
        o  FITS      rw- Flexible Image Transport System
        o  FRACTAL   r-- Plasma fractal image
        o  FPX       rw- FlashPix Format
        o  GIF       rw+ CompuServe graphics interchange format
        o  GIF87     rw- CompuServe graphics interchange format
                         (version 87a)
        o  GRADIENT  r-- Gradual passing from one shade to
                         another
        o  GRAY      rw+ Raw gray samples (8/16/32 bits,
                         depending on the image depth)
        o  HISTOGRAM -w- Histogram of the image
        o  HRZ       r-- HRZ: Slow scan TV
        o  HTML      -w- Hypertext Markup Language and a
                         client-side image map
        o  ICB       rw+ Truevision Targa image
        o  ICC       rw- ICC Color Profile
        o  ICM       rw- ICC Color Profile
        o  ICO       r-- Microsoft icon
        o  ICON      r-- Microsoft icon
        o  IDENTITY  r-- Hald CLUT identity image
        o  IMAGE     r-- GraphicsMagick Embedded Image
        o  INFO      -w+ Image descriptive information and
                          statistics
        o  IPTC      rw- IPTC Newsphoto
        o  IPTCTEXT  rw- IPTC Newsphoto text format
        o  IPTCWTEXT rw- IPTC Newsphoto wide text format
        o  JBG       rw+ Joint Bi-level Image experts Group
                         interchange format
        o  JBIG      rw+ Joint Bi-level Image experts Group
                         interchange format
        o  JNG       rw- JPEG Network Graphics
        o  JP2       rw- JPEG-2000 JP2 File Format Syntax
        o  JPC       rw- JPEG-2000 Code Stream Syntax
        o  JPEG      rw- Joint Photographic Experts Group
                         JFIF format
        o  JPG       rw- Joint Photographic Experts Group
                         JFIF format
        o  K25       r-- Kodak Photo RAW
        o  KDC       r-- Kodak Photo RAW
        o  LABEL     r-- Text image format
        o  M2V       rw+ MPEG-2 Video Stream
        o  MAP       rw- Colormap intensities and indices
        o  MAT       r-- MATLAB image format
        o  MATTE     -w+ MATTE format
        o  MIFF      rw+ Magick Image File Format
        o  MNG       rw+ Multiple-image Network Graphics
        o  MONO      rw- Bi-level bitmap in least-significant-
                         -byte-first order
        o  MPC       rw+ Magick Persistent Cache image format
        o  MPEG      rw+ MPEG-1 Video Stream
        o  MPG       rw+ MPEG-1 Video Stream
        o  MRW       r-- Minolta Photo Raw
        o  MSL       r-- Magick Scripting Language
        o  MTV       rw+ MTV Raytracing image format
        o  MVG       rw- Magick Vector Graphics
        o  NEF       r-- Nikon Electronic Format
        o  NULL      r-- Constant image of uniform color
        o  OTB       rw- On-the-air bitmap
        o  P7        rw+ Xv thumbnail format
        o  PAL       rw- 16bit/pixel interleaved YUV
        o  PALM      rw- Palm Pixmap
        o  PBM       rw+ Portable bitmap format (black and white)
        o  PCD       rw- Photo CD
        o  PCDS      rw- Photo CD
        o  PCL       -w- Page Control Language
        o  PCT       rw- Apple Macintosh QuickDraw/PICT
        o  PCX       rw- ZSoft IBM PC Paintbrush
        o  PDB       rw+ Palm Database ImageViewer Format
        o  PDF       rw+ Portable Document Format
        o  PEF       r-- Pentax Electronic File
        o  PFA       r-- TrueType font
        o  PFB       r-- TrueType font
        o  PGM       rw+ Portable graymap format (gray scale)
        o  PGX       r-- JPEG-2000 VM Format
        o  PICON     rw- Personal Icon
        o  PICT      rw- Apple Macintosh QuickDraw/PICT
        o  PIX       r-- Alias/Wavefront RLE image format
        o  PLASMA    r-- Plasma fractal image
        o  PNG       rw- Portable Network Graphics
        o  PNG24     rw- Portable Network Graphics, 24 bit RGB
                         opaque only
        o  PNG32     rw- Portable Network Graphics, 32 bit RGBA
                         semitransparency OK
        o  PNG8      rw- Portable Network Graphics, 8-bit
                         indexed, binary transparency only
        o  PNM       rw+ Portable anymap
        o  PPM       rw+ Portable pixmap format (color)
        o  PREVIEW   -w- Show a preview an image enhancement,
                         effect, or f/x
        o  PS        rw+ Adobe PostScript
        o  PS2       -w+ Adobe Level II PostScript
        o  PS3       -w+ Adobe Level III PostScript
        o  PSD       rw- Adobe Photoshop bitmap
        o  PTIF      rw- Pyramid encoded TIFF
        o  PWP       r-- Seattle Film Works
        o  RAF       r-- Fuji Photo RAW
        o  RAS       rw+ SUN Rasterfile
        o  RGB       rw+ Raw red, green, and blue samples
        o  RGBA      rw+ Raw red, green, blue, and matte samples
        o  RLA       r-- Alias/Wavefront image
        o  RLE       r-- Utah Run length encoded image
        o  SCT       r-- Scitex HandShake
        o  SFW       r-- Seattle Film Works
        o  SGI       rw+ Irix RGB image
        o  SHTML     -w- Hypertext Markup Language and a
                         client-side image map
        o  STEGANO   r-- Steganographic image
        o  SUN       rw+ SUN Rasterfile
        o  SVG       rw+ Scalable Vector Gaphics
        o  TEXT      rw+ Raw text
        o  TGA       rw+ Truevision Targa image
        o  TIFF      rw+ Tagged Image File Format
        o  TILE      r-- Tile image with a texture
        o  TIM       r-- PSX TIM
        o  TOPOL     r-- TOPOL X Image
        o  TTF       r-- TrueType font
        o  TXT       rw+ Raw text
        o  UIL       -w- X-Motif UIL table
        o  UYVY      rw- 16bit/pixel interleaved YUV
        o  VDA       rw+ Truevision Targa image
        o  VICAR     rw- VICAR rasterfile format
        o  VID       rw+ Visual Image Directory
        o  VIFF      rw+ Khoros Visualization image
        o  VST       rw+ Truevision Targa image
        o  WBMP      rw- Wireless Bitmap (level 0) image
        o  WMF       r-- Windows Metafile
        o  WPG       r-- Word Perfect Graphics
        o  X         rw- X Image
        o  X3F       r-- Foveon X3 (Sigma/Polaroid) RAW
        o  XBM       rw- X Windows system bitmap (black
                         and white)
        o  XC        r-- Constant image uniform color
        o  XCF       r-- GIMP image
        o  XMP       rw- Adobe XML metadata
        o  XPM       rw- X Windows system pixmap (color)
        o  XV        rw+ Khoros Visualization image
        o  XWD       rw- X Windows system window dump (color)
        o  YUV       rw- CCIR 601 4:1:1 or 4:2:2 (8-bit only)

           Modes:
                     r   Read
                     w   Write
                     +   Multi-image

       Support for some of these formats require additional programs or libraries.  See README in
       the source package for where to find optional additional software.

       Note,  a  format  delineated with + means that if more than one image is specified, frames
       are combined into a single multi-image file. Use  +adjoin  if  you  want  a  single  image
       produced for each frame.

       Your  installation  might  not support all of the formats in the list.  To get an accurate
       listing of the formats supported by your particular configuration, run "gm  convert  -list
       format".

       Raw images are expected to have one byte per pixel unless gm is compiled in 16-bit quantum
       mode or in 32-bit quantum mode. Here, the raw data is expected to be stored  two  or  four
       bytes per pixel, respectively, in most-significant-byte-first order.  For example, you can
       tell if gm was compiled in 16-bit mode by typing "gm version"  without  any  options,  and
       looking for "Q:16" in the first line of output.

FILES AND FORMATS

       By  default, the image format is determined by its magic number, i.e., the first few bytes
       of the file. To specify a particular image format, precede  the  filename  with  an  image
       format  name  and  a colon (i.e.ps:image) or specify the image type as the filename suffix
       (i.e.image.ps).  The magic number takes precedence over the filename suffix and the prefix
       takes  precedence  over  the  magic  number and the suffix in input files.  When a file is
       read, its magic number is stored in the "image->magick"  string.   In  output  files,  the
       prefix takes precedence over the filename suffix, and the filename suffix takes precedence
       over the "image->magick" string.

       To read the "built-in" formats (GRANITE, H, LOGO, NETSCAPE, PLASMA, and ROSE) use a prefix
       (including  the  colon)  without  a filename or suffix.  To read the XC format, follow the
       colon with a color specification.  To read the CAPTION format, follow  the  colon  with  a
       text string or with a filename prefixed with the at symbol (@).

       When you specify X as your image type, the filename has special meaning. It specifies an X
       window by id, name, or root. If no filename  is  specified,  the  window  is  selected  by
       clicking the mouse in the desired window.

       Specify  input_file  as  -  for  standard input, output_file as - for standard output.  If
       input_file has the extension .Z or .gz, the file is uncompressed with uncompress or gunzip
       respectively.   If  output_file  has the extension .Z or .gz, the file is compressed using
       with compress or gzip respectively.

       Finally, when running on platforms that allow it, precede the image file name  with  |  to
       pipe  to  or  from  a  system  command  (this  feature  is not available on VMS, Win32 and
       Macintosh platforms). Use a backslash or  quotation  marks  to  prevent  your  shell  from
       interpreting the |.

       Use  an  optional index enclosed in brackets after an input file name to specify a desired
       subimage of a multi-resolution image format like Photo CD  (e.g.  "img0001.pcd[4]")  or  a
       range  for MPEG images (e.g. "video.mpg[50-75]"). A subimage specification can be disjoint
       (e.g. "image.tiff[2,7,4]"). For raw images, specify a subimage with a geometry (e.g. -size
       640x512  "image.rgb[320x256+50+50]").   Surround  the  image  name with quotation marks to
       prevent your shell from interpreting the square brackets. Single images are  written  with
       the  filename  you  specify.  However,  multi-part  images  (e.g., a multi-page PostScript
       document with +adjoin specified) may be written with the scene number included as part  of
       the  filename.  In  order  to include the scene number in the filename, it is necessary to
       include a printf-style %d format specification in  the  file  name  and  use  the  +adjoin
       option. For example,

           image%02d.miff

       writes  files  image00.miff,  image01.miff,  etc.  Only  a single specification is allowed
       within an output filename. If more than one specification is present, it will be  ignored.
       It  is  best  to  embed  the  scene  number  in the base part of the file name, not in the
       extension, because the extension will not be a recognizeable image type.

       When running a commandline utility, you can prepend an at sign @ to a filename to  read  a
       list  of image filenames from that file. This is convenient in the event you have too many
       image filenames to fit on the command line.

OPTIONS

       Options are processed in command line order. Any option you specify on  the  command  line
       remains  in  effect for the set of images that follows, until the set is terminated by the
       appearance of any option or -noop.  Some options only affect the decoding  of  images  and
       others only the encoding.  The latter can appear after the final group of input images.

       This  is  a combined list of the command-line options used by the GraphicsMagick utilities
       (animate, compare, composite, convert, display, identify, import, mogrify and montage).

       In this document, angle brackets  ("<>")  enclose  variables  and  curly  brackets  ("{}")
       enclose  optional  parameters.  For  example,  "-fuzz <distance>{%}" means you can use the
       option "-fuzz 10" or "-fuzz 2%".

       -adjoin
              join images into a single multi-image file

              By default, all images of an image sequence are stored in the same  file.  However,
              some  formats  (e.g.  JPEG) do not support storing more than one image per file and
              only the first frame in an image sequence will be saved unless the result is  saved
              to separate files. Use +adjoin to force saving multiple frames to multiple numbered
              files. If +adjoin is used, then the output filename must  include  a  printf  style
              formatting specification for the numeric part of the filename.  For example,

                  image%02d.miff

       -affine <matrix>
              drawing transform matrix

              This  option  provides a transform matrix {sx,rx,ry,sy,tx,ty} for use by subsequent
              -draw or -transform options.

       -antialias
              remove pixel aliasing

              By default antialiasing algorithms are used when drawing objects  (e.g.  lines)  or
              rendering  vector  formats (e.g. WMF and Postscript). Use +antialias to disable use
              of antialiasing  algorithms.  Reasons  to  disable  antialiasing  include  avoiding
              increasing colors in the image, or improving rendering speed.

       -append
              append a set of images

              This option creates a single image where the images in the original set are stacked
              top-to-bottom.  If they are not of the  same  width,  any  narrow  images  will  be
              expanded  to  fit using the background color.  Use +append to stack images left-to-
              right.  The set of images is terminated by the appearance of any  option.   If  the
              -append option appears after all of the input images, all images are appended.

        -asc-cdl <spec>
              apply ASC CDL color transform

              Applies  ("bakes  in")  the  ASC  CDL,  which is a format for the exchange of basic
              primary color grading information between equipment  and  software  from  different
              manufacturers.  The  format defines the math for three functions: slope, offset and
              power. Each function uses a number for the red, green, and blue color channels  for
              a  total  of  nine  numbers  comprising  a  single color decision. The tenth number
              (optional) is for chromiance (saturation) as specified by ASC CDL 1.2.

              The argument string is comma delimited and is in the following  form  (but  without
              invervening spaces or line breaks)

                redslope,redoffset,redpower:
                greenslope,greenoffset,greenpower:
                blueslope,blueoffset,bluepower:
                saturation

              with       the       unity       (no       change)       specification       being:
              "1.0,0.0,1.0:1.0,0.0,1.0:1.0,0.0,1.0:1.0"

       -authenticate <string>
              decrypt image with this password

              Use this option to supply a password for decrypting an image or an image  sequence,
              if it is being read from a format such as PDF that supports encryption.  Encrypting
              images being written is not supported.

       -auto-orient
              orient (rotate) image so it is upright

              Adjusts the image orienation  so  that  it  is  suitable  for  viewing.   Uses  the
              orientation tag obtained from the image file or as supplied by the -orient option.

       -average
              average a set of images

              The  set  of images is terminated by the appearance of any option.  If the -average
              option appears after all of the input images, all images are averaged.

       -backdrop
              display the image centered on a backdrop.

              This backdrop covers the entire workstation screen and is useful for hiding other X
              window  activity while viewing the image. The color of the backdrop is specified as
              the foreground color (X11 default is black).  Refer to "X  Resources",  below,  for
              details.

       -background <color>
              the background color

              The color is specified using the format described under the -fill option.

       -black-threshold red[,green][,blue][,opacity]
              pixels below the threshold become black

              Use  -black-threshold  to  set  pixels with values below the specified threshold to
              minimum value (black). If only one value is supplied, or the red, green,  and  blue
              values  are  identical, then intensity thresholding is used. If the color threshold
              values are not  identical  then  channel-based  thresholding  is  used,  and  color
              distortion  will occur. Specify a negative value (e.g. -1) if you want a channel to
              be ignored but you do want to threshold a channel later in the list. If  a  percent
              (%)  symbol  is  appended,  then  the values are treated as a percentage of maximum
              range.

       -blue-primary <x>,<y>
              blue chromaticity primary point

       -blur <radius>{x<sigma>}
              blur the image with a Gaussian operator

              Blur with the given radius and standard deviation (sigma).

       -border <width>x<height>
              surround the image with a border of color

              See -geometry for details about the geometry specification.

       -bordercolor <color>
              the border color

              The color is specified using the format described under the -fill option.

       -borderwidth <geometry>
              the border width

       -box <color>
              set the color of the annotation bounding box

              The color is specified using the format described under the -fill option.

              See -draw for further details.

       -channel <type>
              the type of channel

              Choose from: Red, Green, Blue, Opacity, Matte, Cyan,  Magenta,  Yellow,  Black,  or
              Gray.

              Use  this  option  to  extract  a  particular channel from the image.  Opacity, for
              example, is useful for extracting the opacity values from an image.

       -charcoal <factor>
              simulate a charcoal drawing

       -chop <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}
              remove pixels from the interior of an image

              Width and height give the number of columns and rows to remove, and  x  and  y  are
              offsets that give the location of the leftmost column and topmost row to remove.

              The  x  offset  normally  specifies the leftmost column to remove.  If the -gravity
              option is present with NorthEast, East, or SouthEast gravity, it gives the distance
              leftward  from  the  right  edge  of  the  image to the rightmost column to remove.
              Similarly, the y offset normally specifies the topmost row to remove,  but  if  the
              -gravity  option  is  present  with  SouthWest,  South,  or  SouthEast  gravity, it
              specifies the distance upward from the bottom edge of the image to the  bottom  row
              to remove.

              The  -chop  option  removes entire rows and columns, and moves the remaining corner
              blocks leftward and upward to close the gaps.

       -clip  apply the clipping path, if one is present

              If a clipping path is present, it will be applied to subsequent operations.

              For example, if you type the following command:

                  gm convert -clip -negate cockatoo.tif negated.tif

              only the pixels within the clipping path are negated.

              The -clip feature requires the XML library.  If the XML library is not present, the
              option is ignored.

       -coalesce
              merge a sequence of images

              Each  image  N  in the sequence after Image 0 is replaced with the image created by
              flattening images 0 through N.

              The set of images is terminated by the appearance of any option.  If the  -coalesce
              option appears after all of the input images, all images are coalesced.

       -colorize <value>
              colorize the image with the pen color

              Specify  the  amount  of  colorization  as  a  percentage.  You  can apply separate
              colorization values to the red, green, and  blue  channels  of  the  image  with  a
              colorization value list delimited with slashes (e.g. 0/0/50).

              The  -colorize  option  may be used in conjunction with -modulate to produce a nice
              sepia toned image like:

                  gm convert input.ppm -modulate 115,0,100 \
                            -colorize 7,21,50 output.ppm.

       -colormap <type>
              define the colormap type

              Choose between shared or private.

              This option only applies when  the  default  X  server  visual  is  PseudoColor  or
              GRAYScale.  Refer  to  -visual  for  more details. By default, a shared colormap is
              allocated. The image shares colors with other X clients.  Some image  colors  could
              be approximated, therefore your image may look very different than intended. Choose
              Private and the image colors appear exactly as they  are  defined.  However,  other
              clients may go technicolor when the image colormap is installed.

       -colors <value>
              preferred number of colors in the image

              The  actual  number of colors in the image may be less than your request, but never
              more. Note, this is a color reduction option. Images with less unique  colors  than
              specified  with  this  option will have any duplicate or unused colors removed. The
              ordering of an existing color palette may be altered. When converting an image from
              color  to  grayscale,  convert the image to the gray colorspace before reducing the
              number  of   colors   since   doing   so   is   most   efficient.   Refer   to   <a
              href="quantize.html">quantize for more details.

              Note,  options  -dither,  -colorspace,  and  -treedepth  affect the color reduction
              algorithm.

       -colorspace <value>
              the type of colorspace

              Choices are: CineonLog, CMYK, GRAY, HSL, HWB, OHTA,  RGB,  Rec601Luma,  Rec709Luma,
              Rec601YCbCr, Rec709YCbCr, Transparent, XYZ, YCbCr, YIQ, YPbPr, or YUV.

              Color reduction, by default, takes place in the RGB color space. Empirical evidence
              suggests that distances in color spaces such as YUV or YIQ correspond to perceptual
              color  differences more closely than do distances in RGB space.  These color spaces
              may give better results when color reducing an image.  Refer to quantize  for  more
              details.   Two gray colorspaces are supported. The Rec601Luma space is based on the
              recommendations for legacy NTSC television (ITU-R BT.601-5).  The Rec709Luma  space
              is  based on the recommendations for HDTV (Rec. ITU-R BT.709-5) and is suitable for
              use with computer graphics, and for contemporary CRT displays. The GRAY  colorspace
              currently  selects  the  Rec601Luma  colorspace by default for backwards compatibly
              reasons. This default may be re-considered in the future.

              Two YCbCr colorspaces  are  supported.  The  Rec601YCbCr  space  is  based  on  the
              recommendations  for  legacy NTSC television (ITU-R BT.601-5). The Rec709CbCr space
              is based on the recommendations for HDTV (Rec.  ITU-R BT.709-5) and is suitable for
              suitable  for  use  with  computer graphics, and for contemporary CRT displays. The
              YCbCr colorspace specification is equivalent toRec601YCbCr.

              The Transparent color space behaves uniquely in that it preserves the matte channel
              of the image if it exists.

              The  -colors or -monochrome option, or saving to a file format which requires color
              reduction, is required for this option to take effect.

       -comment <string>
              annotate an image with a comment

              Use this option to assign a specific comment to the image, when writing to an image
              format  that  supports  comments.  You can include the image filename, type, width,
              height, or other image attribute by  embedding  special  format  characters  listed
              under  the  -format option.  The comment is not drawn on the image, but is embedded
              in the image datastream via a "Comment" tag or similar mechanism.  If you want  the
              comment to be visible on the image itself, use the -draw option.

              For example,

                   -comment "%m:%f %wx%h"

              produces  an  image comment of MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 for an image titled bird.miff
              and whose width is 512 and height is 480.

              If the first character of string is @, the image comment is read from a file titled
              by the remaining characters in the string.

       -compose <operator>
              the type of image composition

              The  description of composition uses abstract terminology in order to allow the the
              description to be more clear, while avoiding constant values which are specific  to
              a  particular  build  configuration. Each image pixel is represented by red, green,
              and blue levels (which are equal for a gray pixel). MaxRGB is the maximum  integral
              value  which  may  be stored in the red, green, or blue channels of the image. Each
              image pixel may also optionally (if the image matte channel  is  enabled)  have  an
              associated level of opacity (ranging from opaque to transparent), which may be used
              to determine the influence of the pixel  color  when  compositing  the  pixel  with
              another image pixel. If the image matte channel is disabled, then all pixels in the
              image are treated as opaque.  The color of an opaque pixel is fully  visible  while
              the color of a transparent pixel color is entirely absent (pixel color is ignored).

              By  definition, raster images have a rectangular shape. All image rows are of equal
              length, and all image columns have the same number of rows. By treating the opacity
              channel as a visual "mask" the rectangular image may be given a "shape" by treating
              the opacity channel as a cookie-cutter for the image. Pixels within the  shape  are
              opaque,  while  pixels outside the shape are transparent. Pixels on the boundary of
              the shape may be between opaque and transparent in order  to  provide  antialiasing
              (visually  smooth  edges).  The  description  of the composition operators use this
              concept of image "shape" in order to make the description of the  operators  easier
              to  understand.  While  it  is  convenient  to  describe  the operators in terms of
              "shapes" they are by no means limited to mask-style operations since they are based
              on continuous floating-point mathematics rather than simple boolean operations.

              By  default, the Over composite operator is used. The following composite operators
              are available:

                   Over
                   In
                   Out
                   Atop
                   Xor
                   Plus
                   Minus
                   Add
                   Subtract
                   Difference
                   Divide
                   Multiply
                   Bumpmap
                   Copy
                   CopyRed
                   CopyGreen
                   CopyBlue
                   CopyOpacity
                   CopyCyan
                   CopyMagenta
                   CopyYellow
                   CopyBlack

              The behavior of each operator is described below.

               Over

                    The result will be the union of the two image shapes, with  opaque  areas  of
                    change-image obscuring base-image in the region of overlap.

               In

                    The result is simply change-image cut by the shape of base-image. None of the
                    image data of base-image will be in the result.

               Out

                    The resulting image is change-image with the shape of base-image cut out.

               Atop

                    The result is the same shape as base-image, with change-image obscuring base-
                    image where the image shapes overlap. Note this differs from over because the
                    portion of change-image outside base-image's shape does  not  appear  in  the
                    result.

               Xor

                    The  result  is  the image data from both change-image and base-image that is
                    outside the overlap region. The overlap region will be blank.

               Plus

                    The result is just the sum of the image data. Output values  are  cropped  to
                    MaxRGB (no overflow). This operation is independent of the matte channels.

               Minus

                    The  result of change-image - base-image, with underflow cropped to zero. The
                    matte channel is ignored (set to opaque, full coverage).

               Add

                    The result of change-image + base-image, with overflow wrapping  around  (mod
                    MaxRGB+1).

               Subtract

                    The  result of change-image - base-image, with underflow wrapping around (mod
                    MaxRGB+1). The add and subtract operators can be used to  perform  reversible
                    transformations.

               Difference

                    The  result  of  abs(change-image - base-image). This is useful for comparing
                    two very similar images.

               Divide

                    The result of change-image / base-image. This is  useful  for  improving  the
                    readability  of  text  on  unevenly  illuminated  photos (by using a gaussian
                    blurred copy of change-image as base-image).

               Multiply

                    The result of change-image * base-image. This is useful for the  creation  of
                    drop-shadows.

               Bumpmap

                    The result base-image shaded by change-image.

               Copy

                    The  resulting image is base-image replaced with change-image. Here the matte
                    information is ignored.

               CopyRed

                    The resulting image is the red channel in base-image replaced  with  the  red
                    channel in change-image. The other channels are copied untouched.

               CopyGreen

                    The  resulting  image  is  the  green channel in base-image replaced with the
                    green channel in change-image. The other channels are copied untouched.

               CopyBlue

                    The resulting image is the blue channel in base-image replaced with the  blue
                    channel in change-image. The other channels are copied untouched.

               CopyOpacity

                    The  resulting  image  is the opacity channel in base-image replaced with the
                    opacity channel in change-image. The other channels are copied untouched.

               CopyCyan

                    The resulting image is the cyan channel in base-image replaced with the  cyan
                    channel in change-image. The other channels are copied untouched. Use of this
                    operator requires that base-image be in CMYK(A) colorspace.

               CopyMagenta

                    The resulting image is the magenta channel in base-image  replaced  with  the
                    magenta channel in change-image. The other channels are copied untouched. Use
                    of this operator requires that base-image be in CMYK(A) colorspace.

               CopyYellow

                    The resulting image is the yellow channel in  base-image  replaced  with  the
                    yellow  channel in change-image. The other channels are copied untouched. Use
                    of this operator requires that base-image be in CMYK(A) colorspace.

               CopyBlack

                    The resulting image is the black channel  in  base-image  replaced  with  the
                    black  channel  in change-image. The other channels are copied untouched. Use
                    of this operator requires  that  base-image  be  in  CMYK(A)  colorspace.  If
                    change-image  is  not  in CMYK space, then the change-image pixel intensities
                    are used.

       -compress <type>
              the type of image compression

              Choices are: None, BZip, Fax, Group4, JPEG, Lossless, LZW, RLE, Zip, or LZMA.

              Specify +compress to store the binary image in an uncompressed format.  The default
              is the compression type of the specified image file.

              "Lossless" refers to lossless JPEG, which is only available if the JPEG library has
              been patched to support it. Use of lossless JPEG is generally not recommended.

              Use the -quality option to set the compression level to be used by JPEG, PNG, MIFF,
              and MPEG encoders. Use the -sampling-factor option to set the sampling factor to be
              used by the DPX, JPEG, MPEG, and YUV encoders for downsampling the chroma channels.

       -contrast
              enhance or reduce the image contrast

              This option enhances the intensity  differences  between  the  lighter  and  darker
              elements  of  the  image. Use -contrast to enhance the image or +contrast to reduce
              the image contrast.

              For a more pronounced effect you can repeat the option:

                  gm convert rose: -contrast -contrast rose_c2.png

       -convolve <kernel>
              convolve image with the specified convolution kernel

              The kernel is specified as a comma-separated list of floating point values, ordered
              left-to  right, starting with the top row. The order of the kernel is determined by
              the square root of the number  of  entries.   Presently  only  square  kernels  are
              supported.

       -create-directories
              create output directory if required

              Use  this  option  with -output-directory if the input paths contain subdirectories
              and it is desired  to  create  similar  subdirectories  in  the  output  directory.
              Without  this  option,  mogrify will fail if the required output directory does not
              exist.

       -crop <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}
              preferred size and location of the cropped image

              See -geometry for details about the geometry specification.

              The width and height give the size of the image that remains after cropping, and  x
              and  y  are  offsets  that  give the location of the top left corner of the cropped
              image with respect to the original image.  To specify the amount to be removed, use
              -shave instead.

              If  the x and y offsets are present, a single image is generated, consisting of the
              pixels from the cropping region.  The offsets specify the  location  of  the  upper
              left  corner of the cropping region measured downward and rightward with respect to
              the upper left corner of the  image.   If  the  -gravity  option  is  present  with
              NorthEast,  East,  or  SouthEast  gravity,  it gives the distance leftward from the
              right edge of the image to the right edge of the cropping  region.   Similarly,  if
              the  -gravity  option  is  present with SouthWest, South, or SouthEast gravity, the
              distance is measured upward between the bottom edges.

              If the x and y offsets are omitted, a set  of  tiles  of  the  specified  geometry,
              covering  the entire input image, is generated.  The rightmost tiles and the bottom
              tiles are smaller if the specified geometry extends beyond the  dimensions  of  the
              input image.

       -cycle <amount>
              displace image colormap by amount

              Amount defines the number of positions each colormap entry isshifted.

       -debug <events>
              enable debug printout

              The  events  parameter  specifies  which events are to be logged.  It can be either
              None, All, or a comma-separated list consisting of one or  more  of  the  following
              domains:  Annotate,  Blob,  Cache,  Coder,  Configure, Deprecate, Error, Exception,
              Locale, Render,Resource, TemporaryFile, Transform,  Warning,  X11,  or  User.   For
              example, to log cache and blob events, use

                  gm convert -debug "Cache,Blob" rose: rose.png

              The  "User" domain is normally empty, but developers can log "User" events in their
              private copy of GraphicsMagick.

              Use the -log option to specify the format for debugging output.

              Use +debug to turn off all logging.

              An alternative to using -debug is to use the MAGICK_DEBUG environment variable. The
              allowed  values  for  the MAGICK_DEBUG environment variable are the same as for the
              -debug option.

       -deconstruct
              break down an image sequence into constituent parts

              This option compares each image with the next in a sequence and returns the maximum
              bounding  region  of  any  pixel  differences it discovers.  This method can undo a
              coalesced sequence returned by the -coalesce option, and  is  useful  for  removing
              redundant information from a GIF or MNG animation.

              The  sequence  of  images  is  terminated  by the appearance of any option.  If the
              -deconstruct option  appears  after  all  of  the  input  images,  all  images  are
              deconstructed.

       -define <key>{=<value>},...
              add  coder/decoder specific options This option creates one or more definitions for
              coders and decoders to use while reading and writing image data. Definitions may be
              passed to coders and decoders to control options that are specific to certain image
              formats. If value is missing for a definition, an empty-valued definition of a flag
              will be created with that name. This is used to control on/off options. Use +define
              <key>,... to remove definitions previously created. Use +define "*" to  remove  all
              existing definitions.

              The following definitions may be created:

               cineon:colorspace={rgb|cineonlog}

                    Use  the  cineon:colorspace  option when reading a Cineon file to specify the
                    colorspace the Cineon file uses. This overrides the colorspace  type  implied
                    by the DPX header (if any).

               dpx:bits-per-sample=<value>

                    If  the  dpx:bits-per-sample  key  is  defined, GraphicsMagick will write DPX
                    images with the specified bits per  sample,  overriding  any  existing  depth
                    value.  If  this  option  is  not  specified,  then the value is based on the
                    existing image depth value from the original image  file.  The  DPX  standard
                    supports  bits  per  sample  values of 1, 8, 10, 12, and 16. Many DPX readers
                    demand a sample size of 10 bits with type A padding (see below).

               dpx:colorspace={rgb|cineonlog}

                    Use the dpx:colorspace  option  when  reading  a  DPX  file  to  specify  the
                    colorspace  the  DPX file uses. This overrides the colorspace type implied by
                    the DPX header (if any).

               dpx:packing-method={packed|a|b|lsbpad|msbpad}

                    DPX samples are output within 32-bit words. They may be tightly  packed  end-
                    to-end within the words ("packed"), padded with null bits to the right of the
                    sample ("a" or "lsbpad), or padded with null bits to the left of  the  sample
                    ("b"  or  "msbpad"). This option only has an effect for sample sizes of 10 or
                    12 bits. If samples are not  packed,  the  DPX  standard  recommends  type  A
                    padding.  Many  DPX  readers  demand  a  sample  size  of 10 bits with type A
                    padding.

               dpx:pixel-endian={lsb|msb}

                    Allows the user to specify the endian order of the  pixels  when  reading  or
                    writing  the  DPX files. Sometimes this is useful if the file is (or must be)
                    written incorrectly so that the file header  and  the  pixels  use  different
                    endianness.

               dpx:swap-samples={true|false}

                    GraphicsMagick  strives  to adhere to the DPX standard but certain aspects of
                    the standard can be quite confusing. As a result, some 10-bit DPX files  have
                    Red  and  Blue  interchanged,  or  Cb and Cr interchanged due to an different
                    interpretation of the standard, or  getting  the  wires  crossed.  The  swap-
                    samples  option  may  be supplied when reading or writing in order to read or
                    write using the necessary sample order.

               jp2:rate=<value>

                    Specify the compression factor to use  while  writing  JPEG-2000  files.  The
                    compression  factor  is  the  reciprocal  of the compression ratio. The valid
                    range is 0.0 to 1.0, with 1.0 indicating lossless  compression.  If  defined,
                    this  value overrides the -quality setting. The default quality setting of 75
                    results in a rate value of 0.06641.

               jpeg:block-smoothing={true|false}

                    Enables or disables  block  smoothing  when  reading  a  JPEG  file  (default
                    enabled).

               jpeg:dct-method=<value>

                    Selects  the  IJG  JPEG  library  DCT  implementation  to  use.  The encoding
                    implementations vary in speed and encoding error. The available  choices  for
                    value  are  islow, ifast, float, default and fastest. Note that fastest might
                    not necessarily be fastest on your CPU, depending on the  choices  made  when
                    the JPEG library was built and how your CPU behaves.

               jpeg:fancy-upsampling={true|false}

                    Enables  or  disables  fancy  upsampling  when  reading  a JPEG file (default
                    enabled).

               jpeg:optimize-coding={true|false}

                    Selects if huffman encoding should be used. Huffman encoding  is  enabled  by
                    default, but may be disabled for very large images since it encoding requires
                    that the entire image  be  buffered  in  memory.  Huffman  encoding  produces
                    smaller  JPEG  files  at  the  expense  of  added compression time and memory
                    consumption.

               jpeg:preserve-settings

                    If the jpeg:preserve-settings flag is defined, the JPEG encoder will use  the
                    same  "quality"  and  "sampling-factor" settings that were found in the input
                    file, if the input was in JPEG format. These settings are also  preserved  if
                    the  input is a JPEG file and the output is a JNG file.  If the colorspace of
                    the output file differs from that of the input file, the quality  setting  is
                    preserved but the sampling-factors are not.

               pcl:fit-to-page

                    If  the  pcl:fit-to-page  flag  is  defined, then the printer is requested to
                    scale the image to fit the page size (width and/or height).
               pdf:use-cropbox

                    If the pdf:use-cropbox flag is defined,  then  Ghostscript  is  requested  to
                    apply the PDF crop box.

               ps:imagemask

                    If  the  ps:imagemask  flag  is  defined, the PS3 and EPS3 coders will create
                    Postscript files that render bilevel images  with  the  Postscript  imagemask
                    operator instead of the image operator.

               tiff:alpha={unspecified|associated|unassociated}

                    Specify  the  TIFF  alpha  channel  type  when reading or writing TIFF files,
                    overriding the normal value. The default alpha channel type for new files  is
                    associated  alpha. Existing alpha settings are preserved when converting from
                    one TIFF file to another. When a TIFF file uses associated alpha,  the  image
                    pixels  are  pre-multiplied (i.e. altered) with the alpha channel. Files with
                    "associated" alpha appear as  if  they  were  alpha  composited  on  a  black
                    background when the matte channel is disabled. If the unassociated alpha type
                    is selected, then the alpha channel is saved  without  altering  the  pixels.
                    Photoshop  recognizes  associated  alpha  as transparency information, if the
                    file is saved with unassociated alpha, the alpha information is loaded as  an
                    independent   channel.    Note   that   for   many   years,  ImageMagick  and
                    GraphicsMagick marked TIFF files as using associated alpha, without  properly
                    pre-multiplying the pixels.

               tiff:fill-order={msb2lsb|lsb2msb}

                    If  the  tiff:fill-order  key  is  defined,  GraphicsMagick  will  use  it to
                    determine the bit fill order  used  while  writing  TIFF  files.  The  normal
                    default  is "msb2lsb", which matches the native bit order of all modern CPUs.
                    The only exception to this is  when  Group3  or  Group4  FAX  compression  is
                    requested  since  FAX  machines send data in bit-reversed order and therefore
                    RFC 2301 recommends using reverse order.

               tiff:group-three-options=<value>

                    If the tiff:group-three-options key is defined, GraphicsMagick will use it to
                    set  the  group3 options tag when writing group3-compressed TIFF.  Please see
                    the TIFF specification for the usage of this tag.  The default value is 4.

               tiff:sample-format={unsigned|ieeefp}

                    If the tiff:sample-format key is  defined,  GraphicsMagick  will  use  it  to
                    determine  the  sample  format  used while writing TIFF files. The default is
                    "unsigned". Specify "ieeefp" in order to write floating-point TIFF files with
                    float (32-bit) or double (64-bit) values. Use the tiff:bits-per-sample define
                    to determine the type of floating-point value to use.

               tiff:max-sample-value=<value>

                    If the tiff:max-sample-value key is  defined,  GraphicsMagick  will  use  the
                    assigned  value  as the maximum floating point value while reading or writing
                    IEEE floating point TIFFs. Otherwise the maximum value is 1.0  or  the  value
                    obtained from the file's SMaxSampleValue tag (if present). The floating point
                    data is currently not scanned in advance to determine a best  maximum  sample
                    value  so if the range is not 1.0, or the SMaxSampleValue tag is not present,
                    it may be necessary to (intelligently) use this parameter to properly read  a
                    file.

               tiff:min-sample-value=<value>

                    If  the  tiff:min-sample-value  key  is  defined, GraphicsMagick will use the
                    assigned value as the minimum floating point value while reading  or  writing
                    IEEE  floating  point  TIFFs. Otherwise the minimum value is 0.0 or the value
                    obtained from the file's SMinSampleValue tag (if present).

               tiff:bits-per-sample=<value>

                    If the tiff:bits-per-sample key is defined, GraphicsMagick will write  images
                    with  the  specified  bits  per  sample, overriding any existing depth value.
                    Value may be any in the range of 1 to 32, or 64 when the  default  ´unsigned'
                    format  is  written, or 16/32/24/64 if IEEEFP format is written.  Please note
                    that the baseline TIFF 6.0 specification  only  requires  readers  to  handle
                    certain  powers  of two, and the values to be handled depend on the nature of
                    the image (e.g. colormapped, grayscale, RGB, CMYK).

               tiff:samples-per-pixel=<value>

                    If the tiff:samples-per-pixel key is defined to a value, the TIFF coder  will
                    write  TIFF  images  with the defined samples per pixel, overriding any value
                    stored in the image. This option should not normally be used.

               tiff:rows-per-strip=<value>

                    Allows the user to specify the number of rows per TIFF strip.  Rounded up  to
                    a multiple of 16 when using JPEG compression. Ignored when using tiles.

               tiff:strip-per-page=true

                    Requests  that  the image is written in a single TIFF strip. This is normally
                    the default when group3 or group4 compression is requested within  reasonable
                    limits.  Requesting a single strip for large images may result in failure due
                    to resource consumption in the writer or reader.

               tiff:tile

                    Enable writing tiled TIFF (rather than stripped) using the default tile size.
                    Tiled TIFF organizes the image as an array of smaller images (tiles) in order
                    to enable random access.

               tiff:tile-geometry=<width>x<height>

                    Specify the tile size to use while  writing  tiled  TIFF.  Width  and  height
                    should  be  a  multiple  of 16. If the value is not a multiple of 16, then it
                    will be rounded down. Enables tiled TIFF if it has not already been  enabled.
                    GraphicsMagick  does  not  use  tiled  storage internally so tiles need to be
                    converted back and forth from the internal scanline-oriented storage to tile-
                    oriented  storage.  Testing  with typical RGB images shows that useful square
                    tile size values range from 128x128 to 1024x1024. Large images which  require
                    using  a  disk-based  pixel  cache benefit from large tile sizes while images
                    which fit in memory work well with smaller tile sizes.

               tiff:tile-width=<width>

                    Specify the tile width to use while writing tiled TIFF. The  tile  height  is
                    then  defaulted  to an appropriate size. Width should be a multiple of 16. If
                    the value is not a multiple of 16, then it will  be  rounded  down.   Enables
                    tiled TIFF if it has not already been enabled.

               tiff:tile-height=<height>

                    Specify  the  tile  height to use while writing tiled TIFF. The tile width is
                    then defaulted to an appropriate size. Height should be a multiple of 16.  If
                    the  value  is  not  a multiple of 16, then it will be rounded down.  Enables
                    tiled TIFF if it has not already been enabled.

               For example, to create a postscript file that will render only the black pixels of
               a bilevel image, use:

                   gm convert bilevel.tif -define ps:imagemask eps3:stencil.ps

       -delay <1/100ths of a second>
              display the next image after pausing

              This  option  is  useful  for regulating the animation of image sequences Delay/100
              seconds must expire before the display of the next image. The default is  no  delay
              between each showing of the image sequence. The maximum delay is 65535.

              You  can  specify  a  delay  range  (e.g. -delay 10-500) which sets the minimum and
              maximum delay.

       -density <width>x<height>
              horizontal and vertical resolution in pixels of the image This option specifies the
              image  resolution  to  store while encoding a raster image or the canvas resolution
              while rendering (reading) vector formats such as Postscript, PDF, WMF, and SVG into
              a  raster  image.  Image  resolution  provides  the  unit  of measure to apply when
              rendering to an output device or raster image. The default unit of  measure  is  in
              dots  per  inch  (DPI). The -units option may be used to select dots per centimeter
              instead.
               The default resolution is 72 dots per inch, which is equivalent to one  point  per
              pixel  (Macintosh  and Postscript standard). Computer screens are normally 72 or 96
              dots per inch while printers typically support 150, 300,  600,  or  1200  dots  per
              inch. To determine the resolution of your display, use a ruler to measure the width
              of your screen in inches, and divide by the number of horizontal pixels (1024 on  a
              1024x768  display).   If  the  file  format supports it, this option may be used to
              update the stored image resolution. Note that Photoshop stores  and  obtains  image
              resolution  from  a  proprietary  embedded profile. If this profile is not stripped
              from the image, then Photoshop will continue to treat the image  using  its  former
              resolution,  ignoring  the  image resolution specified in the standard file header.
              The density option is an attribute and does not alter the underlying raster  image.
              It  may  be  used  to  adjust  the rendered size for desktop publishing purposes by
              adjusting the scale applied to the pixels. To resize the image so that  it  is  the
              same size at a different resolution, use the -resample option.

       -depth <value>
              depth of the image

              This  is  the number of bits of color to preserve in the image. Any value between 1
              and QuantumDepth (build option) may be specified, although 8 or  16  are  the  most
              common  values.  Use  this option to specify the depth of raw images whose depth is
              unknown such as GRAY, RGB, or CMYK, or to change the depth of any  image  after  it
              has  been read.  The depth option is applied to the pixels immediately so it may be
              used as a form of simple compression by  discarding  the  least  significant  bits.
              Reducing  the  depth  in  advance  may speed up color quantization, and help create
              smaller file sizes when using a compression algorithm like LZW or ZIP.

       -descend
              obtain image by descending window hierarchy

       -despeckle
              reduce the speckles within an image

       -displace <horizontal scale>x<vertical scale>
              shift image pixels as defined by a displacement map

              With this option, composite image is used as a displacement map.  Black, within the
              displacement  map, is a maximum positive displacement.  White is a maximum negative
              displacement and middle gray is neutral.  The displacement is scaled  to  determine
              the  pixel  shift.  By default, the displacement applies in both the horizontal and
              vertical directions.   However,  if  you  specify  mask,  composite  image  is  the
              horizontal X displacement and mask the vertical Y displacement.

       -display <host:display[.screen]>
              specifies the X server to contact

              This  option  is  used with convert for obtaining image or font from this X server.
              See X(1).

       -dispose <method>
              GIF disposal method

              The Disposal Method indicates the way in which the graphic is to be  treated  after
              being displayed.

              Here are the valid methods:

                  Undefined       No disposal specified.
                  None            Do not dispose between frames.
                  Background      Overwrite the image area with
                                  the background color.
                  Previous        Overwrite the image area with
                                  what was there prior to rendering
                                  the image.

       -dissolve <percent>
              dissolve an image into another by the given percent

              The  opacity  of the composite image is multiplied by the given percent, then it is
              composited over the main image.

       -dither
              apply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to the image

              The basic strategy of dithering  is  to  trade  intensity  resolution  for  spatial
              resolution  by  averaging  the  intensities  of several neighboring pixels.  Images
              which suffer from severe contouring when reducing colors can be improved with  this
              option.

              The -colors or -monochrome option is required for this option to take effect.

              Use  +dither to turn off dithering and to render PostScript without text or graphic
              aliasing. Disabling dithering often (but not always) leads to decreased  processing
              time.

       -draw <string>
              annotate an image with one or more graphic primitives

              Use  this  option  to  annotate  an image with one or more graphic primitives.  The
              primitives include shapes, text, transformations, and pixel operations.  The  shape
              primitives are

                   point           x,y
                   line            x0,y0 x1,y1
                   rectangle       x0,y0 x1,y1
                   roundRectangle  x0,y0 x1,y1 wc,hc
                   arc             x0,y0 x1,y1 a0,a1
                   ellipse         x0,y0 rx,ry a0,a1
                   circle          x0,y0 x1,y1
                   polyline        x0,y0  ...  xn,yn
                   polygon         x0,y0  ...  xn,yn
                   Bezier          x0,y0  ...  xn,yn
                   path            path specification
                   image           operator x0,y0 w,h filename

              The text primitive is

                   text            x0,y0 string

              The text gravity primitive is

                   gravity         NorthWest, North, NorthEast, West, Center,
                                   East, SouthWest, South, or SouthEast

              The text gravity primitive only affects the placement of text and does not interact
              with the other primitives.  It is equivalent  to  using  the  -gravity  commandline
              option, except that it is limited in scope to the -draw option in which it appears.

              The transformation primitives are

                   rotate          degrees
                   translate       dx,dy
                   scale           sx,sy
                   skewX           degrees
                   skewY           degrees

              The pixel operation primitives are

                   color           x0,y0 method
                   matte           x0,y0 method

              The  shape  primitives  are  drawn  in the color specified in the preceding -stroke
              option. Except for the line and point primitives, they are filled  with  the  color
              specified in the preceding -fill option.  For unfilled shapes, use -fill none.

              Point requires a single coordinate.

              Line requires a start and end coordinate.

              Rectangle expects an upper left and lower right coordinate.

              RoundRectangle  has  the  upper  left and lower right coordinates and the width and
              height of the corners.

              Circle has a center coordinate and a coordinate for the outer edge.

              Use Arc to inscribe an elliptical arc within a rectangle.  Arcs require a start and
              end point as well as the degree of rotation (e.g. 130,30 200,100 45,90).

              Use  Ellipse  to draw a partial ellipse centered at the given point with the x-axis
              and y-axis radius and start and end of arc in degrees (e.g. 100,100 100,150 0,360).

              Finally, polyline and polygon require three  or  more  coordinates  to  define  its
              boundaries.  Coordinates are integers separated by an optional comma.  For example,
              to define a circle centered at 100,100 that extends to 150,150 use:

                   -draw 'circle 100,100 150,150'

              Paths (See Paths) represent an outline of an object which is defined  in  terms  of
              moveto  (set  a  new current point), lineto (draw a straight line), curveto (draw a
              curve using a cubic Bezier), arc (elliptical or circular arc) and closepath  (close
              the  current  shape  by drawing a line to the last moveto) elements. Compound paths
              (i.e., a path with subpaths, each consisting of a single moveto followed by one  or
              more  line or curve operations) are possible to allow effects such as "donut holes"
              in objects.

              Use image to composite an image with another image. Follow the image  keyword  with
              the composite operator, image location, image size, and filename:

                   -draw 'image Over 100,100 225,225 image.jpg'

              You  can use 0,0 for the image size, which means to use the actual dimensions found
              in the image header. Otherwise, it will be scaled to  the  given  dimensions.   See
              -compose for a description of the composite operators.

              Use text to annotate an image with text. Follow the text coordinates with a string.
              If the string  has  embedded  spaces,  enclose  it  in  single  or  double  quotes.
              Optionally  you can include the image filename, type, width, height, or other image
              attribute by embedding special format character. See -comment for details.

              For example,

                   -draw 'text 100,100 "%m:%f %wx%h"'

              annotates the image with MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 for an image titled  bird.miff  and
              whose width is 512 and height is 480.

              If  the  first character of string is @, the text is read from a file titled by the
              remaining characters in the string.

              Rotate rotates subsequent shape primitives and text primitives about the origin  of
              the  main  image.  If  the -region option precedes the -draw option, the origin for
              transformations is the upper left corner of the region.

              Translate translates them.

              Scale scales them.

              SkewX and SkewY skew them with respect to the origin  of  the  main  image  or  the
              region.

              The transformations modify the current affine matrix, which is initialized from the
              initial  affine  matrix  defined  by  the  -affine  option.   Transformations   are
              cumulative  within  the  -draw  option.  The initial affine matrix is not affected;
              that matrix is only changed by  the  appearance  of  another  -affine  option.   If
              another  -draw  option appears, the current affine matrix is reinitialized from the
              initial affine matrix.

              Use color to change the color of a pixel to the fill color (see -fill). Follow  the
              pixel coordinate with a method:

                   point
                   replace
                   floodfill
                   filltoborder
                   reset

              Consider  the  target  pixel as that specified by your coordinate. The point method
              recolors the target pixel. The replace method recolors any pixel that  matches  the
              color  of the target pixel.  Floodfill recolors any pixel that matches the color of
              the target pixel and is a neighbor,  whereas  filltoborder  recolors  any  neighbor
              pixel that is not the border color. Finally, reset recolors all pixels.

              Use  matte  to  the  change  the pixel matte value to transparent. Follow the pixel
              coordinate with a method (see the color primitive for a  description  of  methods).
              The  point  method  changes the matte value of the target pixel. The replace method
              changes the matte value of any pixel that matches the color of  the  target  pixel.
              Floodfill changes the matte value of any pixel that matches the color of the target
              pixel and is a neighbor, whereas  filltoborder  changes  the  matte  value  of  any
              neighbor  pixel that is not the border color (-bordercolor).  Finally reset changes
              the matte value of all pixels.

              You can set the primitive color, font, and font  bounding  box  color  with  -fill,
              -font,  and  -box  respectively.  Options are processed in command line order so be
              sure to use these options before the -draw option.

       -edge <radius>
              detect edges within an image

       -emboss <radius>
              emboss an image

       -encoding <type>
              specify the text encoding

              Choose from AdobeCustom,  AdobeExpert,  AdobeStandard,  AppleRoman,  BIG5,  GB2312,
              Latin 2, None, SJIScode, Symbol, Unicode, Wansung.

       -endian <type>
              specify endianness (MSB, LSB, or Native) of image

              MSB  indicates  big-endian  (e.g.  SPARC, Motorola 68K) while LSB indicates little-
              endian (e.g. Intel 'x86, VAX) byte ordering.  Native indicates to  use  the  normal
              ordering for the current CPU.  This option currently only influences the CMYK, DPX,
              GRAY, RGB, and TIFF, formats.

              Use +endian to revert to unspecified endianness.

       -enhance
              apply a digital filter to enhance a noisy image

       -equalize
              perform histogram equalization to the image

       -extent <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>
              composite image on background color canvas image

              This option composites the image on a new  background  color  (-background)  canvas
              image  of  size  <width>x<height>.  The existing image content is composited at the
              position specified by geometry x and y offset  and/or  desired  gravity  (-gravity)
              using  the  current  image  compose  (-compose)  method.  Image content which falls
              outside the bounds of the new image dimensions is discarded.

              For example, this command creates a thumbnail of an image, and centers it on a  red
              color backdrop image:

                  gm convert infile.jpg -thumbnail 120x80 -background red -gravity center \
                            -extent 140x100 outfile.jpg

              This command reduces or expands a JPEG image to fit on an 800x600 display:

                  gm convert -size 800x600 input.jpg \
                            -resize 800x600 -background black \
                            -compose Copy -gravity center \
                            -extent 800x600 \
                            -quality 92 output.jpg

              If  the  aspect  ratio  of  the  input  image  isn't exactly 4:3, then the image is
              centered on an 800x600 black canvas.

       -file <filename>
              write annotated difference image to file

              If -file is specified, then an annotated difference image is generated and  written
              to the specified file. Pixels which differ between the reference and compare images
              are modified from those in the compare image so that the changed pixels become more
              obvious.   Some  images  may  require  use  of  an alternative highlight style (see
              -highlight-style) or highlight color (see -highlight-color) before the changes  are
              obvious.

       -fill <color>
              color to use when filling a graphic primitive

              Colors  are  represented  in  GraphicsMagick  in the same form used by SVG. Use "gm
              convert -list color" to list named colors:

                  name               (named color)
                  #RGB               (hex numbers, 4 bits each)
                  #RRGGBB            (8 bits each)
                  #RRRGGGBBB         (12 bits each)
                  #RRRRGGGGBBBB      (16 bits each)
                  #RGBA              (4 bits each)
                  #RRGGBBAA          (8 bits each)
                  #RRRGGGBBBAAA      (12 bits each)
                  #RRRRGGGGBBBBAAAA  (16 bits each)
                  rgb(r,g,b)         (r,g,b are decimal numbers)
                  rgba(r,g,b,a)      (r,g,b,a are decimal numbers)

              Enclose the color specification in quotation  marks  to  prevent  the  "#"  or  the
              parentheses from being interpreted by your shell.

              For example,

                  gm convert -fill blue ...
                  gm convert -fill "#ddddff" ...
                  gm convert -fill "rgb(65000,65000,65535)" ...

              The  shorter  forms are scaled up, if necessary by replication.  For example, #3af,
              #33aaff, and #3333aaaaffff are all equivalent.

              See -draw for further details.

       -filter <type>
              use this type of filter when resizing an image

              Use this option to affect the resizing  operation  of  an  image  (see  -geometry).
              Choose from these filters (ordered by approximate increasing CPU time):

                   Point
                   Box
                   Triangle
                   Hermite
                   Hanning
                   Hamming
                   Blackman
                   Gaussian
                   Quadratic
                   Cubic
                   Catrom
                   Mitchell
                   Lanczos
                   Bessel
                   Sinc

              The  default  filter  is  automatically  selected to provide the best quality while
              consuming a reasonable amount of time. The Mitchell filter is  used  if  the  image
              supports  a  palette, supports a matte channel, or is being enlarged, otherwise the
              Lanczos filter is used.

       -flatten
              flatten a sequence of images

              In some file formats (e.g. Photoshop's PSD) complex images may  be  represented  by
              "layers" (independent images) which must be composited in order to obtain the final
              rendition.  The -flatten option accomplishes this  composition.   The  sequence  of
              images  is  replaced  by  a single image created by compositing each image in turn,
              while respecting  composition  operators  and  page  offsets.   While  -flatten  is
              immediately  useful  for eliminating layers, it is also useful as a general-purpose
              composition tool.

              The sequence of images is terminated by the  appearance  of  any  option.   If  the
              -flatten  option  appears  after all of the input images, all images are flattened.
              Also see -mosaic which is similar to -flatten except that it adds a  suitably-sized
              canvas base image.

              For  example, this composites an image on top of a 640x400 transparent black canvas
              image:

                  gm convert -size 640x300 xc:transparent \
                            -compose over -page +0-100 \
                            frame.png -flatten output.png

              and this flattens a Photoshop PSD file:

                  gm convert input.psd -flatten output.png

       -flip  create a "mirror image"

              reflect the scanlines in the vertical direction.

       -flop  create a "mirror image"

              reflect the scanlines in the horizontal direction.

       -font <name>
              use this font when annotating the image with text

              You can tag a font to specify whether it is a PostScript, TrueType,  or  X11  font.
              For  example, Arial.ttf is a TrueType font, ps:helvetica is PostScript, and x:fixed
              is X11.

       -foreground <color>
              define the foreground color

              The color is specified using the format described under the -fill option.

       -format <type>
              the image format type

              When used with the mogrify utility, this option will convert any image to the image
              format  you  specify.   See  GraphicsMagick(1)  for  a  list  of image format types
              supported by GraphicsMagick, or see the output of 'gm -list format'.

              By default the file is written to its original  name.   However,  if  the  filename
              extension  matches  a  supported  format,  the extension is replaced with the image
              format type specified with -format.  For example, if you specify tiff as the format
              type  and  the input image filename is image.gif, the output image filename becomes
              image.tiff.

       -format <string>
              output formatted image characteristics

              When used with the identify utility, or the convert utility with output written  to
              the  'info:-'  file  specification,  use this option to print information about the
              image in a format of your choosing.  You can  include  the  image  filename,  type,
              width,  height,  Exif  data,  or other image attributes by embedding special format
              characters:

                   %b   file size
                   %c   comment
                   %d   directory
                   %e   filename extension
                   %f   filename
                   %h   height
                   %i   input filename
                   %k   number of unique colors
                   %l   label
                   %m   magick
                   %n   number of scenes
                   %o   output filename
                   %p   page number
                   %q   image minimum bit depth
                   %r   image type description
                   %s   scene number
                   %t   top of filename
                   %u   unique temporary filename
                   %w   width
                   %x   x resolution
                   %y   y resolution
                   %#   signature
                   \n   newline
                   \r   carriage return

              For example,

                   -format "%m:%f %wx%h"

              displays MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 for an image titled bird.miff and  whose  width  is
              512 and height is 480.

              If the first character of string is @, the format is read from a file titled by the
              remaining characters in the string.

              The values of image type (%p) which may be returned include:

                   Bilevel
                   Grayscale
                   GrayscaleMatte
                   Palette
                   PaletteMatte
                   TrueColor
                   TrueColorMatte
                   ColorSeparation
                   ColorSeparationMatte
                   Optimize

              You can also use the following special formatting syntax to print Exif  information
              contained in the file:

                   %[EXIF:<tag>]

              Where "<tag>" can be one of the following:

                   *  (print all Exif tags, in keyword=data format)
                   !  (print all Exif tags, in tag_number data format)
                   #hhhh (print data for Exif tag #hhhh)
                   ImageWidth
                   ImageLength
                   BitsPerSample
                   Compression
                   PhotometricInterpretation
                   FillOrder
                   DocumentName
                   ImageDescription
                   Make
                   Model
                   StripOffsets
                   Orientation
                   SamplesPerPixel
                   RowsPerStrip
                   StripByteCounts
                   XResolution
                   YResolution
                   PlanarConfiguration
                   ResolutionUnit
                   TransferFunction
                   Software
                   DateTime
                   Artist
                   WhitePoint
                   PrimaryChromaticities
                   TransferRange
                   JPEGProc
                   JPEGInterchangeFormat
                   JPEGInterchangeFormatLength
                   YCbCrCoefficients
                   YCbCrSubSampling
                   YCbCrPositioning
                   ReferenceBlackWhite
                   CFARepeatPatternDim
                   CFAPattern
                   BatteryLevel
                   Copyright
                   ExposureTime
                   FNumber
                   IPTC/NAA
                   ExifOffset
                   InterColorProfile
                   ExposureProgram
                   SpectralSensitivity
                   GPSInfo
                   ISOSpeedRatings
                   OECF
                   ExifVersion
                   DateTimeOriginal
                   DateTimeDigitized
                   ComponentsConfiguration
                   CompressedBitsPerPixel
                   ShutterSpeedValue
                   ApertureValue
                   BrightnessValue
                   ExposureBiasValue
                   MaxApertureValue
                   SubjectDistance
                   MeteringMode
                   LightSource
                   Flash
                   FocalLength
                   MakerNote
                   UserComment
                   SubSecTime
                   SubSecTimeOriginal
                   SubSecTimeDigitized
                   FlashPixVersion
                   ColorSpace
                   ExifImageWidth
                   ExifImageLength
                   InteroperabilityOffset
                   FlashEnergy
                   SpatialFrequencyResponse
                   FocalPlaneXResolution
                   FocalPlaneYResolution
                   FocalPlaneResolutionUnit
                   SubjectLocation
                   ExposureIndex
                   SensingMethod
                   FileSource
                   SceneType

              Surround  the  format specification with quotation marks to prevent your shell from
              misinterpreting any spaces and square brackets.

       -frame <width>x<height>+<outer bevel width>+<inner bevel width>
              surround the image with an ornamental border

              See -geometry for details about the geometry specification.  The -frame  option  is
              not affected by the -gravity option.

              The color of the border is specified with the -mattecolor command line option.

       -frame include the X window frame in the imported image

       -fuzz <distance>{%}
              colors within this Euclidean distance are considered equal

              A  number  of  algorithms  search  for a target color. By default the color must be
              exact. Use this option to match colors that are close (in  Euclidean  distance)  to
              the  target  color  in RGB 3D space. For example, if you want to automatically trim
              the edges of an image  with  -trim  but  the  image  was  scanned  and  the  target
              background  color  may  differ by a small amount. This option can account for these
              differences.

              The distance can be in  absolute  intensity  units  or,  by  appending  "%",  as  a
              percentage of the maximum possible intensity (255, 65535, or 4294967295).

       -gamma <value>
              level of gamma correction

              The same color image displayed on two different workstations may look different due
              to differences in the display monitor. Use gamma  correction  to  adjust  for  this
              color  difference.  Reasonable  values  extend from 0.8 to 2.3. Gamma less than 1.0
              darkens the image and gamma greater than 1.0  lightens  it.  Large  adjustments  to
              image  gamma  may result in the loss of some image information if the pixel quantum
              size is only eight bits (quantum range 0 to 255).

              You can apply separate gamma values to the red, green, and  blue  channels  of  the
              image with a gamma value list delimited with slashes (e.g., 1.7/2.3/1.2).

              Use  +gamma value to set the image gamma level without actually adjusting the image
              pixels. This option is useful if the image is of a known gamma but not  set  as  an
              image attribute (e.g. PNG images).

       -gaussian <radius>{x<sigma>}
              blur the image with a Gaussian operator

              Use the given radius and standard deviation (sigma).

       -geometry <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}{@}{!}{^}{<}{>}
              preferred size and location of the Image window.

              By  default,  the  window  size is the image size and the location is chosen by you
              when it is mapped.

              By default, the width and height are maximum values. That is, the image is expanded
              or  contracted to fit the width and height value while maintaining the aspect ratio
              of the image.

              Append a ^ to the geometry so that the  image  is  resized  while  maintaining  the
              aspect ratio of the image, but the resulting width or height are treated as minimum
              values rather than maximum values.

              Append an exclamation point to the geometry to force the image size to exactly  the
              size  you  specify.  For example, if you specify 640x480! the image width is set to
              640 pixels and height to 480.

              If only the width is specified, the width assumes  the  value  and  the  height  is
              chosen to maintain the aspect ratio of the image.  Similarly, if only the height is
              specified (e.g., -geometry x256), the width is chosen to maintain the aspect ratio.

              To specify a percentage width or height  instead,  append  %.  The  image  size  is
              multiplied  by  the  width  and  height  percentages  to  obtain  the  final  image
              dimensions. To increase the size of an image, use a value greater  than  100  (e.g.
              125%). To decrease an image's size, use a percentage less than 100.

              Use @ to specify the maximum area in pixels of an image.

              Use > to change the dimensions of the image only if its width or height exceeds the
              geometry specification. < resizes the image only if both of its dimensions are less
              than  the  geometry  specification.  For example, if you specify '640x480>' and the
              image size is 256x256, the image size does not change. However,  if  the  image  is
              512x512 or 1024x1024, it is resized to 480x480.  Enclose the geometry specification
              in quotation marks to prevent the < or > from being interpreted by your shell as  a
              file redirection.

              When  used  with  animate and display, offsets are handled in the same manner as in
              X(1) and the -gravity option is not used.  If the x  is  negative,  the  offset  is
              measured  leftward from the right edge of the screen to the right edge of the image
              being displayed.  Similarly, negative y is measured between the bottom edges.   The
              offsets are not affected by "%"; they are always measured in pixels.

              When  used  as  a composite option, -geometry gives the dimensions of the image and
              its location with respect to the  composite  image.   If  the  -gravity  option  is
              present  with  NorthEast, East, or SouthEast gravity, the x represents the distance
              from the right edge of the  image  to  the  right  edge  of  the  composite  image.
              Similarly,  if  the  -gravity option is present with SouthWest, South, or SouthEast
              gravity, y is measured between the bottom edges.  Accordingly,  a  positive  offset
              will  never  point  in  the  direction  outside  of the image.  The offsets are not
              affected by "%"; they are always measured in pixels.  To specify the dimensions  of
              the composite image, use the -resize option.

              When  used  as  a  convert,  import or mogrify option, -geometry is synonymous with
              -resize and specifies the size of the output image.  The offsets, if  present,  are
              ignored.

              When  used  as a montage option, -geometry specifies the image size and border size
              for each tile; default is 256x256+0+0.  Negative offsets  (border  dimensions)  are
              meaningless.   The  -gravity  option  affects the placement of the image within the
              tile; the default gravity for this purpose is Center.  If the "%" sign  appears  in
              the  geometry  specification,  the  tile  size  is  the specified percentage of the
              original dimensions of the first tile.  To specify the dimensions of  the  montage,
              use the -resize option.

       -gravity <type>
              direction primitive  gravitates to when annotating the image.

              Choices  are:  NorthWest,  North,  NorthEast, West, Center, East, SouthWest, South,
              SouthEast.

              The direction you choose specifies where to position the text when  annotating  the
              image.  For example Center gravity forces the text to be centered within the image.
              By default, the image gravity is NorthWest.   See  -draw  for  more  details  about
              graphic primitives.  Only the text primitive is affected by the -gravity option.

              The  -gravity  option  is  also used in concert with the -geometry option and other
              options that take <geometry> as  a  parameter,  such  as  the  -crop  option.   See
              -geometry  for  details  of  how the -gravity option interacts with the <x> and <y>
              parameters of a geometry specification.

              When used as an option to composite, -gravity gives the direction  that  the  image
              gravitates within the composite.

              When  used  as  an  option  to  montage, -gravity gives the direction that an image
              gravitates within a tile.  The default gravity is Center for this purpose.

       -green-primary <x>,<y>
              green chromaticity primary point

       -hald-clut <clut>
              apply a Hald CLUT to the image

              A Hald CLUT ("Color Look-Up Table") is a special square color image which  contains
              a  look-up  table  for  red,  green,  and blue.  The size of the Hald CLUT image is
              determined by its order.  The width (and height) of a Hald CLUT is the cube of  the
              order.   For example, a Hald CLUT of order 8 is 512x512 pixels (262,144 colors) and
              of order 16 is 4096x4096 (16,777,216 colors).  A special CLUT is the identity  CLUT
              which  which  causes  no change to the input image.  In order to use the Hald CLUT,
              one takes an identity CLUT and adjusts its colors in some way.  The  modified  CLUT
              can then be used to transform any number of images in an identical way.

              GraphicsMagick  contains a built-in identity CLUT generator via the IDENTITY coder.
              For example reading from the file name IDENTITY:8 returns an identity CLUT of order
              8.   Typical  Hald  CLUT  identity  images  have an order of between 8 and 16.  The
              default order for the IDENTITY CLUT generator is 8.  Interpolation is used so it is
              not  usually  necessary  for  CLUT images to be very large.  The PNG file format is
              ideal for storing Hald CLUT images because it compresses them very well.

       -help  print usage instructions

       -highlight-color <color>
              pixel annotation color

              Specifies the color to use when annotating difference pixels.

       -highlight-style <style>
              pixel annotation style

              Specifies the pixel difference annotation style used to draw attention  to  changed
              pixels.  May  be  one of Assign, Threshold, Tint, or XOR; where Assign replaces the
              pixel with the highlight color (see -highlight-color), Threshold replaces the pixel
              with  black  or  white  based  on the difference in intensity, Tint alpha tints the
              pixel with the highlight color, and XOR does an  XOR  between  the  pixel  and  the
              highlight color.

       -iconGeometry <geometry>
              specify the icon geometry

              Offsets,  if  present in the geometry specification, are handled in the same manner
              as the -geometry option, using X11 style to handle negative offsets.

       -iconic
              iconic animation

       -immutable
              make image immutable

       -implode <factor>
              implode image pixels about the center

       -intent <type>
              use this type of rendering intent when managing the image color

              Use this option to affect the the color  management  operation  of  an  image  (see
              -profile).  Choose from these intents: Absolute, Perceptual, Relative, Saturation.

              The default intent is undefined.

       -interlace <type>
              the type of interlacing scheme

              Choices are: None, Line, Plane, or Partition. The default is None.

              This option is used to specify the type of interlacing scheme for raw image formats
              such as RGB or YUV.  None means do not interlace (RGBRGBRGBRGBRGBRGB...),

              Line uses scanline interlacing  (RRR...GGG...BBB...RRR...GGG...BBB...),  and  Plane
              uses plane interlacing (RRRRRR...GGGGGG...BBBBBB...).

              Partition  is  like plane except the different planes are saved to individual files
              (e.g. image.R, image.G, and image.B).

              Use Line to create an interlaced PNG or  GIF or progressive JPEG image.

       -label <name>
              assign a label to an image

              Use this option to assign a specific label to the image, when writing to  an  image
              format  that  supports  labels,  such  as  TIFF,  PNG, MIFF, or PostScript. You can
              include the the image filename, type, width, height, or other  image  attribute  by
              embedding  special  format  character.   A  label is not drawn on the image, but is
              embedded in the image datastream via a "Label" tag or similar  mechanism.   If  you
              want  the  label  to  be  visible  on  the image itself, use the -draw option.  See
              -comment for details.

              For example,

                   -label "%m:%f %wx%h"

              produces an image label of MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 for an image titled bird.miff and
              whose width is 512 and height is 480.

              If  the  first character of string is @, the image label is read from a file titled
              by the remaining characters in the string.

              When converting to PostScript, use this option to specify a header string to  print
              above the image. Specify the label font with -font.

              When creating a montage, by default the label associated with an image is displayed
              with the corresponding tile in the montage.  Use the +label option to suppress this
              behavior.

       -lat <width>x<height>{+-}<offset>{%}
              perform local adaptive thresholding

              Perform  local adaptive thresholding using the specified width, height, and offset.
              The offset is a distance in sample space from the  mean,  as  an  absolute  integer
              ranging  from  0  to  the  maximum sample value or as a percentage.  If the percent
              option is supplied, then the offset is computed as  a  percentage  of  the  quantum
              range.   It  is  strongly recommended to use the percent option so that results are
              not sensitive to pixel quantum depth.

              For example,

                   -colorspace gray -lat "10x10-5%"

              will help clarify a scanned grayscale  or  color  document,  producing  a  bi-level
              equivalent.

       -level <black_point>{,<gamma>}{,<white_point>}{%}
              adjust the level of image contrast

              Give  one,  two  or  three values delimited with commas: black-point, gamma, white-
              point (e.g. 10,1.0,250 or 2%,0.5,98%). The black and white points range from  0  to
              MaxRGB  or  from  0  to  100%;  if  the white point is omitted it is set to MaxRGB-
              black_point. If a "%" sign is present anywhere in the string, the black  and  white
              points are percentages of MaxRGB. Gamma is an exponent that ranges from 0.1 to 10.;
              if it is omitted, the default  of  1.0  (no  gamma  correction)  is  assumed.  This
              interface  works  similar  to  Photoshop's  "Image->Adjustments->Levels..."  "Input
              Levels" interface.

       -limit <type> <value>
              Disk, File, Map, Memory, Pixels, or Threads resource limit

              By default, resource limits are estimated based on the available resources  of  the
              system.  The  resource  limits  are  Disk, maximum total disk space consumed; File,
              maximum number of file descriptors allowed to be open at once; Map,  maximum  total
              number  of  file  bytes which may be memory mapped; Memory, maximum total number of
              bytes of heap memory used for image storage; Pixels, maximum  absolute  image  size
              (per  image);  and  Threads, the maximum number of worker threads to use per OpenMP
              thread team.

              These resource limits are used to decide if (for a given image) the  decoded  image
              ("pixel  cache")  should  be  stored  in heap memory (RAM), in a memory-mapped disk
              file, or in a disk file accessed via read/write I/O.  The number of total pixels in
              one  image may also be limited in order to force the reading, or creation of images
              larger than the limit (in pixels) to intentionally fail. The disk limit establishes
              an  overall  limit  since using the disk is the means of last resort. When the disk
              limit has been reached, no more images may be read.

              The value argument is an absolute  value,  but  may  have  standard  binary  suffix
              characters  applied  ('K', 'M', 'G', 'T', 'P', 'E') to apply a scaling to the value
              (based on a multiplier  of  1024).  Any  additional  characters  are  ignored.  For
              example,  '-limit  Pixels  10MP' limits the maximum image size to 10 megapixels and
              '-limit memory 32MB -limit map 64MB' limits memory and memory mapped  files  to  32
              megabytes and 64 megabytes respectively.

              Resource  limits  may  also  be  set  using  environment variables. The environment
              variables      MAGICK_LIMIT_DISK,       MAGICK_LIMIT_FILES,       MAGICK_LIMIT_MAP,
              MAGICK_LIMIT_MEMORY,  MAGICK_LIMIT_PIXELS,  and  OMP_NUM_THREADS may be used to set
              the limits for disk space, open files, memory mapped size, heap  memory,  per-image
              pixels, and threads respectively.

              Use the option -list resource list the current limits.

       -linewidth
              the line width for subsequent draw operations

       -list <type>
              the type of list

              Choices  are: Color, Delegate, Format, Magic, Module, Resource, or Type. The Module
              option is only available if GraphicsMagick was built to support loadable modules.

              This option lists information about the GraphicsMagick configuration.

       -log <string>
              Specify format for debug log

              This option specifies the format for the log printed  when  the  -debug  option  is
              active.

              You can display the following components by embedding special format characters:

                   %d   domain
                   %e   event
                   %f   function
                   %l   line
                   %m   module
                   %p   process ID
                   %r   real CPU time
                   %t   wall clock time
                   %u   user CPU time
                   %%   percent sign
                   \n   newline
                   \r   carriage return

              For example:

                  gm convert -debug coders -log "%u %m:%l %e" in.gif out.png

              The default behavior is to print all of the components.

       -loop <iterations>
              add Netscape loop extension to your GIF animation

              A  value  other  than  zero  forces the animation to repeat itself up to iterations
              times.

       -magnify
              magnify the image

              The image size is doubled using linear interpolation.

       -magnify <factor>
              magnify the image

              The displayed image is magnified by factor.

       -map <filename>
              choose a particular set of colors from this image

              [convert or mogrify]

              By default, color reduction chooses an optimal set of colors  that  best  represent
              the  original  image. Alternatively, you can choose a particular set of colors from
              an image file with this option.

              Use +map to reduce all images in the  image  sequence  that  follows  to  a  single
              optimal  set  of colors that best represent all the images.  The sequence of images
              is terminated by the appearance of any option.  If the +map  option  appears  after
              all of the input images, all images are mapped.

       -map <type>
              display image using this type.

              [animate or display]

              Choose from these Standard Colormap types:

                   best
                   default
                   gray
                   red
                   green
                   blue

              The  X  server  must  support  the Standard Colormap you choose, otherwise an error
              occurs. Use list as the type and display searches the list  of  colormap  types  in
              top-to-bottom  order  until one is located. See xstdcmap(1) for one way of creating
              Standard Colormaps.

       -mask <filename>
              Specify a clipping mask

              The image read from the file is used as a clipping mask.  It  must  have  the  same
              dimensions as the image being masked.

              If the mask image contains an opacity channel, the opacity of each pixel is used to
              define the mask.  Otherwise, the intensity (gray level)  of  each  pixel  is  used.
              Unmasked  (black) pixels are modified while masked pixels (not black) are protected
              from alteration.

              Use +mask to remove the clipping mask.

              It is not necessary to use -clip to activate the mask; -clip is implied by -mask.

       -matte store matte channel if the image has one

              If the image does not have a matte channel, create an opaque one.

              Use +matte to ignore the matte channel and to avoid writing a matte channel in  the
              output file.

       -mattecolor <color>
              specify the color to be used with the -frame option

              The color is specified using the format described under the -fill option.

       -maximum-error <limit>
              specifies the maximum amount of total image error

              Specifies  the  maximum  amount  of  total image error (based on comparison using a
              specified metric) before an error ("image difference exceeds limit")  is  reported.
              The error is reported via a non-zero command execution return status.

       -median <radius>
              apply a median filter to the image

       -metric <metric>
              comparison metric (MAE, MSE, PAE, PSNR, RMSE)

       -minify <factor>
              minify the image

              The image size is halved using linear interpolation.

       -mode <value>
              mode of operation

              The  available  montage  modes  are frame to place the images in a rectangular grid
              while adding a decorative frame  with  dropshadow,  unframe  to  place  undecorated
              images  in  a rectangular grid, and concatenate to pack the images closely together
              without any well-defined grid or decoration.

       -modulate brightness[,saturation[,hue]]
              vary the brightness, saturation, and hue of an image

              Specify the percent change in brightness, color saturation, and  hue  separated  by
              commas.  Default  argument  values  are  100  percent,  resulting in no change. For
              example, to increase the color brightness by 20% and decrease the color  saturation
              by 10% and leave the hue unchanged, use: -modulate 120,90.

              Hue  is  the percentage of absolute rotation from the current position. For example
              50 results in a  counter-clockwise  rotation  of  90  degrees,  150  results  in  a
              clockwise  rotation  of  90 degrees, with 0 and 200 both resulting in a rotation of
              180 degrees.

       -monitor
              show progress indication

              A simple command-line progress indication is shown while the  command  is  running.
              The  process  indication  shows  the  operation  currently  being performed and the
              percent completed. Commands  using  X11  may  replace  the  command  line  progress
              indication with a graphical one once an image has been displayed.

       -monochrome
              transform the image to black and white

       -morph <frames>
              morphs an image sequence

              Both  the image pixels and size are linearly interpolated to give the appearance of
              a meta-morphosis from one image to the next.

              The sequence of images is terminated by the  appearance  of  any  option.   If  the
              -morph option appears after all of the input images, all images are morphed.

       -mosaic
              create a mosaic from an image or an image sequence

              The  -mosaic  option provides a flexible way to composite one or more images onto a
              solid-color canvas image. It works similar to -flatten except that  a  base  canvas
              image  is  automatically  created  with  a suitable size given the image size, page
              dimensions, and page offsets of images to be composited.  The  color  of  the  base
              canvas  image  may  be set via the -background option.  The default canvas color is
              'white', but 'black' or  'transparent'  may  be  more  suitable  depending  on  the
              composition algorithm requested.

              The  -compose  option  may be used to specify the composition algorithm to use when
              compositing the subsequent image on the base canvas.

              The -page option can be used to establish the  dimensions  of  the  mosaic  and  to
              position  the  subsequent  image within the mosaic.  If the -page argument does not
              specify width and height, then the canvas dimensions are  evaluated  based  on  the
              image sizes and offsets.

              The  sequence  of  images  is  terminated  by the appearance of any option.  If the
              -mosaic option appears after all of the input images, all images  are  included  in
              the mosaic.

              The  following  is  an  example of composing an image based on red, green, and blue
              layers extracted from a sequence of images  and  pasted  on  the  canvas  image  at
              specified offsets:

                  gm convert -background black \
                            -compose CopyRed   -page +0-100 red.png \
                            -compose CopyGreen -page +0+40  green.png \
                            -compose CopyBlue  -page +0+180 blue.png \
                            -mosaic output.png

       -motion-blur <radius>{x<sigma>}{+angle}
              Simulate motion blur

              Simulate  motion blur by convolving the image with a Gaussian operator of the given
              radius and standard deviation (sigma). For reasonable  results,  radius  should  be
              larger  than  sigma.  If  radius  is  zero, then a suitable radius is automatically
              selected based on sigma. The angle specifies the angle that the  object  is  coming
              from (side which is blurred).

       -name  name an image

       -negate
              replace every pixel with its complementary color

              The red, green, and blue intensities of an image are negated.  White becomes black,
              yellow becomes blue, etc.  Use +negate to only negate the grayscale pixels  of  the
              image.

       -noise <radius|type>
              add or reduce noise in an image

              The  principal  function  of noise peak elimination filter is to smooth the objects
              within an image without losing edge  information  and  without  creating  undesired
              structures.  The  central idea of the algorithm is to replace a pixel with its next
              neighbor in value within a pixel window, if this pixel has been found to be  noise.
              A  pixel  is  defined  as  noise  if and only if this pixel is a maximum or minimum
              within the pixel window.

              Use radius to specify the width of the neighborhood.

              Use +noise followed by a noise type to add noise to  an  image.   The  noise  added
              modulates the existing image pixels. Choose from these noise types:

                   Uniform
                   Gaussian
                   Multiplicative
                   Impulse
                   Laplacian
                   Poisson
                   Random (uniform distribution)

       -noop  NOOP (no option)

              The  -noop  option can be used to terminate a group of images and reset all options
              to their default values, when no other option is desired.

       -normalize
              transform image to span the full range of color values

              This is a contrast enhancement technique based on the image histogram.

              When computing the contrast enhancement values, the histogram edges  are  truncated
              so  that  the  majority  of  the  image  pixels  are  considered  in  the constrast
              enhancement, and outliers (e.g. random noise or minute details) are  ignored.   The
              default  is  that 0.1 percent of the histogram entries are ignored.  The percentage
              of the histogram to ignore may be specified by  using  the  -set  option  with  the
              histogram-threshold  parameter  similar to -set histogram-threshold 0.01 to specify
              0.01 percent.  Use 0 percent to use the entire histogram, with possibly  diminished
              contrast enhancement.

       -opaque <color>
              change this color to the pen color within the image

              The  color  is  specified  using  the format described under the -fill option.  The
              color is replaced if it is identical to the target color, or close  enough  to  the
              target color in a 3D space as defined by the Euclidean distance specified by -fuzz.

              See -fill and -fuzz for more details.

       -operator channel operator rvalue[%]
              apply a mathematical, bitwise, or value operator to an image channel

              Apply  a  low-level  mathematical,  bitwise,  or value operator to a selected image
              channel or all image channels. Operations which  result  in  negative  results  are
              reset  to  zero, and operations which overflow the available range are reset to the
              maximum possible value.

              Select a channel from: Red, Green, Blue, Opacity,  Matte,  Cyan,  Magenta,  Yellow,
              Black,  All,  or Gray. All only modifies the color channels and does not modify the
              Opacity channel. Except for the threshold operators, All operates on  each  channel
              independently so that operations are on a per-channel basis.

              Gray  treats the color channels as a grayscale intensity and performs the requested
              operation on the equivalent pixel intensity so the result is a gray image.

              Select an operator from Add, And, Assign, Depth,  Divide,  Gamma,  Negate,  LShift,
              Log,  Max,  Min,  Multiply,  Or,  Pow RShift, Subtract, Threshold, Threshold-White,
              Threshold-Black,  Xor,  Noise-Gaussian,  Noise-Impulse,   Noise-Laplacian,   Noise-
              Multiplicative, Noise-Poisson, Noise-Random, and Noise-Uniform.

              Rvalue  may  be any floating point or integer value. Normally rvalue will be in the
              range of 0 to MaxRGB, where MaxRGB is the largest quantum value  supported  by  the
              GraphicsMagick  build (255, 65535, or 4294967295) but values outside this range are
              useful for some arithmetic operations.  Arguments to logical or bit-wise operations
              are  rounded  to a positive integral value prior to use. If a percent (%) symbol is
              appended to the argument, then the argument has a range of 0 to 100 percent.

              The following is a description of the operators:

               Add

                    Result is rvalue added to channel value.

               And

                    Result is the logical AND of rvalue with channel value.

               Assign

                    Result is rvalue.

               Depth

                    Result is channel value adjusted so that it may be (approximately) stored  in
                    the specified number of bits without additional loss.

               Divide

                    Result is channel value divided by rvalue.

               Gamma

                    Result is channel value gamma adjusted by rvalue.

               LShift

                    Result is channel value bitwise left shifted by rvalue bits.

               Log

                    Result is computed as log(value*rvalue+1)/log(rvalue+1).

               Max

                    Result is assigned to rvalue if rvalue is greater than value.

               Min

                    Result is assigned to rvalue if rvalue is less than value.

               Multiply

                    Result is channel value multiplied by rvalue.

               Negate

                    Result  is inverse of channel value (like a film negative). An rvalue must be
                    supplied but is currently not used. Inverting the image twice results in  the
                    original image.

               Or

                    Result is the logical OR of rvalue with channel value.

               Pow

                    Result  is computed as pow(value,rvalue). Similar to Gamma except that rvalue
                    is not inverted.

               RShift

                    Result is channel value bitwise right shifted by rvalue bits.

               Subtract

                    Result is channel value minus rvalue.

               Threshold

                    Result is maximum (white) if channel value is greater than rvalue, or minimum
                    (black) if it is less than or equal to rvalue. If all channels are specified,
                    then thresholding is done based on computed pixel intensity.

               Threshold-white

                    Result is maximum (white) if channel value is  greater  than  rvalue  and  is
                    unchanged  if  it is less than or equal to rvalue. This can be used to remove
                    apparent noise from the bright  parts  of  an  image.  If  all  channels  are
                    specified, then thresholding is done based on computed pixel intensity.

               Threshold-black

                    Result  is  minimum  (black) if channel value is less than than rvalue and is
                    unchanged if it is greater than or equal to  rvalue.  This  can  be  used  to
                    remove  apparent  noise  from the dark parts of an image. If all channels are
                    specified, then thresholding is done based on computed pixel intensity.

               Xor

                    Result is the logical XOR  of  rvalue  with  channel  value.  An  interesting
                    property  of  XOR  is that performing the same operation twice results in the
                    original value.

               Noise-Gaussian

                    Result is the current channel value modulated with gaussian  noise  according
                    to the intensity specified by rvalue.

               Noise-Impulse

                    Result is the current channel value modulated with impulse noise according to
                    the intensity specified by rvalue.

               Noise-Laplacian

                    Result is the current channel value modulated with laplacian noise  according
                    to the intensity specified by rvalue.

               Noise-Multiplicative

                    Result  is  the  current channel value modulated with multiplicative gaussian
                    noise according to the intensity specified by rvalue.

               Noise-Poisson

                    Result is the current channel value modulated with poisson noise according to
                    the intensity specified by rvalue.

               Noise-Random

                    Result   is   the  current  channel  value  modulated  with  random  (uniform
                    distribution) noise according to the  intensity  specified  by  rvalue.   The
                    initial noise intensity (rvalue=1.0) is the range of one pixel quantum span.

               Noise-Uniform

                    Result  is  the  channel  value  with  uniform noise applied according to the
                    intensity specified by rvalue.

               As an example, the Assign operator  assigns  a  fixed  value  to  a  channel.  For
               example, this command sets the red channel to the mid-range value:

                   gm convert in.bmp -operator red assign "50%" out.bmp

               The following applies 50% thresholding to the image and returns a gray image:

                   gm convert in.bmp -operator gray threshold "50%" out.bmp

       -ordered-dither <channeltype> <NxN>
              ordered dither the image

              The  channel  or  channels  specified  in  the  channeltype argument are reduced to
              binary, using an ordered dither  method.  The  choices  for  channeltype  are  All,
              Intensity, Red, Green, Blue, Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black, and Opacity

              When  channeltype  is  "All",  the color samples are dithered into a gray level and
              then that gray level is stored  in  the  three  color  channels.   Separately,  the
              opacity  channel  is  dithered  into a bilevel opacity value which is stored in the
              opacity channel.

              When channeltype  is  "Intensity",  only  the  color  samples  are  dithered.  When
              channeltype  is  "opacity" or "matte", only the opacity channel is dithered. When a
              color channel is specified, only that channel is dithered.

              The choices for N are 2 through 7. The image is divided into NxN pixel  tiles.   In
              each  tile,  some  or  all pixels are turned to white depending on their intensity.
              For each N, (N**2)+1 levels of gray can be represented.  For N == 2, 3, or  4,  the
              pixels  are  turned  to  white in an order that maximizes dispersion (i.e., reduces
              granularity), while for N == 5, 6, and 7, they are turned to white in an order that
              creates  a  roughly  circular black blob in the middle of each tile.  An attractive
              "half-tone" looking image can be obtained by first rotating the image  45  degrees,
              performing  a  5x5  ordered-dither operation, then rotating it back to the original
              orientation and cropping to the original image dimensions.  If the  original  image
              is  gamma-encoded,  it is adviseable to convert it to linear intensity first, e.g.,
              with the "-gamma 0.45455" option.

       -output-directory <directory>
              output files to directory

              Use -output-directory to specify a directory under which to write the output files.
              Normally  mogrify  overwrites the input files but with this option the output files
              may be written to a different directory so that the input files are preserved.  The
              algorithm  used preserves all of the input path specification in the output path so
              that the user-specified input path (including any directory part)  is  appended  to
              the output path.  The user is responsible for creating the output directory.

       -orient <orientation>
              Set the image orientation attribute

              Sets   the  image  orientation  attribute.   The  image  orientation  attribute  is
              compatible with the TIFF orientation tag (and the EXIF orientation tag).   Accepted
              values   are   undefined,  TopLeft,  TopRight,  BottomRight,  BottomLeft,  LeftTop,
              RightTop, RightBottom, LeftBottom, and  hyphenated  versions  thereof  (e.g.  left-
              bottom).   Please note that GraphicsMagick does not include an EXIF editor so if an
              EXIF profile is written to the output image, the value in the  EXIF  profile  might
              not  match the image.  It is possible for an image file to indicate its orientation
              in several different ways simultaneously.

       -page <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}{!}{<}{>}
              size and location of an image canvas

              Use this option to specify the dimensions of the PostScript page in dots  per  inch
              or a TEXT page in pixels. The choices for a PostScript page are:

                   11x17         792  1224
                   Ledger       1224   792
                   Legal         612  1008
                   Letter        612   792
                   LetterSmall   612   792
                   ArchE        2592  3456
                   ArchD        1728  2592
                   ArchC        1296  1728
                   ArchB         864  1296
                   ArchA         648   864
                   A0           2380  3368
                   A1           1684  2380
                   A2           1190  1684
                   A3            842  1190
                   A4            595   842
                   A4Small       595   842
                   A5            421   595
                   A6            297   421
                   A7            210   297
                   A8            148   210
                   A9            105   148
                   A10            74   105
                   B0           2836  4008
                   B1           2004  2836
                   B2           1418  2004
                   B3           1002  1418
                   B4            709  1002
                   B5            501   709
                   C0           2600  3677
                   C1           1837  2600
                   C2           1298  1837
                   C3            918  1298
                   C4            649   918
                   C5            459   649
                   C6            323   459
                   Flsa          612   936
                   Flse          612   936
                   HalfLetter    396   612

              For  convenience  you  can  specify the page size by media (e.g. A4, Ledger, etc.).
              Otherwise, -page behaves much like -geometry (e.g.  -page letter+43+43>).

              This option is also used to place subimages when writing to  a  multi-image  format
              that  supports  offsets,  such  as  GIF89  and MNG.  When used for this purpose the
              offsets are always  measured from the top left corner of the  canvas  and  are  not
              affected   by   the  -gravity  option.   To  position  a  GIF  or  MNG  image,  use
              -page{+-}<x>{+-}<y> (e.g. -page +100+200).  When writing to a  MNG  file,  a  -page
              option  appearing  ahead  of the first image in the sequence with nonzero width and
              height defines the width and height values that are  written  in  the  MHDR  chunk.
              Otherwise,  the  MNG  width  and  height  are  computed  from the bounding box that
              contains all images in the sequence.  When writing a GIF89 file, only the  bounding
              box method is used to determine its dimensions.

              For  a  PostScript page, the image is sized as in -geometry and positioned relative
              to the lower left hand corner of the page by {+-}<xoffset>{+-}<y offset>. Use -page
              612x792>,  for  example,  to  center  the  image within the page. If the image size
              exceeds the PostScript page, it is reduced to fit the page.   The  default  gravity
              for  the  -page  option  is  NorthWest,  i.e., positive x and y offset are measured
              rightward and downward from the top left corner of the page,  unless  the  -gravity
              option is present with a value other than NorthWest.

              The default page dimensions for a TEXT image is 612x792.

              This option is used in concert with -density.

              Use +page to remove the page settings for an image.

       -paint <radius>
              simulate an oil painting

              Each  pixel is replaced by the most frequent color in a circular neighborhood whose
              width is specified with radius.

       -pause <seconds>
              pause between animation loops [animate]

              Pause for the specified number of seconds before repeating the animation.

       -pause <seconds>
              pause between snapshots [import]

              Pause for the specified number of seconds before taking the next snapshot.

       -pen <color>
              (This option has been replaced by the -fill option)

       -ping  efficiently determine image characteristics

              Use this option to disable reading the image pixels so that  image  characteristics
              such  as the image dimensions may be obtained very quickly. For identify, use +ping
              to force reading the image pixels so that the pixel read rate may  be  included  in
              the displayed information.

       -pointsize <value>
              pointsize of the PostScript, X11, or TrueType font

       -preview <type>
              image preview type

              Use this option to affect the preview operation of an image (e.g.  convert file.png
              -preview Gamma Preview:gamma.png). Choose from these previews:

                   Rotate
                   Shear
                   Roll
                   Hue
                   Saturation
                   Brightness
                   Gamma
                   Spiff
                   Dull
                   Grayscale
                   Quantize
                   Despeckle
                   ReduceNoise
                   AddNoise
                   Sharpen
                   Blur
                   Threshold
                   EdgeDetect
                   Spread
                   Shade
                   Raise
                   Segment
                   Solarize
                   Swirl
                   Implode
                   Wave
                   OilPaint
                   CharcoalDrawing
                   JPEG

              The default preview is JPEG.

       -process <command>
              process a sequence of images using a process module

              The command argument has the form module=arg1,arg2,arg3,...,argN  where  module  is
              the  name  of the module to invoke (e.g. "analyze") and arg1,arg2,arg3,...,argN are
              an arbitrary number of arguments to pass to the process module.   The  sequence  of
              images is terminated by the appearance of any option.

              If  the  -process  option  appears  after  all  of the input images, all images are
              processed.

       -profile <filename>
              add ICM, IPTC, or generic profile  to image

              -profile filename adds an ICM (ICC color management), IPTC (newswire  information),
              or a generic (including Exif) profile to the image

              Use  +profile icm, +profile iptc, or +profile profile_name to remove the respective
              profile.  Multiple profiles may be listed, separated by  commas.  Profiles  may  be
              excluded from subsequent listed matches by preceding their name with an exclamation
              point.  For example, +profile '!icm,*' strips  all  profiles  except  for  the  ICM
              profile.   Use  identify  -verbose to find out what profiles are in the image file.
              Use +profile "*" to remove all profiles.  Writing the image to a format  that  does
              not  support  profiles  will  of course also cause all profiles to be removed.  The
              JPEG and PNG formats will store any profiles that have been read and  not  removed.
              In  JPEG  they  are stored in APP1 markers, and in PNG they are stored as hex-coded
              binary in compressed zTXt chunks, except for the iCC chunk which is stored  in  the
              iCCP chunk.

              To  extract  a profile, the -profile option is not used.  Instead, simply write the
              file to an image format such as APP1, 8BIM, ICM, or IPTC.

              For example, to extract the Exif data (which is stored in JPEG files  in  the  APP1
              profile), use

                  gm convert cockatoo.jpg exifdata.app1

              Note  that GraphicsMagick does not attempt to update any profile to reflect changes
              made to the image, e.g., rotation from portrait to landscape orientation, so it  is
              possible that the preserved profile may contain invalid data.

       +progress
              disable progress monitor and busy cursor

              By  default, when an image is displayed, a progress monitor bar is shown in the top
              left corner of an existing image display window, and the current cursor is replaced
              with  an  hourglass  cursor. Use +progress to disable the progress monitor and busy
              cursor during display operations.  While the progress monitor is disabled  for  all
              operations, the busy cursor continues to be enabled for non-display operations such
              as image processing. This option is useful for non-interactive display  operations,
              or when a "clean" look is desired.

       -quality <value>
              JPEG/MIFF/PNG/TIFF compression level
               For  the  JPEG  and  MPEG  image  formats,  quality is 0 (lowest image quality and
              highest compression) to 100 (best quality but  least  effective  compression).  The
              default  quality is 75.  Use the -sampling-factor option to specify the factors for
              chroma downsampling.  To use the same quality value  as  that  found  by  the  JPEG
              decoder, use the -define jpeg:preserve-settings flag.

              For  the  MIFF  image  format,  and  the  TIFF  format while using ZIP compression,
              quality/10  is  the  zlib  compression  level,  which  is  0  (worst  but   fastest
              compression)  to  9  (best  but slowest). It has no effect on the image appearance,
              since the compression is always lossless.

              For the JPEG-2000 image format, quality is mapped using a  non-linear  equation  to
              the  compression  ratio required by the Jasper library. This non-linear equation is
              intended to loosely approximate the quality provided by the  JPEG  v1  format.  The
              default  quality  value  75  results in a request for 16:1 compression. The quality
              value 100 results in a request for non-lossy compression.

              For the MNG and PNG image formats, the quality  value  sets  the  zlib  compression
              level  (quality / 10) and filter-type (quality % 10). Compression levels range from
              0 (fastest compression) to 100 (best but slowest). For  compression  level  0,  the
              Huffman-only  strategy  is  used,  which  is  fastest but not necessarily the worst
              compression.

              If filter-type is 4 or less, the specified filter-type is used for all scanlines:

                   0: none
                   1: sub
                   2: up
                   3: average
                   4: Paeth

              If filter-type is 5, adaptive filtering is used when quality is greater than 50 and
              the image does not have a color map, otherwise no filtering is used.

              If  filter-type  is  6,  adaptive  filtering with minimum-sum-of-absolute-values is
              used.

              Only if the output is MNG, if filter-type is 7, the LOCO color  transformation  and
              adaptive filtering with minimum-sum-of-absolute-values are used.

              The default is quality is 75, which means nearly the best compression with adaptive
              filtering.  The quality setting has no effect on the  appearance  of  PNG  and  MNG
              images, since the compression is always lossless.

              For further information, see the PNG specification.

              When  writing  a  JNG image with transparency, two quality values are required, one
              for the main image and one  for  the  grayscale  image  that  conveys  the  opacity
              channel.   These  are  written  as a single integer equal to the main image quality
              plus 1000 times the opacity quality.  For example, if you want to  use  quality  75
              for the main image and quality 90 to compress the opacity data, use -quality 90075.

              For  the PNM family of formats (PNM, PGM, and PPM) specify a quality factor of zero
              in order to obtain the ASCII variant of the format. Note that -compress  none  used
              to  be  used  to  trigger ASCII output but provided the opposite result of what was
              expected as compared with other formats.

       -raise <width>x<height>
              lighten or darken image edges

              This will create a 3-D effect. See -geometry for details details about the geometry
              specification. Offsets are not used.

              Use -raise to create a raised effect, otherwise use +raise.

       -random-threshold <channeltype> <LOWxHIGH>
              random threshold the image

              The  channel  or  channels  specified  in the <channeltype> argument are reduced to
              binary, using an random-threshold method. The  choices  for  channeltype  are  All,
              Intensity, Red, Green, Blue, Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black, and Opacity

              When  channeltype  is "All", the color samples are thresholded into a graylevel and
              then that gray level is stored in the three color channels. Separately, the opacity
              channel  is thresholded into a bilevel opacity value which is stored in the opacity
              channel. For each pixel, a new random number is used to establish the threshold  to
              be used. The threshold never exceeds the specified maximum (HIGH) and is never less
              than the specified minimum (LOW).

              When channeltype is "intensity", only  the  color  samples  are  thresholded.  When
              channeltype  is  "opacity" or "matte", only the opacity channel is thresholded. The
              other named channels only threshold the associated channel.

       -recolor <matrix>
              apply a color translation matrix to image channels

              A user supplied color translation matrix (expressed as a text string)  is  used  to
              translate/blend  the  image channels based on weightings in a supplied matrix which
              may be of order 3 (color channels only), 4 (color  channels  plus  opacity),  or  5
              (color  channels  plus  opacity  and  offset).  Values in the columns of the matrix
              (red, green, blue, opacity) are used  as  multipliers  with  the  existing  channel
              values  and  added together according to the rows of the matrix.  Matrix values are
              floating point and may be  negative.   The  offset  column  (column  5)  is  purely
              additive  and  is  scaled such that 0.0 to 1.0 represents the maximum quantum range
              (but values are not limited to this range). The  math  for  the  color  translation
              matrix  is  similar to that used by Adobe Flash except that the offset is scaled to
              1.0 (divide Flash offset by 255 for use with GraphicsMagick) so  that  the  results
              are independent of quantum depth.

              An  identity  matrix exists for each matrix order which results in no change to the
              image.  The translation matrix should be based on an  alteration  of  the  identity
              matrix.

              Identity matrix of order 3

                1 0 0
                0 1 0
                0 0 1

              which  may  be  formatted  into  a  convenient matrix argument similar to (comma is
              treated as white space):

                -recolor "1 0 0, 0 1 0, 0 0 1"

              Identity matrix of order 4

                1 0 0 0
                0 1 0 0
                0 0 1 0
                0 0 0 1

              Identity matrix of order 5.  The last row is required to exist for the  purpose  of
              parsing, but is otherwise not used.

                1 0 0 0 0
                0 1 0 0 0
                0 0 1 0 0
                0 0 0 1 0
                0 0 0 0 1

              As  an example, an image wrongly in BGR channel order may be converted to RGB using
              this matrix (blue->red, red->blue):

                0 0 1
                0 1 0
                1 0 0

              and an RGB image using standard Rec.709 primaries may  be  converted  to  grayscale
              using this matrix of standard weighting factors:

                0.2126 0.7152 0.0722
                0.2126 0.7152 0.0722
                0.2126 0.7152 0.0722

              and contrast may be reduced by scaling down by 80% and adding a 10% offset:

                0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1
                0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.1
                0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.1
                0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.1
                0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0

       -red-primary <x>,<y>
              red chromaticity primary point

       -region <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>
              apply options to a portion of the image

              The x and y offsets are treated in the same manner as in -crop.

       -remote
              perform a X11 remote operation

              The  -remote  command  sends  a  command to a "gm display" or "gm animate" which is
              already running. The only command recognized at this time is the name of  an  image
              file  to load. This capability is very useful to load new images without needing to
              restart GraphicsMagick (e.g. for a slide-show  or  to  use  GraphicsMagick  as  the
              display  engine  for  a  different GUI). Also see the +progress option for a way to
              disable progress indication for a clean look while loading new images.

       -render
              render vector operations

              Use +render to turn off rendering vector operations. This is useful when saving the
              result to vector formats such as MVG or SVG.

       -repage  <width>x<height>+xoff+yoff[!]
              Adjust image page offsets

              Adjust  the  current  image  page  canvas  and  position  based  on a relative page
              specification.  This option may be used to change the location of a subframe  (e.g.
              part  of  an  animation)  prior  to  composition.  If the geometry specification is
              absolute (includes a '!'), then the offset adjustment is absolute and there  is  no
              adjustment to page width and height, otherwise the page width and height values are
              also adjusted based on the current image dimensions.  Use +repage to set the  image
              page offsets to default.

       -resample <horizontal>x<vertical>
              Resample image to specified horizontal and vertical resolution

              Resize  the image so that its rendered size remains the same as the original at the
              specified target resolution. Either the  current  image  resolution  units  or  the
              previously  set  with  -units are used to interpret the argument. For example, if a
              300 DPI image renders at 3 inches by 2 inches on a 300 DPI device, when  the  image
              has  been  resampled  to 72 DPI, it will render at 3 inches by 2 inches on a 72 DPI
              device.  Note that only a small number of image formats (e.g. JPEG, PNG, and  TIFF)
              are  capable  of  storing the image resolution. For formats which do not support an
              image resolution, the original resolution  of  the  image  must  be  specified  via
              -density on the command line prior to specifying the resample resolution.

              Note that Photoshop stores and obtains image resolution from a proprietary embedded
              profile. If this profile exists in the image, then Photoshop will continue to treat
              the  image  using its former resolution, ignoring the image resolution specified in
              the standard file header.

              Some image formats (e.g. PNG) require use of metric or english units so even if the
              original  image used a particular unit system, if it is saved to a different format
              prior to resampling, then it may be necessary to  specify  the  desired  resolution
              units  using -units since the original units may have been lost. In other words, do
              not assume that the resolution units are restored if the image has been saved to  a
              file.

       -resize <width>x<height>{%}{@}{!}{<}{>}
              resize an image

              This is an alias for the -geometry option and it behaves in the same manner. If the
              -filter option precedes the -resize option, the specified filter is used.

              There are some exceptions:

              When used as a composite option, -resize conveys the preferred size of  the  output
              image, while -geometry conveys the size and placement of the composite image within
              the main image.

              When used as a montage option, -resize conveys the preferred size of  the  montage,
              while -geometry conveys information about the tiles.

       -roll {+-}<x>{+-}<y>
              roll an image vertically or horizontally

              See  -geometry for details the geometry specification.  The x and y offsets are not
              affected by the -gravity option.

              A negative x offset rolls the image left-to-right. A negative y  offset  rolls  the
              image top-to-bottom.

       -rotate <degrees>{<}{>}
              rotate the image

              Positive  angles  rotate  the  image in a clockwise direction while negative angles
              rotate counter-clockwise.

              Use > to rotate the image only if its width exceeds  the  height.   <  rotates  the
              image  only  if  its  width  is  less  than the height. For example, if you specify
              -rotate "-90>" and the image size is 480x640, the image is not  rotated.   However,
              if  the image is 640x480, it is rotated by -90 degrees.  If you use > or <, enclose
              it  in  quotation  marks  to  prevent  it  from  being  misinterpreted  as  a  file
              redirection.

              Empty triangles left over from rotating the image are filled with the color defined
              as background (class backgroundColor).  The color is  specified  using  the  format
              described under the -fill option.

       -sample <geometry>
              scale image using pixel sampling

              See  -geometry  for  details about the geometry specification.  -sample ignores the
              -filter selection if the -filter option is present.  Offsets,  if  present  in  the
              geometry string, are ignored, and the -gravity option has no effect.

       -sampling-factor <horizontal_factor>x<vertical_factor>
              chroma subsampling factors

              This  option  specifies  the sampling factors to be used by the DPX, JPEG, MPEG, or
              YUV encoders for chroma downsampling. The sampling factor must be  specified  while
              reading the raw YUV format since it is not preserved in the file header.  Industry-
              standard video subsampling notation such as "4:2:2" may also be used to specify the
              sampling factors. "4:2:2" is equivalent to a specification of "2x1"

              The  JPEG decoder obtains the original sampling factors (and quality settings) when
              a JPEG file is read. To re-use the original sampling factors (and quality  setting)
              when JPEG is output, use the -define jpeg:preserve-settings flag.

       -scale <geometry>
              scale the image.

              See -geometry for details about the geometry specification.  -scale uses a simpler,
              faster algorithm, and it ignores the -filter selection if  the  -filter  option  is
              present.  Offsets, if present in the geometry string, are ignored, and the -gravity
              option has no effect.

       -scene <value>
              set scene number

              This option sets the scene number of an image  or  the  first  image  in  an  image
              sequence.

       -scenes <value-value>
              range of image scene numbers to read

              Each  image in the range is read with the filename followed by a period (.) and the
              decimal scene number.  You can change this behavior by embedding a  %d,  %0Nd,  %o,
              %0No, %x, or %0Nx printf format specification in the file name. For example,

                  gm montage -scenes 5-7 image.miff montage.miff

              makes a montage of files image.miff.5, image.miff.6, and image.miff.7, and

                  gm animate -scenes 0-12 image%02d.miff

              animates files image00.miff, image01.miff, through image12.miff.

       -screen
              specify the screen to capture

              This  option indicates that the GetImage request used to obtain the image should be
              done on the root window, rather than directly on the  specified  window.   In  this
              way,  you can obtain pieces of other windows that overlap the specified window, and
              more importantly, you can capture  menus  or  other  popups  that  are  independent
              windows but appear over the specified window.

       -set <attribute> <value>
              set an image attribut

              Set  a  named  image  attribute.   The  attribute is set on the current (previously
              specified on command line) image.

       -segment <cluster threshold>x<smoothing threshold>
              segment an image

              Segment  an  image  by  analyzing  the  histograms  of  the  color  components  and
              identifying units that are homogeneous with the fuzzy c-means technique.

              Segmentation is a very useful fast and and approximate color quantization algorithm
              for scanned printed pages or scanned cartoons. It may also be  used  as  a  special
              effect.  Specify  cluster  threshold as the minimum percentage of total pixels in a
              cluster before it is considered valid.  For huge images  containing  small  detail,
              this  may  need  to  be a tiny fraction of a percent (e.g. 0.015) so that important
              detail is not lost.  Smoothing threshold eliminates noise in the second  derivative
              of  the  histogram.  As  the  value  is increased, you can expect a smoother second
              derivative. The default is 1.5. Add the -verbose option to see a  dump  of  cluster
              statistics given the parameters used. The statistics may be used as a guide to help
              fine tune the options.

       -shade <azimuth>x<elevation>
              shade the image using a distant light source

              Specify azimuth and elevation as the position of the light source.  Use  +shade  to
              return the shading results as a grayscale image.

       -shadow <radius>{x<sigma>}
              shadow the montage

       -shared-memory
              use shared memory

              This  option  specifies whether the utility should attempt to use shared memory for
              pixmaps.  GraphicsMagick must be compiled  with  shared  memory  support,  and  the
              display  must  support  the  MIT-SHM extension.  Otherwise, this option is ignored.
              The default is True.

       -sharpen <radius>{x<sigma>}
              sharpen the image

              Use a Gaussian operator of the given radius and standard deviation (sigma).

       -shave <width>x<height>{%}
              shave pixels from the image edges

              Specify the width of the region to be removed from both sides of the image and  the
              height of the regions to be removed from top and bottom.

       -shear <x degrees>x<y degrees>
              shear the image along the X or Y axis

              Use the specified positive or negative shear angle.

              Shearing  slides  one  edge  of  an  image  along  the  X  or  Y  axis,  creating a
              parallelogram. An X direction shear slides an edge along the  X  axis,  while  a  Y
              direction  shear  slides  an  edge  along  the  Y  axis. The amount of the shear is
              controlled by a shear angle. For X direction shears, x degrees is measured relative
              to the Y axis, and similarly, for Y direction shears y degrees is measured relative
              to the X axis.

              Empty triangles left over from shearing the image are filled with the color defined
              as  background  (class  backgroundColor).   The color is specified using the format
              described under the -fill option.

       -silent
              operate silently

       -size <width>x<height>{+offset}
              width and height of the image

              Use this option to specify the width and height of raw images whose dimensions  are
              unknown such as GRAY, RGB, or CMYK. In addition to width and height, use -size with
              an offset to skip any header information in the image or tell the number of  colors
              in a MAP image file, (e.g. -size 640x512+256).

              For Photo CD images, choose from these sizes:

                   192x128
                   384x256
                   768x512
                   1536x1024
                   3072x2048

              Finally,  use this option to choose a particular resolution layer of a JBIG or JPEG
              image (e.g. -size 1024x768).

       -snaps <value>
              number of screen snapshots

              Use this option to grab more than one image from the X server screen, to create  an
              animation sequence.

       -solarize <factor>
              negate all pixels above the threshold level

              Specify factor as the percent threshold of the intensity (0 - 99.9%).

              This  option  produces a solarization effect seen when exposing a photographic film
              to light during the development process.

       -spread <amount>
              displace image pixels by a random amount

              Amount defines the size of the neighborhood around each pixel to choose a candidate
              pixel to swap.

       -stegano <offset>
              hide watermark within an image

              Use an offset to start the image hiding some number of pixels from the beginning of
              the image.  Note this offset and the image size.  You will need this information to
              recover the steganographic image (e.g. display -size 320x256+35 stegano:image.png).

       -stereo
              composite two images to create a stereo anaglyph

              The  left  side of the stereo pair is saved as the red channel of the output image.
              The right side is saved  as  the  green  channel.   Red-green  stereo  glasses  are
              required to properly view the stereo image.

       -strip remove all profiles and text attributes from the image

              All  embedded  profiles  and  text attributes are stripped from the image.  This is
              useful for images used for the web, or when output files need to  be  as  small  as
              possible

       -stroke <color>
              color to use when stroking a graphic primitive

              The color is specified using the format described under the -fill option.

              See -draw for further details.

       -strokewidth <value>
              set the stroke width

              See -draw for further details.

       -swirl <degrees>
              swirl image pixels about the center

              Degrees defines the tightness of the swirl.

       -text-font <name>
              font for writing fixed-width text

              Specifies  the  name  of  the  preferred  font  to  use in fixed (typewriter style)
              formatted text.  The default is 14 point Courier.

              You can tag a font to specify whether it is a PostScript, TrueType,  or  X11  font.
              For example, Courier.ttf is a TrueType font and x:fixed is X11.

       -texture <filename>
              name of texture to tile onto the image background

       -threshold <value>{%}
              threshold the image

              Modify  the  image  such that any pixel sample with an intensity value greater than
              the threshold is assigned the maximum intensity (white), or otherwise  is  assigned
              the  minimum  intensity (black). If a percent prefix is applied, then the threshold
              is a percentage of the available range.

              To efficiently create a black and white image from a color image, use

                  gm convert -threshold 50% in.png out.png

              The optimum threshold value depends on the  nature  of  the  image.   In  order  to
              threshold  individual  channels,  use the -operator subcommand with it's Threshold,
              Threshold-White, or Threshold-Black options.

       -thumbnail <width>x<height>{%}{@}{!}{<}{>}
              resize an image (quickly)

              The -thumbnail command resizes the image as quickly as possible, with more  concern
              for speed than resulting image quality.  Regardless, resulting image quality should
              be acceptable for many uses.  It is primarily  intended  to  be  used  to  generate
              smaller  versions  of  the  image,  but may also be used to enlarge the image.  The
              -thumbnail geometry argument observes the same syntax and  rules  as  it  does  for
              -resize.

       -tile <filename>
              tile image when filling a graphic primitive

       -tile <geometry>
              layout of images [montage]

       -title <string>
              assign title to displayed image [animate, display, montage]

              Use  this  option  to assign a specific title to the image. This is assigned to the
              image window and is typically displayed in the window title  bar.   Optionally  you
              can  include  the  image  filename,  type, width, height, Exif data, or other image
              attribute by embedding  special  format  characters  described  under  the  -format
              option.

              For example,

                   -title "%m:%f %wx%h"

              produces an image title of MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 for an image titled bird.miff and
              whose width is 512 and height is 480.

       -transform
              transform the image

              This option applies the transformation matrix from a previous -affine option.

                  gm convert -affine 2,2,-2,2,0,0 -transform bird.ppm bird.jpg

       -transparent <color>
              make this color transparent within the image

              The color is specified using the format described under the -fill option.

       -treedepth <value>
              tree depth for the color reduction algorithm

              Normally, this integer value is zero or one. A value of zero or one causes the  use
              of an optimal tree depth for the color reduction algorithm

              An  optimal depth generally allows the best representation of the source image with
              the fastest computational speed and the  least  amount  of  memory.   However,  the
              default  depth is inappropriate for some images. To assure the best representation,
              try values between 2 and 8 for this parameter.  Refer to quantize for more details.

              The -colors or -monochrome option, or writing to an  image  format  which  requires
              color reduction, is required for this option to take effect.

       -trim  trim an image

              This option removes any edges that are exactly the same color as the corner pixels.
              Use -fuzz to make -trim remove edges that are nearly the same color as  the  corner
              pixels.

       -type <type>
              the image type

              Choose  from: Bilevel, Grayscale, Palette, PaletteMatte, TrueColor, TrueColorMatte,
              ColorSeparation, ColorSeparationMatte, or Optimize.

              Normally, when a format supports different subformats such as  bilevel,  grayscale,
              palette,  truecolor, and truecolor+alpha, the encoder will try to choose a suitable
              subformat based on the nature of the image. The -type option may be used to  tailor
              the output subformat. By default the output subformat is based on readily available
              image information and is usually similar to the input format.

              Specify -type Optimize in order to enable inspecting all pixels (if  necessary)  in
              order  to  find  the  most efficient subformat. Inspecting all of the pixels may be
              slow for very large images, particularly if they are stored in a disk cache. If  an
              RGB  image  contains  only  gray  pixels,  then  every  pixel  in the image must be
              inspected in order to decide that the image is actually grayscale!

              Sometimes a specific subformat is desired. For example, to force a JPEG image to be
              written in TrueColor RGB format even though only gray pixels are present, use

                  gm convert bird.pgm -type TrueColor bird.jpg

              Similarly,  using  -type  TrueColorMatte  will  force the encoder to write an alpha
              channel  even  though  the  image  is  opaque,  if  the  output   format   supports
              transparency.

              Some  pseudo-formats  (e.g.  the  XC  format) will respect the requested type if it
              occurs previously on the command line.  For example, to obtain a DirectClass  solid
              color canvas image rather than PsuedoClass, use

                  gm convert -size 640x480 -type TrueColor xc:red red.miff

              Likewise,  specify  -type Bilevel, Grayscale, TrueColor, or TrueColorMatte prior to
              reading a Postscript (or PDF file) in order to influence the  type  of  image  that
              Ghostcript   returns.   Reading  performance  will  be  dramatically  improved  for
              black/white Postscript if Bilevel is specified, and will be considerably faster  if
              Grayscale is specified.

       -update <seconds>
               detect when image file is modified and redisplay.

              Suppose that while you are displaying an image the file that is currently displayed
              is over-written.  display will automatically detect that the input  file  has  been
              changed and update the displayed image accordingly.

       -units <type>
              the units of image resolution

              Choose  from:  Undefined,  PixelsPerInch,  or  PixelsPerCentimeter.  This option is
              normally used in conjunction with the -density option.

       -unsharp <radius>{x<sigma>}{+<amount>}{+<threshold>}
              sharpen the image with an unsharp mask operator

              The -unsharp option sharpens an image. The  image  is  convolved  with  a  Gaussian
              operator  of  the  given  radius  and  standard  deviation  (sigma). For reasonable
              results, radius should be larger than sigma. Use a radius of 0 to have  the  method
              select a suitable radius.

              The parameters are:

               radius

                    The radius of the Gaussian, in pixels, not counting the center pixel (default
                    0).

               sigma

                    The standard deviation of the Gaussian, in pixels (default 1.0).

               amount

                    The percentage of the difference between the original and the blur image that
                    is added back into the original (default 1.0).

               threshold

                    The threshold, as a fraction of MaxRGB, needed to apply the difference amount
                    (default 0.05).

       -use-pixmap
              use the pixmap

       -verbose
              print detailed information about the image

              This information is printed: image scene number; image name; image size; the  image
              class  (DirectClass  or  PseudoClass);  the  total number of unique colors; and the
              number of seconds to read and transform the image. If the image is DirectClass, the
              total  number  of unique colors is not displayed unless -verbose is specified twice
              since it may take quite a long time to compute, particularly for deep  images.   If
              the image is PseudoClass then its pixels are defined by indexes into a colormap. If
              the image is DirectClass then each pixel includes a complete and independent  color
              specification.

              If  -colors  is  also  specified,  the  total  unique colors in the image and color
              reduction error values are printed. Refer to quantize for a  description  of  these
              values.

       -version
              print GraphicsMagick version string

       -view <string>
              FlashPix viewing parameters

       -virtual-pixel <method>
              specify contents of "virtual pixels"

              This  option  defines "virtual pixels" for use in operations that can access pixels
              outside the boundaries of an image.

              Choose from these methods:

               Constant

                    Use the image background color.

               Edge

                    Extend the edge pixel toward infinity (default).

               Mirror

                    Mirror the image.

               Tile

                    Tile the image.

               This option affects operations that use virtual pixels such  as  -blur,  -sharpen,
               -wave, etc.

       -visual <type>
              animate images using this X visual type

              Choose from these visual classes:

                   StaticGray
                   GrayScale
                   StaticColor
                   PseudoColor
                   TrueColor
                   DirectColor
                   default
                   visual id

              The  X  server must support the visual you choose, otherwise an error occurs.  If a
              visual is not specified, the visual class that can display  the  most  simultaneous
              colors on the default screen is chosen.

       -watermark <brightness>x<saturation>
              percent brightness and saturation of a watermark

       -wave <amplitude>x<wavelength>
              alter an image along a sine wave

              Specify amplitude and wavelength of the wave.

       -white-point <x>,<y>
              chromaticity white point

       -white-threshold red[,green][,blue][,opacity]
              pixels above the threshold become white

              Use  -white-threshold  to  set  pixels with values above the specified threshold to
              maximum value (white). If only one value is supplied, or the red, green,  and  blue
              values  are  identical, then intensity thresholding is used. If the color threshold
              values are not  identical  then  channel-based  thresholding  is  used,  and  color
              distortion  will occur. Specify a negative value (e.g. -1) if you want a channel to
              be ignored but you do want to threshold a channel later in the list. If  a  percent
              (%)  symbol  is  appended,  then  the values are treated as a percentage of maximum
              range.

       -window <id>
              make image the background of a window

              id can be a window id or name.  Specify root to  select  X's  root  window  as  the
              target window.

              By  default  the  image  is  tiled  onto  the background of the target window.   If
              backdrop or -geometry are specified, the image  is  surrounded  by  the  background
              color.  Refer to X RESOURCES for details.

              The  image  will not display on the root window if the image has more unique colors
              than the target window colormap allows.   Use  -colors  to  reduce  the  number  of
              colors.

       -window-group
              specify the window group

       -write <filename>
              write an intermediate image [convert, composite]

              The  current  image  is  written  to  the  specified  filename  and then processing
              continues using that image. The following is an example of how several sizes of  an
              image may be generated in one command (repeat as often as needed):

                  gm convert input.jpg -resize 50% -write input50.jpg \
                            -resize 25% input25.jpg

       -write <filename>
              write the image to a file [display]

              If  filename  already  exists,  you  will  be  prompted  as to whether it should be
              overwritten.

              By default, the image is written in the format that it was read in as.  To  specify
              a  particular  image format, prefix filename with the image type and a colon (e.g.,
              ps:image) or specify the image  type  as  the  filename  suffix  (e.g.,  image.ps).
              Specify  file  as  -  for standard output. If file has the extension .Z or .gz, the
              file size is compressed using compress or gzip respectively. Precede the image file
              name with | to pipe to a system command.

              Use -compress to specify the type of image compression.

              The  equivalent  X resource for this option is writeFilename (class WriteFilename).
              See "X Resources", below, for details.

ENVIRONMENT

       COLUMNS
              Output screen width. Used when formatting text for the screen.  Many  Unix  systems
              keep  this  shell variable up to date, but it may need to be explicitly exported in
              order for GraphicsMagick to see it.

       DISPLAY
              X11   display   ID   (host,   display   number,   and   screen    in    the    form
              hostname:display.screen).

       HOME   Location  of user's home directory. GraphicsMagick searches for configuration files
              in  $HOME/.magick  if   the   directory   exists.   See   MAGICK_CODER_MODULE_PATH,
              MAGICK_CONFIGURE_PATH, and MAGICK_FILTER_MODULE_PATH if more flexibility is needed.

       MAGICK_CODER_STABILITY
              The  minimum coder stability level before it will be used. The available levels are
              PRIMARY, STABLE, and UNSTABLE.  The default minimum level is UNSTABLE, which  means
              that all available coders will be used. The purpose of this option is to reduce the
              security exposure (or apparent complexity)  due  to  the  huge  number  of  formats
              supported.  Coders  at  the  PRIMARY level are commonly used formats with very well
              maintained  implementations.  Coders  at  the  STABLE  level  are  reasonably  well
              maintained  but  represent  less  used formats. Coders at the UNSTABLE level either
              have weak implementations, the file format itself is weak, or the  probability  the
              coder will be needed is vanishingly small.

       MAGICK_CODER_MODULE_PATH
              Search path to use when searching for image format coder modules.  This path allows
              the user to arbitrarily extend the image formats  supported  by  GraphicsMagick  by
              adding  loadable modules to an arbitrary location rather than copying them into the
              GraphicsMagick installation directory. The formatting of the search path is similar
              to  operating  system  search  paths (i.e. colon delimited for Unix, and semi-colon
              delimited for Microsoft Windows). This user specified search path  is  used  before
              trying the default search path.

       MAGICK_CONFIGURE_PATH
              Search  path  to use when searching for configuration (.mgk) files.  The formatting
              of the search path  is  similar  to  operating  system  search  paths  (i.e.  colon
              delimited  for  Unix,  and  semi-colon  delimited for Microsoft Windows). This user
              specified search path is used before trying the default search path.

       MAGICK_DEBUG
              Debug options (see -debug for details)

       MAGICK_FILTER_MODULE_PATH
              Search path  to  use  when  searching  for  filter  process  modules  (invoked  via
              -process).  This  path allows the user to arbitrarily extend GraphicsMagick's image
              processing functionality by adding loadable modules to an arbitrary location rather
              than copying them into the GraphicsMagick installation directory. The formatting of
              the search path is similar to operating system search paths (i.e.  colon  delimited
              for  Unix,  and  semi-colon  delimited  for Microsoft Windows). This user specified
              search path is used before trying the default search path.

       MAGICK_HOME
              Path  to  top  of  GraphicsMagick  installation   directory.   Only   observed   by
              "uninstalled"  builds of GraphicsMagick which do not have their location hard-coded
              or set by an installer.

       MAGICK_MMAP_READ
              If MAGICK_MMAP_READ is set to TRUE, GraphicsMagick will attempt to  memory-map  the
              input file for reading. This usually substantially improves read performance if the
              file has recently been read. However, testing shows that performance may be reduced
              for  files  accessed  for the first time via a network since some operating systems
              failed to do read-ahead over network mounts for memory mapped files.

       MAGICK_IO_FSYNC
              If MAGICK_IO_FSYNC is set to TRUE, then GraphicsMagick will request that the output
              file  is  fully  flushed  and synchronized to disk when it is closed. This incurs a
              performance penalty, but has the benefit that if the  power  fails  or  the  system
              crashes,  the  file  should  be valid on disk. If image files are referenced from a
              database, then this option helps assure that the files referenced by  the  database
              are valid.

       MAGICK_IOBUF_SIZE
              The  amount  of  I/O  buffering  (in bytes) to use when reading and writing encoded
              files. The default is 16384, which is observed to work well  for  many  cases.  The
              best  value  for a local filesystem is usually the the native filesystem block size
              (e.g. 4096, 8192, or even 131,072 for ZFS) in  order  to  minimize  the  number  of
              physical disk I/O operations.  I/O performance to files accessed over a network may
              benefit significantly by tuning this option.  Larger  values  are  not  necessarily
              better  (they  may  be  slower!), and there is rarely any benefit from using values
              larger than 32768. Use convert's -verbose option in  order  to  evaluate  read  and
              write  rates  in  pixels per second while keeping in mind that the operating system
              will try to cache files in RAM.

       MAGICK_LIMIT_DISK
              Maximum amount of disk space allowed for use by the pixel cache.

       MAGICK_LIMIT_FILES
              Maximum number of open files.

       MAGICK_LIMIT_MAP
              Maximum size of a memory map.

       MAGICK_LIMIT_MEMORY
              Maximum amount of memory to allocate from the heap.

       MAGICK_TMPDIR
              Path to directory where GraphicsMagick should write temporary files. The default is
              to use the system default, or the location set by TMPDIR.

       TMPDIR For POSIX-compatible systems (Unix-compatible), the path to the directory where all
              applications should write temporary files.  Overridden by MAGICK_TMPDIR  if  it  is
              set.

       TMP or TEMP
              For  Microsoft  Windows,  the path to the directory where applications should write
              temporary files. Overridden by MAGICK_TMPDIR if it is set.

       OMP_NUM_THREADS
              As per the OpenMP standard, this specifies the number of threads to use in parallel
              regions.  Some  compilers  default  the  number  of threads to use to the number of
              processor cores available while others default to just one thread. See  the  OpenMP
              specification for other standard adjustments and your compiler's manual for vendor-
              specific settings.

CONFIGURATION FILES

       GraphicsMagick uses a number of XML format configuration files:

       colors.mgk
              colors configuration file

                <?xml version="1.0"?>
                <colormap>
                  <color name="AliceBlue" red="240" green="248" blue="255"
                         compliance="SVG, X11, XPM" />
                </colormap>

       delegates.mgk
              delegates configuration file

       log.mgk
              logging configuration file

                <?xml version="1.0"?>
                <magicklog>
                  <log events="None" />
                  <log output="stdout" />
                  <log filename="Magick-%d.log" />
                  <log generations="3" />
                  <log limit="2000" />
                  <log format="%t %r %u %p %m/%f/%l/%d:\n  %e"  />
                </magicklog>

       modules.mgk
              loadable modules configuration file

                <?xml version="1.0"?>
                <modulemap>
                  <module magick="8BIM" name="META" />
                </modulemap>

       type.mgk
              master type (fonts) configuration file

                <?xml version="1.0"?>
                <typemap>
                  <include file="type-windows.mgk" />
                  <type
                    name="AvantGarde-Book"
                    fullname="AvantGarde Book"
                    family="AvantGarde"
                    foundry="URW"
                    weight="400"
                    style="normal"
                    stretch="normal"
                    format="type1"
                    metrics="/usr/local/share/ghostscript/fonts/a010013l.afm"
                    glyphs="/usr/local/share/ghostscript/fonts/a010013l.pfb"
                  />
                </typemap>

GM ANIMATE

       Animate displays a sequence of images on any workstation  display  running  an  X  server.
       animate  first  determines  the hardware capabilities of the workstation. If the number of
       unique colors in an image is less than or equal to the number the workstation can support,
       the  image  is  displayed  in  an X window. Otherwise the number of colors in the image is
       first reduced to match the color resolution of the workstation before it is displayed.

       This means that a continuous-tone 24 bits-per-pixel image can display on a 8  bit  pseudo-
       color  device  or  monochrome  device.  In  most instances the reduced color image closely
       resembles the original. Alternatively, a monochrome or  pseudo-color  image  sequence  can
       display on a continuous-tone 24 bits-per-pixel device.

       To  help prevent color flashing on X server visuals that have colormaps, animate creates a
       single colormap from the image sequence. This can be rather time consuming. You can  speed
       this  operation  up  by  reducing  the  colors in the image before you "animate" them. Use
       mogrify to color reduce the images to a  single  colormap.  See  mogrify(1)  for  details.
       Alternatively, you can use a Standard Colormap; or a static, direct, or true color visual.
       You can define a Standard Colormap with xstdcmap. See xstdcmap(1) for details. This method
       is recommended for colormapped X server because it eliminates the need to compute a global
       colormap.

EXAMPLES

       To animate a set of images of a cockatoo, use:

           gm animate cockatoo.*

       To animate a cockatoo image sequence while using the Standard Colormap best, use:

           xstdcmap -best
           gm animate -map best cockatoo.*

       To animate an image of a cockatoo without a border centered on a backdrop, use:

           gm animate +borderwidth -backdrop cockatoo.*

OPTIONS

       For a more detailed description of each option, see Options, above.

       -authenticate <string>
              decrypt image with this password

       -backdrop
              display the image centered on a backdrop.

       -background <color>
              the background color

       -bordercolor <color>
              the border color

       -borderwidth <geometry>
              the border width

       -chop <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}
              remove pixels from the interior of an image

       -colormap <type>
              define the colormap type

       -colors <value>
              preferred number of colors in the image

       -colorspace <value>
              the type of colorspace

       -crop <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}
              preferred size and location of the cropped image

       -debug <events>
              enable debug printout

       -define <key>{=<value>},...
              add coder/decoder specific options

       -delay <1/100ths of a second>
              display the next image after pausing

       -density <width>x<height>
              horizontal and vertical resolution in pixels of the image

       -depth <value>
              depth of the image

       -display <host:display[.screen]>
              specifies the X server to contact

       -dispose <method>
              GIF disposal method

       -dither
              apply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to the image

       -font <name>
              use this font when annotating the image with text

       -foreground <color>
              define the foreground color

       -gamma <value>
              level of gamma correction

       -geometry <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}{@}{!}{^}{<}{>}
              preferred size and location of the Image window.

       -help  print usage instructions

       -iconGeometry <geometry>
              specify the icon geometry

       -iconic
              iconic animation

       -interlace <type>
              the type of interlacing scheme

       -limit <type> <value>
              Disk, File, Map, Memory, Pixels, or Threads resource limit

       -log <string>
              Specify format for debug log

       -map <type>
              display image using this type.

       -matte store matte channel if the image has one

       -mattecolor <color>
              specify the color to be used with the -frame option

       -monitor
              show progress indication

       -monochrome
              transform the image to black and white

       -name  name an image

       -noop  NOOP (no option)

       -pause <seconds>
              pause between animation loops [animate]

       -remote
              perform a X11 remote operation

       -rotate <degrees>{<}{>}
              rotate the image

       -sampling-factor <horizontal_factor>x<vertical_factor>
              chroma subsampling factors

       -scenes <value-value>
              range of image scene numbers to read

       -shared-memory
              use shared memory

       -size <width>x<height>{+offset}
              width and height of the image

       -text-font <name>
              font for writing fixed-width text

       -title <string>
              assign title to displayed image [animate, display, montage]

       -treedepth <value>
              tree depth for the color reduction algorithm

       -trim  trim an image

       -type <type>
              the image type

       -verbose
              print detailed information about the image

       -version
              print GraphicsMagick version string

       -visual <type>
              animate images using this X visual type

       -window <id>
              make image the background of a window

              For a more detailed description of each option, see Options, above.

              Any option you specify on the command line remains  in  effect  for  the  group  of
              images  following it, until the group is terminated by the appearance of any option
              or -noop.  For example, to animate three images, the  first  with  32  colors,  the
              second with an unlimited number of colors, and the third with only 16 colors, use:

                  gm animate -colors 32 cockatoo.1 -noop cockatoo.2
                           -colors 16 cockatoo.3

              Animate  options  can  appear  on the command line or in your X resources file. See
              X(1). Options on the command line supersede values specified in  your  X  resources
              file.   Image  filenames  may  appear in any order on the command line if the image
              format is MIFF (refer to miff(5) and the scene keyword is specified in  the  image.
              Otherwise the images will display in the order they appear on the command line.

MOUSE BUTTONS

       Press  any  button  to  map  or  unmap  the  Command widget. See the next section for more
       information about the Command widget.

COMMAND WIDGET

       The Command widget lists a number of sub-menus and commands. They are

           Animate

               Open
               Play
               Step
               Repeat
               Auto Reverse

           Speed

               Faster
               Slower

           Direction

               Forward
               Reverse

           Image Info
           Help
           Quit

       Menu items with a indented triangle have a sub-menu. They are  represented  above  as  the
       indented  items.  To  access a sub-menu item, move the pointer to the appropriate menu and
       press a button and drag. When you find the desired sub-menu item, release the  button  and
       the  command  is  executed.   Move the pointer away from the sub-menu if you decide not to
       execute a particular command.

KEYBOARD ACCELERATORS

               Ctl+O

                    Press to load an image from a file.
               space

                    Press to display the next image in the sequence.
               <

                    Press to speed-up the display of  the  images.   Refer  to  -delay  for  more
                    information.
               >

                    Press  to  slow  the  display  of  the  images.   Refer  to  -delay  for more
                    information.
               ?

                    Press to display information about the image.  Press any  key  or  button  to
                    erase the information.
                    This information is printed: image name;  image size; and the total number of
                    unique colors in the image.
               F1

                    Press to display helpful information about animate(1).
               Ctl-q

                    Press to discard all images and exit program.

X RESOURCES

       Animate options can appear on the command line or in your X resource file. Options on  the
       command  line  supersede  values  specified  in  your  X  resource file. See X(1) for more
       information on X resources.

       All animate options have a corresponding X resource. In addition, the animate program uses
       the following X resources:

               background (class Background)

                    Specifies  the  preferred  color  to use for the Image window background. The
                    default is #ccc.
               borderColor (class BorderColor)

                    Specifies the preferred color to use for the Image window border. The default
                    is #ccc.
               borderWidth (class BorderWidth)

                    Specifies the width in pixels of the Image window border. The default is 2.
               font (class Font or FontList)

                    Specifies  the  name  of  the preferred font to use in normal formatted text.
                    The default is 14 point Helvetica.
               foreground (class Foreground)

                    Specifies the preferred color to use for text within the Image  window.   The
                    default is black.
               geometry (class geometry)

                    Specifies  the  preferred  size  and  position of the image window. It is not
                    necessarily obeyed by all window managers.  Offsets, if present, are  handled
                    in  X(1)  style.   A negative x offset is measured from the right edge of the
                    screen to the right edge of the icon, and a negative  y  offset  is  measured
                    from the bottom edge of the screen to the bottom edge of the icon.
               iconGeometry (class IconGeometry)

                    Specifies  the preferred size and position of the application when iconified.
                    It is not necessarily obeyed by all window managers.   Offsets,  if  present,
                    are handled in the same manner as in class Geometry.
               iconic (class Iconic)

                    This  resource indicates that you would prefer that the application's windows
                    initially not be visible as if the windows had be  immediately  iconified  by
                    you. Window managers may choose not to honor the application's request.
               matteColor (class MatteColor)

                    Specify  the  color  of  windows.  It is used for the backgrounds of windows,
                    menus, and notices. A 3D effect is achieved by  using  highlight  and  shadow
                    colors derived from this color. Default value: #ddd.
               name (class Name)

                    This  resource  specifies  the name under which resources for the application
                    should be found. This resource is useful  in  shell  aliases  to  distinguish
                    between invocations of an application, without resorting to creating links to
                    alter the executable file name. The default is the application name.
               sharedMemory (class SharedMemory)

                    This resource specifies whether animate should attempt use shared memory  for
                    pixmaps.  ImageMagick  must  be  compiled with shared memory support, and the
                    display must support the  MIT-SHM  extension.  Otherwise,  this  resource  is
                    ignored. The default is True.
               text_font (class textFont)

                    Specifies  the  name of the preferred font to use in fixed (typewriter style)
                    formatted text. The default is 14 point Courier.
               title (class Title)

                    This resource specifies the title to be  used  for  the  Image  window.  This
                    information  is  sometimes  used  by a window manager to provide some sort of
                    header identifying the window. The default is the image file name.

GM BATCH

DESCRIPTION

       batch executes an arbitary number of the utility commands (e.g. convert) in the form of  a
       simple  linear  batch script in order to improve execution efficiency, and/or to allow use
       as a subordinate co-process under the control of an arbitrary script or program.

EXAMPLES

        To drive 'gm batch' using a shell script (or a program written in any language), have the
       script/program  send commands to 'gm batch' via its standard input.  Specify that standard
       input should be used by using '-' as the file name.  The following  example  converts  all
       files matching '*.jpg' to TIFF format while rotating each file by 90 degrees and stripping
       all embedded profiles.  The shell script syntax is standard Unix shell:

         for file in *.jpg
         do
           outfile=`basename $file .jpg`.tiff
           echo convert -verbose "'$file'" -rotate 90 \
           +profile "'*'" "'$outfile'"
         done | gm batch -echo on -feedback on -

       We can accomplish the same as the previous example by putting all the commands in  a  text
       file and then specifying the name of the text file as the script to execute:

         for file in *.jpg
         do
           outfile=`basename $file .jpg`.tiff
           echo convert -verbose "'$file'" -rotate 90 \
           +profile "'*'" "'$outfile'"
         done > script.txt
         gm batch -echo on -feedback on script.txt

OPTIONS

       Options are processed from left to right and must appear before any filename argument.

       -echo on|off
              command echo on or off

              Specify on to enable echoing commands to standard output as they are read or off to
              disable.  The default is off.

       -escape unix|windows
              Parse using unix or windows syntax

              Commands must be parsed from the input stream and escaping  needs  to  be  used  to
              protect  spaces  or quoting characters in the input. Specify unix to use unix-style
              command line parsing or windows for Microsoft Windows command shell style  parsing.
              The  default  depends on if the software is compiled for Microsoft Windows or for a
              Unix-type system (including Cygwin on Microsoft Windows).  It is recommended to use
              unix syntax because it is more powerful and more portable.

       -fail text
              text to print if a command fails

              When  feedback is enabled, this specifies the text to print when the command fails.
              The default text is FAIL.

       -feedback on|off
              enable error feedback

              Print text (see -pass and -fail options) feedback after each  command  to  indicate
              the result, the default is off.

       -help

              Prints batch command help.

       -pass text
              text to print if a command passes

              When feedback is enabled, this specifies the text to print when the command passes.
              The default text is PASS.

       -prompt text
              Prompt text to use for command line

              If no filename argument was specified, a simple command prompt  appears  where  you
              may  enter GraphicsMagick commands.  The default prompt is GM>.  Use this option to
              change the prompt to something else.

       -stop-on-error on|off
              Specify if command processing stops on error

              Normally command processing continues if a command encounters  an  error.   Specify
              -stop-on-error on to cause processing to quit immediately on error.

GM BENCHMARK

DESCRIPTION

       benchmark  executes  an arbitrary gm utility command (e.g. convert) for one or more loops,
       and/or a specified execution time, and reports many execution metrics.  For  builds  using
       OpenMP,  a  mode is provided to execute the benchmark with an increasing number of threads
       and provide a report of speedup and multi-thread execution efficiency.   If  benchmark  is
       used  to  execute  a command without any additional benchmark options, then the command is
       run once.

EXAMPLES

       To obtain benchmark information for a single execution of a command:

           gm benchmark convert input.ppm -gaussian 0x1 output.ppm

       To obtain benchmark information from 100 iterations of the command:

           gm benchmark -iterations 100 convert input.ppm \
             -gaussian 0x1 output.ppm

       To obtain benchmark information by iterating the command until a specified amount of  time
       (in seconds) has been consumed:

           gm benchmark -duration 30 convert input.ppm \
             -gaussian 0x1 output.ppm

       To  obtain  a  full performance report with an increasing number of threads (1-32 threads,
       stepping the number of threads by four each time):

           gm benchmark -duration 3 -stepthreads 4 convert \
             input.ppm -gaussian 0x2 output.ppm

       Here is the interpretation of the output:

           threads - number of threads used.
           iter - number of command iterations executed.
           user - total user time consumed.
           total - total elapsed time consumed.
           iter/s - number of command iterations per second.
           iter/cpu - amount of CPU time consumed per iteration.
           speedup - speedup compared with one thread.
           karp-flatt - Karp-Flatt measure of speedup efficiency.

       Please note that the reported "speedup" is based on the execution time of just one thread.
       A  preliminary  warm-up  pass is used before timing the first loop in order to ensure that
       the CPU is brought out of power-saving modes and that system caches are warmed  up.   Most
       modern  CPUs  provide  a  "turbo"  mode  where the CPU clock speed is increased (e.g. by a
       factor of two) when only one or two cores are active.  If the CPU  grows  excessively  hot
       (due  to insufficient cooling), then it may dial back its clock rates as a form of thermal
       management.  These factors result in an under-reporting of speedup compared to if  "turbo"
       mode  was  disabled  and  the  CPU  does  not need to worry about thermal management.  The
       powertop utility available under Linux and Solaris provides a  way  to  observe  CPU  core
       clock rates while a benchmark is running.

OPTIONS

        Options are processed from left to right and must appear before any argument.

       -duration duration
              duration  to  run benchmark Specify the number of seconds to run the benchmark. The
              command is executed repeatedly until the specified amount of time has elapsed.

       -help

              Prints benchmark command help.

       -iterations loops
              number of command iterations Specify the number of iterations to run the benchmark.
              The  command  is  executed  repeatedly until the specified number of iterations has
              been reached.

       -rawcsv
              Print results in CSV format Print results in a comma-separated value  (CSV)  format
              which  is  easy  to parse for plotting or importing into a spreadsheet or database.
              The values reported are threads, iterations, user_time, and elapsed_time.

       -stepthreads step
              execute a per-thread benchmark ramp
               Execute a per-thread benchmark ramp, incrementing the number of  threads  at  each
              step  by  the  specified  value.   The  maximum number of threads is taken from the
              standard OMP_NUM_THREADS environment variable.

GM COMPARE

       compare compares two similar images using a specified  statistical  method  (see  -metric)
       and/or  by  writing  a difference image (-file), with the altered pixels annotated using a
       specified method (see -highlight-style) and color (see -highlight-color).  Reference-image
       is  the  original  image and compare-image is the (possibly) altered version, which should
       have the same dimensions as reference-image.

EXAMPLES

       To compare two images using Mean Square Error (MSE) statistical analysis use:

           gm compare -metric mse original.miff compare.miff

       To create an annotated difference image use:

           gm compare -algorithm annotate -highlight-color purple
                   -file diff.miff original.miff compare.miff

OPTIONS

       Options are processed in command line order. Any option you specify on  the  command  line
       remains in effect only for the image that follows.  All options are reset to their default
       values after each image is read.

       For a more detailed description of each option, see Options, above.

       -authenticate <string>
              decrypt image with this password

       -colorspace <value>
              the type of colorspace

       -debug <events>
              enable debug printout

       -define <key>{=<value>},...
              add coder/decoder specific options

       -density <width>x<height>
              horizontal and vertical resolution in pixels of the image

       -depth <value>
              depth of the image

       -display <host:display[.screen]>
              specifies the X server to contact

       -endian <type>
              specify endianness (MSB, LSB, or Native) of image

       -file <filename>
              write annotated difference image to file

       -help  print usage instructions

       -highlight-color <color>
              pixel annotation color

       -highlight-style <style>
              pixel annotation style

       -interlace <type>
              the type of interlacing scheme

       -limit <type> <value>
              Disk, File, Map, Memory, Pixels, or Threads resource limit

       -log <string>
              Specify format for debug log

       -matte store matte channel if the image has one

       -maximum-error <limit>
              specifies the maximum amount of total image error

       -metric <metric>
              comparison metric (MAE, MSE, PAE, PSNR, RMSE)

       -monitor
              show progress indication

       -sampling-factor <horizontal_factor>x<vertical_factor>
              chroma subsampling factors

       -size <width>x<height>{+offset}
              width and height of the image

       -type <type>
              the image type

       -verbose
              print detailed information about the image

       -version
              print GraphicsMagick version string

              For a more detailed description of each option, see Options, above.

GM COMPOSITE

       composite composites (combines) images to create new images.  base-image is the base image
       and  change-image  contains  the changes.  ouput-image is the result, and normally has the
       same dimensions as base-image.

       The optional mask-image can be used to provide opacity information for  change-image  when
       it  has none or if you want a different mask.  A mask image is typically grayscale and the
       same size as base-image. If mask-image is not grayscale, it is converted to grayscale  and
       the resulting intensities are used as opacity information.

EXAMPLES

       To composite an image of a cockatoo with a perch, use:

           gm composite cockatoo.miff perch.ras composite.miff

       To compute the difference between images in a series, use:

           gm composite -compose difference series.2 series.1
                     difference.miff

       To composite an image of a cockatoo with a perch starting at location (100,150), use:

           gm composite -geometry +100+150 cockatoo.miff
                     perch.ras composite.miff

       To tile a logo across your image of a cockatoo, use

           gm convert +shade 30x60 cockatoo.miff mask.miff
           gm composite -compose bumpmap -tile logo.png
                     cockatoo.miff mask.miff composite.miff

       To composite a red, green, and blue color plane into a single composite image, try

           gm composite -compose CopyGreen green.png red.png
                     red-green.png
           gm composite -compose CopyBlue blue.png red-green.png
                     gm composite.png

OPTIONS

       Options  are  processed  in command line order. Any option you specify on the command line
       remains in effect only for the image that follows.  All options are reset to their default
       values after each image is read.

       For a more detailed description of each option, see Options, above.

       -authenticate <string>
              decrypt image with this password

       -background <color>
              the background color

       -blue-primary <x>,<y>
              blue chromaticity primary point

       -colors <value>
              preferred number of colors in the image

       -colorspace <value>
              the type of colorspace

       -comment <string>
              annotate an image with a comment

       -compose <operator>
              the type of image composition

       -compress <type>
              the type of image compression

       -debug <events>
              enable debug printout

       -define <key>{=<value>},...
              add coder/decoder specific options

       -density <width>x<height>
              horizontal and vertical resolution in pixels of the image

       -depth <value>
              depth of the image

       -displace <horizontal scale>x<vertical scale>
              shift image pixels as defined by a displacement map

       -display <host:display[.screen]>
              specifies the X server to contact

       -dispose <method>
              GIF disposal method

       -dissolve <percent>
              dissolve an image into another by the given percent

       -dither
              apply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to the image

       -encoding <type>
              specify the text encoding

       -endian <type>
              specify endianness (MSB, LSB, or Native) of image

       -filter <type>
              use this type of filter when resizing an image

       -font <name>
              use this font when annotating the image with text

       -geometry <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}{@}{!}{^}{<}{>}
              preferred size and location of the Image window.

       -gravity <type>
              direction primitive  gravitates to when annotating the image.

       -green-primary <x>,<y>
              green chromaticity primary point

       -help  print usage instructions

       -interlace <type>
              the type of interlacing scheme

       -label <name>
              assign a label to an image

       -limit <type> <value>
              Disk, File, Map, Memory, Pixels, or Threads resource limit

       -log <string>
              Specify format for debug log

       -matte store matte channel if the image has one

       -monitor
              show progress indication

       -monochrome
              transform the image to black and white

       -negate
              replace every pixel with its complementary color

       -page <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}{!}{<}{>}
              size and location of an image canvas

       -profile <filename>
              add ICM, IPTC, or generic profile  to image

       -quality <value>
              JPEG/MIFF/PNG/TIFF compression level

       -recolor <matrix>
              apply a color translation matrix to image channels

       -red-primary <x>,<y>
              red chromaticity primary point

       -render
              render vector operations

       -repage  <width>x<height>+xoff+yoff[!]
              Adjust image page offsets

       -resize <width>x<height>{%}{@}{!}{<}{>}
              resize an image

       -rotate <degrees>{<}{>}
              rotate the image

       -sampling-factor <horizontal_factor>x<vertical_factor>
              chroma subsampling factors

       -scene <value>
              set scene number

       -set <attribute> <value>
              set an image attribut

       -sharpen <radius>{x<sigma>}
              sharpen the image

       -size <width>x<height>{+offset}
              width and height of the image

       -stegano <offset>
              hide watermark within an image

       -stereo
              composite two images to create a stereo anaglyph

       -strip remove all profiles and text attributes from the image

       -thumbnail <width>x<height>{%}{@}{!}{<}{>}
              resize an image (quickly)

       -treedepth <value>
              tree depth for the color reduction algorithm

       -trim  trim an image

       -type <type>
              the image type

       -units <type>
              the units of image resolution

       -unsharp <radius>{x<sigma>}{+<amount>}{+<threshold>}
              sharpen the image with an unsharp mask operator

       -verbose
              print detailed information about the image

       -version
              print GraphicsMagick version string

       -watermark <brightness>x<saturation>
              percent brightness and saturation of a watermark

       -white-point <x>,<y>
              chromaticity white point

       -write <filename>
              write an intermediate image [convert, composite]

              For a more detailed description of each option, see Options, above.

GM CONJURE

       The  Magick  scripting language (MSL) will primarily benefit those that want to accomplish
       custom image processing tasks but do not wish to program, or those that do not have access
       to  a  Perl  interpreter  or a compiler.  The interpreter is called conjure and here is an
       example script:

           <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
           <image size="400x400" >
             <read filename="image.gif" />
             <get width="base-width" height="base-height" />
             <resize geometry="%[dimensions]" />
             <get width="width" height="height" />
             <print output=
               "Image sized from %[base-width]x%[base-height]
                to %[width]x%[height].\n" />
             <write filename="image.png" />
           </image>

       invoked with

           gm conjure -dimensions 400x400 incantation.msl

       All operations will closely follow the  key/value  pairs  defined  in  PerlMagick,  unless
       otherwise noted.

OPTIONS

       Options  are  processed  in command line order. Any option you specify on the command line
       remains in effect until it is explicitly changed by specifying the  option  again  with  a
       different effect, or if it is changed by a statement in the scripting language.

       You  can define your own keyword/value pairs on the command line.  The script can then use
       this information when setting values by including %[keyword] in the string.  For  example,
       if  you included "-dimensions 400x400" on the command line, as illustrated above, then any
       string containing "%[dimensions]" would have 400x400 substituted.  The "%[string]" can  be
       used  either  an  entire string, such as geometry="%[dimensions]" or as a part of a string
       such as filename="%[basename].png".

       The keyword can be any string except for the following reserved  strings  (in  any  upper,
       lower, or mixed case variant): debug, help, and verbose, whose usage is described below.

       The  value  can be any string.  If either the keyword or the value contains white space or
       any symbols that have special meanings to your shell such as "#", "|", or "%", enclose the
       string in quotation marks or use "\" to escape the white space and special symbols.

       Keywords  and values are case dependent.  "Key", "key", and "KEY" would be three different
       keywords.

       For a more detailed description of each option, see Options, above.

       -debug <events>
              enable debug printout

       -define <key>{=<value>},...
              add coder/decoder specific options

       -help  print usage instructions

       -log <string>
              Specify format for debug log

       -verbose
              print detailed information about the image

       -version
              print GraphicsMagick version string

MAGICK SCRIPTING LANGUAGE

       The Magick Scripting Language (MSL) presently defines the  following  elements  and  their
       attributes:

               <image>

                    background, color, id, size

                    Define  a  new  image  object.  </image> destroys it. Because of this, if you
                    wish to reference multiple "subimages" (aka pages or layers), you  can  embed
                    one image element inside of another. For example:

                        <image>
                        <read filename="input.png" />
                        <get width="base-width" height="base-height" />
                        <image height="base-height" width="base-width">
                        <image />
                        <write filename="output.mng" />
                        </image>

                        <image size="400x400" />

               <group>

                    Define  a  new group of image objects.  By default, images are only valid for
                    the life of their <image>element.

                        <image>   -- creates the image
                        .....     -- do stuff with it
                        </image>  -- dispose of the image

                    However, in a group, all images in that group will stay around for  the  life
                    of the group:

                        <group>                           -- start a group
                            <image>                       -- create an image
                            ....                          -- do stuff
                            </image>                      -- NOOP
                            <image>                       -- create another image
                            ....                          -- do more stuff
                            </image>                      -- NOOP
                            <write filename="image.mng" />  -- output
                        </group>                          -- dispose of both images

               <read>

                        filename

                    Read a new image from a disk file.

                        <read filename="image.gif" />

                    To read two images use

                        <read filename="image.gif" />
                        <read filename="image.png />

               <write>

                        filename
                    Write  the  image(s)  to  disk,  either  as  a  single multiple-image file or
                    multiple ones if necessary.

                         <write filename=image.tiff" />

               <get>

                    Get any attribute recognized by PerlMagick's GetAttribute() and stores it  as
                    an  image  attribute  for  later  use.  Currently  only  width and height are
                    supported.

                        <get width="base-width" height="base-height" />
                        <print output="Image size is %[base-width]x%[base-height].\n" />

               <set>

                    background, bordercolor, clip-mask, colorspace, density, magick,  mattecolor,
                    opacity.  Set an attribute recognized by PerlMagick's GetAttribute().
               <profile>

                        [profilename]

                    Read one or more IPTC, ICC or generic profiles from file and assign to image

                        <profile iptc="profile.iptc" generic="generic.dat" />

                    To remove a specified profile use "!" as the filename eg

                        <profile icm="!" iptc="profile.iptc" />

               <border>

                        fill, geometry, height, width
               <blur>

                        radius, sigma
               <charcoal>

                        radius, sigma
               <chop>

                        geometry, height, width, x, y
               <crop>

                        geometry, height, width, x, y
               <composite>

                        compose, geometry, gravity, image, x, y

                        <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
                        <group>
                            <image id="image_01">
                                <read filename="cloud3.gif"/>
                                <resize geometry="250x90"/>
                            </image>
                            <image id="image_02">
                                <read filename="cloud4.gif"/>
                                <resize geometry="190x100"/>
                            </image>
                            <image>
                                <read filename="background.jpg"/>
                                <composite image="image_01" geometry="+740+470"/>
                                <composite image="image_02" geometry="+390+415"/>
                            </image>
                            <write filename="result.png"/>
                        </group>

               <despeckle>

               <emboss>

                        radius, sigma
               <enhance>

               <equalize>

               <edge>

                        radius
               <flip>

               <flop>

               <frame>

                        fill, geometry, height, width, x, y, inner, outer
               <flatten>

               <get>

                        height, width
               <gamma>

                        red, green, blue
               <image>

                        background, color, id, size
               <implode>

                        amount
               <magnify>

               <minify>

               <medianfilter>

                        radius
               <normalize>

               <oilpaint>

                        radius
               <print>

                        output
               <profile>

                        [profilename]
               <read>

               <resize>

                        blur, filter, geometry, height, width
               <roll>

                        geometry, x, y
               <rotate>

                        degrees
               <reducenoise>

                        radius
               <sample>

                        geometry, height, width
               <scale>

                        geometry, height, width
               <sharpen>

                        radius, sigma
               <shave>

                        geometry, height, width
               <shear>

                        x, y
               <solarize>

                        threshold
               <spread>

                        radius
               <stegano>

                        image
               <stereo>

                        image
               <swirl>

                        degrees
               <texture>

                        image
               <threshold>

                        threshold
               <transparent>

                        color
               <trim>

GM CONVERT

       Convert  converts  an input file using one image format to an output file with a differing
       image format. In addition, various types of image  processing  can  be  performed  on  the
       converted image during the conversion process. Convert recognizes the image formats listed
       in GraphicsMagick(1).

EXAMPLES

       To make a thumbnail of a JPEG image, use:

           gm convert -size 120x120 cockatoo.jpg -resize 120x120
                   +profile "*" thumbnail.jpg

       In this example, '-size 120x120' gives a hint to the JPEG decoder that the image is  going
       to  be  downscaled  to  120x120,  allowing  it  to  run faster by avoiding returning full-
       resolution images to GraphicsMagick for the subsequent resizing operation.   The  ´-resize
       120x120'  specifies  the desired dimensions of the output image.  It will be scaled so its
       largest dimension is 120 pixels.  The ´+profile "*"' removes any ICM, EXIF, IPTC, or other
       profiles that might be present in the input and aren't needed in the thumbnail.

       To convert a MIFF image of a cockatoo to a SUN raster image, use:

           gm convert cockatoo.miff sun:cockatoo.ras

       To convert a multi-page PostScript document to individual FAX pages, use:

           gm convert -monochrome document.ps fax:page

       To  convert  a  TIFF  image  to a PostScript A4 page with the image in the lower left-hand
       corner, use:

           gm convert -page A4+0+0 image.tiff document.ps

       To convert a raw Gray image with a 128 byte header to a portable graymap, use:

           gm convert -depth 8 -size 768x512+128 gray:raw
                   image.pgm

       In this example, "raw" is the input file.  Its format is "gray" and it has the  dimensions
       and number of header bytes specified by the -size option and the sample depth specified by
       the -depth option.  The output file is  "image.pgm".   The  suffix  ".pgm"  specifies  its
       format.

       To convert a Photo CD image to a TIFF image, use:

           gm convert -size 1536x1024 img0009.pcd image.tiff
           gm convert img0009.pcd[4] image.tiff

       To create a visual image directory of all your JPEG images, use:

           gm convert 'vid:*.jpg' directory.miff

       To annotate an image with blue text using font 12x24 at position (100,100), use:

           gm convert -font helvetica -fill blue
                   -draw "text 100,100 Cockatoo"
                   bird.jpg bird.miff

       To tile a 640x480 image with a JPEG texture with bumps use:

           gm convert -size 640x480 tile:bumps.jpg tiled.png

       To surround an icon with an ornamental border to use with Mosaic(1), use:

           gm convert -mattecolor "#697B8F" -frame 6x6 bird.jpg
                   icon.png

       To create a MNG animation from a DNA molecule sequence, use:

           gm convert -delay 20 dna.* dna.mng

OPTIONS

       Options  are  processed  in command line order. Any option you specify on the command line
       remains in effect for the set of images that follows, until the set is terminated  by  the
       appearance  of  any  option or -noop.  Some options only affect the decoding of images and
       others only the encoding.  The latter can appear after the final group of input images.

       For a more detailed description of each option, see Options, above.

       -adjoin
              join images into a single multi-image file

       -affine <matrix>
              drawing transform matrix

       -antialias
              remove pixel aliasing

       -append
              append a set of images

        -asc-cdl <spec>
              apply ASC CDL color transform

       -authenticate <string>
              decrypt image with this password

       -auto-orient
              orient (rotate) image so it is upright

       -average
              average a set of images

       -background <color>
              the background color

       -black-threshold red[,green][,blue][,opacity]
              pixels below the threshold become black

       -blue-primary <x>,<y>
              blue chromaticity primary point

       -blur <radius>{x<sigma>}
              blur the image with a Gaussian operator

       -border <width>x<height>
              surround the image with a border of color

       -bordercolor <color>
              the border color

       -box <color>
              set the color of the annotation bounding box

       -channel <type>
              the type of channel

       -charcoal <factor>
              simulate a charcoal drawing

       -chop <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}
              remove pixels from the interior of an image

       -clip  apply the clipping path, if one is present

       -coalesce
              merge a sequence of images

       -colorize <value>
              colorize the image with the pen color

       -colors <value>
              preferred number of colors in the image

       -colorspace <value>
              the type of colorspace

       -comment <string>
              annotate an image with a comment

       -compose <operator>
              the type of image composition

       -compress <type>
              the type of image compression

       -contrast
              enhance or reduce the image contrast

       -convolve <kernel>
              convolve image with the specified convolution kernel

       -crop <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}
              preferred size and location of the cropped image

       -cycle <amount>
              displace image colormap by amount

       -debug <events>
              enable debug printout

       -deconstruct
              break down an image sequence into constituent parts

       -define <key>{=<value>},...
              add coder/decoder specific options

       -delay <1/100ths of a second>
              display the next image after pausing

       -density <width>x<height>
              horizontal and vertical resolution in pixels of the image

       -depth <value>
              depth of the image

       -despeckle
              reduce the speckles within an image

       -display <host:display[.screen]>
              specifies the X server to contact

       -dispose <method>
              GIF disposal method

       -dither
              apply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to the image

       -draw <string>
              annotate an image with one or more graphic primitives

       -edge <radius>
              detect edges within an image

       -emboss <radius>
              emboss an image

       -encoding <type>
              specify the text encoding

       -endian <type>
              specify endianness (MSB, LSB, or Native) of image

       -enhance
              apply a digital filter to enhance a noisy image

       -equalize
              perform histogram equalization to the image

       -extent <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>
              composite image on background color canvas image

       -fill <color>
              color to use when filling a graphic primitive

       -filter <type>
              use this type of filter when resizing an image

       -flatten
              flatten a sequence of images

       -flip  create a "mirror image"

       -flop  create a "mirror image"

       -font <name>
              use this font when annotating the image with text

       -format <string>
              output formatted image characteristics

       -frame <width>x<height>+<outer bevel width>+<inner bevel width>
              surround the image with an ornamental border

       -fuzz <distance>{%}
              colors within this Euclidean distance are considered equal

       -gamma <value>
              level of gamma correction

       -gaussian <radius>{x<sigma>}
              blur the image with a Gaussian operator

       -geometry <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}{@}{!}{^}{<}{>}
              preferred size and location of the Image window.

       -gravity <type>
              direction primitive  gravitates to when annotating the image.

       -green-primary <x>,<y>
              green chromaticity primary point

       -hald-clut <clut>
              apply a Hald CLUT to the image

       -help  print usage instructions

       -implode <factor>
              implode image pixels about the center

       -intent <type>
              use this type of rendering intent when managing the image color

       -interlace <type>
              the type of interlacing scheme

       -label <name>
              assign a label to an image

       -lat <width>x<height>{+-}<offset>{%}
              perform local adaptive thresholding

       -level <black_point>{,<gamma>}{,<white_point>}{%}
              adjust the level of image contrast

       -limit <type> <value>
              Disk, File, Map, Memory, Pixels, or Threads resource limit

       -list <type>
              the type of list

       -log <string>
              Specify format for debug log

       -loop <iterations>
              add Netscape loop extension to your GIF animation

       -magnify
              magnify the image

       -map <filename>
              choose a particular set of colors from this image

       -mask <filename>
              Specify a clipping mask

       -matte store matte channel if the image has one

       -mattecolor <color>
              specify the color to be used with the -frame option

       -median <radius>
              apply a median filter to the image

       -minify <factor>
              minify the image

       -modulate brightness[,saturation[,hue]]
              vary the brightness, saturation, and hue of an image

       -monitor
              show progress indication

       -monochrome
              transform the image to black and white

       -morph <frames>
              morphs an image sequence

       -mosaic
              create a mosaic from an image or an image sequence

       -motion-blur <radius>{x<sigma>}{+angle}
              Simulate motion blur

       -negate
              replace every pixel with its complementary color

       -noise <radius|type>
              add or reduce noise in an image

       -noop  NOOP (no option)

       -normalize
              transform image to span the full range of color values

       -opaque <color>
              change this color to the pen color within the image

       -operator channel operator rvalue[%]
              apply a mathematical, bitwise, or value operator to an image channel

       -ordered-dither <channeltype> <NxN>
              ordered dither the image

       -orient <orientation>
              Set the image orientation attribute

       -page <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}{!}{<}{>}
              size and location of an image canvas

       -paint <radius>
              simulate an oil painting

       -pen <color>
              (This option has been replaced by the -fill option)

       -ping  efficiently determine image characteristics

       -pointsize <value>
              pointsize of the PostScript, X11, or TrueType font

       -preview <type>
              image preview type

       -process <command>
              process a sequence of images using a process module

       -profile <filename>
              add ICM, IPTC, or generic profile  to image

       -quality <value>
              JPEG/MIFF/PNG/TIFF compression level

       -raise <width>x<height>
              lighten or darken image edges

       -random-threshold <channeltype> <LOWxHIGH>
              random threshold the image

       -recolor <matrix>
              apply a color translation matrix to image channels

       -red-primary <x>,<y>
              red chromaticity primary point

       -region <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>
              apply options to a portion of the image

       -render
              render vector operations

       -repage  <width>x<height>+xoff+yoff[!]
              Adjust image page offsets

       -resample <horizontal>x<vertical>
              Resample image to specified horizontal and vertical resolution

       -resize <width>x<height>{%}{@}{!}{<}{>}
              resize an image

       -roll {+-}<x>{+-}<y>
              roll an image vertically or horizontally

       -rotate <degrees>{<}{>}
              rotate the image

       -sample <geometry>
              scale image using pixel sampling

       -sampling-factor <horizontal_factor>x<vertical_factor>
              chroma subsampling factors

       -scale <geometry>
              scale the image.

       -scene <value>
              set scene number

       -set <attribute> <value>
              set an image attribut

       -segment <cluster threshold>x<smoothing threshold>
              segment an image

       -shade <azimuth>x<elevation>
              shade the image using a distant light source

       -sharpen <radius>{x<sigma>}
              sharpen the image

       -shave <width>x<height>{%}
              shave pixels from the image edges

       -shear <x degrees>x<y degrees>
              shear the image along the X or Y axis

       -size <width>x<height>{+offset}
              width and height of the image

       -solarize <factor>
              negate all pixels above the threshold level

       -spread <amount>
              displace image pixels by a random amount

       -strip remove all profiles and text attributes from the image

       -stroke <color>
              color to use when stroking a graphic primitive

       -strokewidth <value>
              set the stroke width

       -swirl <degrees>
              swirl image pixels about the center

       -texture <filename>
              name of texture to tile onto the image background

       -threshold <value>{%}
              threshold the image

       -thumbnail <width>x<height>{%}{@}{!}{<}{>}
              resize an image (quickly)

       -tile <filename>
              tile image when filling a graphic primitive

       -transform
              transform the image

       -transparent <color>
              make this color transparent within the image

       -treedepth <value>
              tree depth for the color reduction algorithm

       -trim  trim an image

       -type <type>
              the image type

       -units <type>
              the units of image resolution

       -unsharp <radius>{x<sigma>}{+<amount>}{+<threshold>}
              sharpen the image with an unsharp mask operator

       -use-pixmap
              use the pixmap

       -verbose
              print detailed information about the image

       -version
              print GraphicsMagick version string

       -view <string>
              FlashPix viewing parameters

       -virtual-pixel <method>
              specify contents of "virtual pixels"

       -wave <amplitude>x<wavelength>
              alter an image along a sine wave

       -white-point <x>,<y>
              chromaticity white point

       -white-threshold red[,green][,blue][,opacity]
              pixels above the threshold become white

       -write <filename>
              write an intermediate image [convert, composite]

              For a more detailed description of each option, see Options, above.

GM DISPLAY

       Display is a machine architecture independent image processing and display program. It can
       display an image on any workstation screen running an X server. Display can read and write
       many of the more popular image formats (e.g. JPEG, TIFF, PNM, Photo CD, etc.).

       With display, you can perform these functions on an image:

                o  load an image from a file
                o  display the next image
                o  display the former image
                o  display a sequence of images as a slide show
                o  write the image to a file
                o  print the image to a PostScript printer
                o  delete the image file
                o  create a Visual Image Directory
                o  select the image to display by its thumbnail rather than name
                o  undo last image transformation
                o  copy a region of the image
                o  paste a region to the image
                o  restore the image to its original size
                o  refresh the image
                o  half the image size
                o  double the image size
                o  resize the image
                o  crop the image
                o  cut the image
                o  flop image in the horizontal direction
                o  flip image in the vertical direction
                o  rotate the image 90 degrees clockwise
                o  rotate the image 90 degrees counter-clockwise
                o  rotate the image
                o  shear the image
                o  roll the image
                o  trim the image edges
                o  invert the colors of the image
                o  vary the color brightness
                o  vary the color saturation
                o  vary the image hue
                o  gamma correct the image
                o  sharpen the image contrast
                o  dull the image contrast
                o  perform histogram equalization on the image
                o  perform histogram normalization on the image
                o  negate the image colors
                o  convert the image to grayscale
                o  set the maximum number of unique colors in the image
                o  reduce the speckles within an image
                o  eliminate peak noise from an image
                o  detect edges within the image
                o  emboss an image
                o  segment the image by color
                o  simulate an oil painting
                o  simulate a charcoal drawing
                o  annotate the image with text
                o  draw on the image
                o  edit an image pixel color
                o  edit the image matte information
                o  composite an image with another
                o  add a border to the image
                o  surround image with an ornamental border
                o  apply image processing techniques to a region of interest
                o  display information about the image
                o  zoom a portion of the image
                o  show a histogram of the image
                o  display image to background of a window
                o  set user preferences
                o  display information about this program
                o  discard all images and exit program
                o  change the level of magnification
                o  display images specified by a World Wide Web (WWW)  uniform  resource  locator
               (URL)

EXAMPLES

       To  scale  an  image of a cockatoo to exactly 640 pixels in width and 480 pixels in height
       and position the window at location (200,200), use:

           gm display -geometry 640x480+200+200! cockatoo.miff

       To display an image of a cockatoo without a border centered on a backdrop, use:

           gm display +borderwidth -backdrop cockatoo.miff

       To tile a slate texture onto the root window, use:

           gm display -size 1280x1024 -window root slate.png

       To display a visual image directory of all your JPEG images, use:

           gm display 'vid:*.jpg'

       To display a MAP image that is 640 pixels in width and  480  pixels  in  height  with  256
       colors, use:

           gm display -size 640x480+256 cockatoo.map

       To  display  an image of a cockatoo specified with a World Wide Web (WWW) uniform resource
       locator (URL), use:

           gm display ftp://wizards.dupont.com/images/cockatoo.jpg

       To display histogram of an image, use:

           gm gm convert file.jpg HISTOGRAM:- | gm display -

OPTIONS

       Options are processed in command line order. Any option you specify on  the  command  line
       remains  in  effect  until  it is explicitly changed by specifying the option again with a
       different effect. For example to display three images,  the  first  with  32  colors,  the
       second with an unlimited number of colors, and the third with only 16 colors, use:

           gm display -colors 32 cockatoo.miff -noop duck.miff
                        -colors 16 macaw.miff

       Display  options  can  appear  on  the command line or in your X resources file. See X(1).
       Options on the command line supersede values specified in your X resources file.

       For a more detailed description of each option, see Options, above.

       -authenticate <string>
              decrypt image with this password

       -backdrop
              display the image centered on a backdrop.

       -background <color>
              the background color

       -border <width>x<height>
              surround the image with a border of color

       -bordercolor <color>
              the border color

       -borderwidth <geometry>
              the border width

       -colormap <type>
              define the colormap type

       -colors <value>
              preferred number of colors in the image

       -colorspace <value>
              the type of colorspace

       -comment <string>
              annotate an image with a comment

       -compress <type>
              the type of image compression

       -contrast
              enhance or reduce the image contrast

       -crop <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}
              preferred size and location of the cropped image

       -debug <events>
              enable debug printout

       -define <key>{=<value>},...
              add coder/decoder specific options

       -delay <1/100ths of a second>
              display the next image after pausing

       -density <width>x<height>
              horizontal and vertical resolution in pixels of the image

       -depth <value>
              depth of the image

       -despeckle
              reduce the speckles within an image

       -display <host:display[.screen]>
              specifies the X server to contact

       -dispose <method>
              GIF disposal method

       -dither
              apply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to the image

       -edge <radius>
              detect edges within an image

       -endian <type>
              specify endianness (MSB, LSB, or Native) of image

       -enhance
              apply a digital filter to enhance a noisy image

       -filter <type>
              use this type of filter when resizing an image

       -flip  create a "mirror image"

       -flop  create a "mirror image"

       -font <name>
              use this font when annotating the image with text

       -foreground <color>
              define the foreground color

       -frame <width>x<height>+<outer bevel width>+<inner bevel width>
              surround the image with an ornamental border

       -gamma <value>
              level of gamma correction

       -geometry <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}{@}{!}{^}{<}{>}
              preferred size and location of the Image window.

       -help  print usage instructions

       -iconGeometry <geometry>
              specify the icon geometry

       -iconic
              iconic animation

       -immutable
              make image immutable

       -interlace <type>
              the type of interlacing scheme

       -label <name>
              assign a label to an image

       -limit <type> <value>
              Disk, File, Map, Memory, Pixels, or Threads resource limit

       -log <string>
              Specify format for debug log

       -magnify <factor>
              magnify the image

       -map <type>
              display image using this type.

       -matte store matte channel if the image has one

       -mattecolor <color>
              specify the color to be used with the -frame option

       -monitor
              show progress indication

       -monochrome
              transform the image to black and white

       -name  name an image

       -negate
              replace every pixel with its complementary color

       -noop  NOOP (no option)

       -page <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}{!}{<}{>}
              size and location of an image canvas

       +progress
              disable progress monitor and busy cursor

       -quality <value>
              JPEG/MIFF/PNG/TIFF compression level

       -raise <width>x<height>
              lighten or darken image edges

       -remote
              perform a X11 remote operation

       -roll {+-}<x>{+-}<y>
              roll an image vertically or horizontally

       -rotate <degrees>{<}{>}
              rotate the image

       -sample <geometry>
              scale image using pixel sampling

       -sampling-factor <horizontal_factor>x<vertical_factor>
              chroma subsampling factors

       -scenes <value-value>
              range of image scene numbers to read

       -set <attribute> <value>
              set an image attribut

       -segment <cluster threshold>x<smoothing threshold>
              segment an image

       -shared-memory
              use shared memory

       -sharpen <radius>{x<sigma>}
              sharpen the image

       -size <width>x<height>{+offset}
              width and height of the image

       -text-font <name>
              font for writing fixed-width text

       -texture <filename>
              name of texture to tile onto the image background

       -title <string>
              assign title to displayed image [animate, display, montage]

       -treedepth <value>
              tree depth for the color reduction algorithm

       -trim  trim an image

       -type <type>
              the image type

       -update <seconds>
               detect when image file is modified and redisplay.

       -use-pixmap
              use the pixmap

       -verbose
              print detailed information about the image

       -version
              print GraphicsMagick version string

       -visual <type>
              animate images using this X visual type

       -window <id>
              make image the background of a window

       -window-group
              specify the window group

       -write <filename>
              write the image to a file [display]

              For a more detailed description of each option, see Options, above.

MOUSE BUTTONS

       The effects of each button press is described below. Three buttons are  required.  If  you
       have  a two button mouse, button 1 and 3 are returned.  Press ALT and button 3 to simulate
       button 2.

       1       Press this button to map or unmap the Command widget . See the  next  section  for
              more information about the Command widget.

       2       Press and drag to define a region of the image to magnify.

       3        Press  and  drag  to choose from a select set of display(1) commands. This button
              behaves differently if the image being  displayed  is  a  visual  image  directory.
              Choose  a particular tile of the directory and press this button and drag to select
              a command from a pop-up menu.  Choose from these menu items:

                  Open
                  Next
                  Former
                  Delete
                  Update

              If you choose Open, the image represented by the tile is displayed.  To  return  to
              the  visual  image directory, choose Next from the Command widget (refer to Command
              Widget).  Next and Former moves to the next or former  image  respectively.  Choose
              Delete to delete a particular image tile. Finally, choose Update to synchronize all
              the image tiles with their  respective  images.  See  montage  and  miff  for  more
              details.

COMMAND WIDGET

       The Command widget lists a number of sub-menus and commands. They are

           File

           Open...
           Next
           Former
           Select...
           Save...
           Print...
           Delete...
           Canvas...
           Visual Directory...
           Quit

           Edit

           Undo
           Redo
           Cut
           Copy
           Paste

           View

           Half Size
           Original Size
           Double Size
           Resize...
           Apply
           Refresh
           Restore

           Transform

           Crop
           Chop
           Flop
           Flip
           Rotate Right
           Rotate Left
           Rotate...
           Shear...
           Roll...
           Trim Edges

           Enhance

           Hue...
           Saturation...
           Brightness...
           Gamma...
           Spiff...
           Dull
           Equalize
           Normalize
           Negate
           GRAYscale
           Quantize...

           Effects

           Despeckle
           Emboss
           Reduce Noise
           Add Noise
           Sharpen...
           Blur...
           Threshold...
           Edge Detect...
           Spread...
           Shade...
           Raise...
           Segment...

           F/X

           Solarize...
           Swirl...
           Implode...
           Wave...
           Oil Paint...
           Charcoal Draw...

           Image Edit

           Annotate...
           Draw...
           Color...
           Matte...
           Composite...
           Add Border...
           Add Frame...
           Comment...
           Launch...
           Region of Interest...

           Miscellany

           Image Info
           Zoom Image
           Show Preview...
           Show Histogram
           Show Matte
           Background...
           Slide Show
           Preferences...

           Help

           Overview
           Browse Documentation
           About Display

       Menu  items  with  a  indented triangle have a sub-menu. They are represented above as the
       indented items. To access a sub-menu item, move the pointer to the  appropriate  menu  and
       press  button  1 and drag. When you find the desired sub-menu item, release the button and
       the command is executed.  Move the pointer away from the sub-menu if  you  decide  not  to
       execute a particular command.

KEYBOARD ACCELERATORS

       Accelerators  are  one  or two key presses that effect a particular command.  The keyboard
       accelerators that display understands is:

           Ctl+O     Press to load an image from a file.
           space     Press to display the next image.

       If the image is a multi-paged document such as a PostScript document, you can  skip  ahead
       several  pages by preceding this command with a number.  For example to display the fourth
       page beyond the current page, press 4space.

           backspace Press to display the former image.

       If the image is a multi-paged document such as a PostScript document, you can skip  behind
       several  pages by preceding this command with a number.  For example to display the fourth
       page preceding the current page, press 4n.

           Ctl-S    Press to save the image to a file.
           Ctl-P    Press to print the image to a
                    PostScript printer.
           Ctl-D    Press to delete an image file.
           Ctl-N    Press to create a blank canvas.
           Ctl-Q    Press to discard all images and exit program.
           Ctl+Z    Press to undo last image transformation.
           Ctl+R    Press to redo last image transformation.
           Ctl-X    Press to cut a region of
                    the image.
           Ctl-C    Press to copy a region of
                    the image.
           Ctl-V    Press to paste a region to
                    the image.
           <        Press to halve the image size.
           .        Press to return to the original image size.
           >        Press to double the image size.
           %        Press to resize the image to a width and height
                    you specify.
           Cmd-A    Press to make any image transformations
                    permanent.
                    By default, any image size transformations are
                    applied to the original image to create the
                    image displayed on the X server.  However, the
                    transformations are not permanent (i.e. the
                    original image does not change size only the
                    X image does). For example, if you press ">"
                    the X image will appear to double in size, but
                    the original image will in fact remain the same
                    size.  To force the original image to double in
                    size, press ">" followed by "Cmd-A".
           @        Press to refresh the image window.
           C        Press to crop the image.
           [        Press to chop the image.
           H        Press to flop image in the horizontal direction.
           V        Press to flip image in the vertical direction.
           /        Press to rotate the image 90 degrees clockwise.
           \        Press to rotate the image 90 degrees
                    counter-clockwise.
           *        Press to rotate the image
                    the number of degrees you specify.
           S        Press to shear the image the number of degrees
                    you specify.
           R        Press to roll the image.
           T        Press to trim the image edges.
           Shft-H   Press to vary the color hue.
           Shft-S   Press to vary the color saturation.
           Shft-L   Press to vary the image brightness.
           Shft-G   Press to gamma correct the image.
           Shft-C   Press to spiff up the image contrast.
           Shft-Z   Press to dull the image contrast.
           =        Press to perform histogram equalization on
                    the image.
           Shft-N   Press to perform histogram normalization on
                    the image.
           Shft-~   Press to negate the colors of the image.
           .        Press to convert the image colors to gray.
           Shft-#   Press to set the maximum number of unique
                    colors in the image.
           F2       Press to reduce the speckles in an image.
           F2       Press to emboss an image.
           F4       Press to eliminate peak noise from an image.
           F5       Press to add noise to an image.
           F6       Press to sharpen an image.
           F7       Press to blur image an image.
           F8       Press to threshold the image.
           F9       Press to detect edges within an image.
           F10      Press to displace pixels by a random amount.
           F11      Press to shade the image using a distant light
                    source.
           F12      Press to lighten or darken image edges to
                    create a 3-D effect.
           F13      Press to segment the image by color.
           Meta-S   Press to swirl image pixels about the center.
           Meta-I   Press to implode image pixels about the center.
           Meta-W   Press to alter an image along a sine wave.
           Meta-P   Press to simulate an oil painting.
           Meta-C   Press to simulate a charcoal drawing.
           Alt-X    Press to composite the image
                    with another.
           Alt-A    Press to annotate the image with text.
           Alt-D    Press to draw a line on the image.
           Alt-P    Press to edit an image pixel color.
           Alt-M    Press to edit the image matte information.
           Alt-X    Press to composite the image with another.
           Alt-A    Press to add a border to the image.
           Alt-F    Press to add a ornamental frame to the image.
           Alt-Shft-!   Press to add an image comment.
           Ctl-A    Press to apply image processing techniques to a
                    region of interest.
           Shft-?   Press to display information about the image.
           Shft-+   Press to map the zoom image window.
           Shft-P   Press to preview an image enhancement, effect,
                    or f/x.
           F1       Press to display helpful information about
                    the "display" utility.
           Find     Press to browse documentation about
                    GraphicsMagick.
           1-9      Press to change the level of magnification.

       Use the arrow keys to move the image one pixel up, down, left, or right within the magnify
       window. Be sure to first map the magnify window by pressing button 2.

       Press ALT and one of the arrow keys to trim off one pixel from any side of the image.

X RESOURCES

       Display  options can appear on the command line or in your X resource file. Options on the
       command line supersede values specified in  your  X  resource  file.  See  X(1)  for  more
       information on X resources.

       Most  display  options  have  a  corresponding  X  resource. In addition, display uses the
       following X resources:

       background (class Background)
               Specifies the preferred color to use for the Image window background. The  default
              is #ccc.

       borderColor (class BorderColor)
                Specifies  the preferred color to use for the Image window border. The default is
              #ccc.

       borderWidth (class BorderWidth)
               Specifies the width in pixels of the image window border. The default is 2.

       browseCommand (class browseCommand)
               Specifies the  name  of  the  preferred  browser  when  displaying  GraphicsMagick
              documentation. The default is netscape %s.

       confirmExit (class ConfirmExit)
                Display  pops  up  a  dialog  box to confirm exiting the program when exiting the
              program. Set this resource to False to exit without a confirmation.

       displayGamma (class DisplayGamma)
               Specifies the gamma of the X server.  You can apply separate gamma values  to  the
              red,  green, and blue channels of the image with a gamma value list delineated with
              slashes (i.e. 1.7/2.3/1.2).  The default is 2.2.

       displayWarnings (class DisplayWarnings)
               Display pops up a dialog box whenever a warning message occurs.  Set this resource
              to False to ignore warning messages.

       font (class FontList)
                Specifies  the  name  of the preferred font to use in normal formatted text.  The
              default is 14 point Helvetica.

       font[1-9] (class Font[1-9])
               Specifies the name of the preferred font to use when annotating the  image  window
              with  text.  The  default fonts are fixed, variable, 5x8, 6x10, 7x13bold, 8x13bold,
              9x15bold, 10x20, and 12x24.

       foreground (class Foreground)
               Specifies the preferred color to use  for  text  within  the  image  window.   The
              default is black.

       gammaCorrect (class gammaCorrect)
                This  resource,  if true, will lighten or darken an image of known gamma to match
              the gamma of the display (see resource displayGamma). The default is True.

       geometry (class Geometry)
               Specifies the preferred  size  and  position  of  the  image  window.  It  is  not
              necessarily obeyed by all window managers.

              Offsets,  if  present,  are handled in X(1) style.  A negative x offset is measured
              from the right edge of the screen to the right edge of the icon, and a  negative  y
              offset  is  measured  from  the bottom edge of the screen to the bottom edge of the
              icon.

       iconGeometry (class IconGeometry)
               Specifies the preferred size and position of the application when  iconified.   It
              is not necessarily obeyed by all window managers.

              Offsets, if present, are handled in the same manner as in class Geometry.

       iconic (class Iconic)
                This  resource  indicates  that  you  would prefer that the application's windows
              initially not be visible as if the windows had be  immediately  iconified  by  you.
              Window managers may choose not to honor the application's request.

       magnify (class Magnify)
               specifies an integral factor by which the image should be enlarged. The default is
              3.  This value only affects the magnification window which is invoked  with  button
              number 3 after the image is displayed.

       matteColor (class MatteColor)
                Specify  the  color of windows. It is used for the backgrounds of windows, menus,
              and notices. A 3D effect is achieved by using highlight and shadow  colors  derived
              from this color. Default value: #697B8F.

       name (class Name)
                This resource specifies the name under which resources for the application should
              be found.  This  resource  is  useful  in  shell  aliases  to  distinguish  between
              invocations  of  an  application,  without resorting to creating links to alter the
              executable file name. The default is the application name.

       pen[1-9] (class Pen[1-9])
               Specifies the color of the preferred font to use when annotating the image  window
              with  text.  The  default  colors are black, blue, green, cyan, gray, red, magenta,
              yellow, and white.

       printCommand (class PrintCommand)
               This command is executed whenever Print is issued.  In general, it is the  command
              to print PostScript to your printer. Default value: lp -c -s %i.

       sharedMemory (class SharedMemory)
                This  resource  specifies  whether  display  should attempt use shared memory for
              pixmaps. GraphicsMagick must be  compiled  with  shared  memory  support,  and  the
              display  must  support  the MIT-SHM extension. Otherwise, this resource is ignored.
              The default is True.

       textFont (class textFont)
               Specifies the name of the preferred  font  to  use  in  fixed  (typewriter  style)
              formatted text. The default is 14 point Courier.

       title (class Title)
                This  resource  specifies  the  title  to  be  used  for  the  image window. This
              information is sometimes used by a window manager to provide a  header  identifying
              the window. The default is the image file name.

       undoCache (class UndoCache)
                Specifies, in mega-bytes, the amount of memory in the undo edit cache.  Each time
              you modify the image it is saved in the undo  edit  cache  as  long  as  memory  is
              available.  You  can  subsequently  undo  one or more of these transformations. The
              default is 16 Megabytes.

       usePixmap (class UsePixmap)
               Images are maintained as a XImage by default. Set this resource to True to utilize
              a server Pixmap instead. This option is useful if your image exceeds the dimensions
              of your server screen and you intend to pan the image. Panning is much faster  with
              Pixmaps  than  with  a XImage. Pixmaps are considered a precious resource, use them
              with discretion.

              To set the geometry of the Magnify or Pan or window,  use  the  geometry  resource.
              For example, to set the Pan window geometry to 256x256, use:

                  gm display.pan.geometry: 256x256

IMAGE LOADING

       To select an image to display, choose Open of the File sub-menu from the Command widget. A
       file browser is displayed.  To choose a particular image file, move  the  pointer  to  the
       filename and press any button. The filename is copied to the text window. Next, press Open
       or press the RETURN key. Alternatively, you can type the image file name directly into the
       text  window.  To  descend directories, choose a directory name and press the button twice
       quickly. A scrollbar allows a large list of filenames to be moved through the viewing area
       if it exceeds the size of the list area.

       You can trim the list of file names by using shell globbing characters.  For example, type
       *.jpg to list only files that end with .jpg.

       To select your image from the X server screen instead of from a file, Choose Grab  of  the
       Open widget.

VISUAL IMAGE DIRECTORY

       To  create a Visual Image Directory, choose Visual Directory of the File sub-menu from the
       Command widget . A file browser is displayed. To create a Visual Image Directory from  all
       the   images  in  the  current  directory,  press  Directory  or  press  the  RETURN  key.
       Alternatively, you can select a set of image names by using shell globbing characters. For
       example,  type  *.jpg  to  include  only files that end with .jpg. To descend directories,
       choose a directory name and press the button twice quickly. A  scrollbar  allows  a  large
       list  of filenames to be moved through the viewing area if it exceeds the size of the list
       area.

       After you select a set of files, they are turned into thumbnails and tiled onto  a  single
       image.  Now  move  the  pointer  to  a  particular  thumbnail and press button 3 and drag.
       Finally, select Open. The image represented by the thumbnail  is  displayed  at  its  full
       size.  Choose  Next  from  the File sub-menu of the Command widget to return to the Visual
       Image Directory.

IMAGE CUTTING

       Note that cut information for image window  is  not  retained  for  colormapped  X  server
       visuals (e.g. StaticColor, StaticColor, GRAYScale, PseudoColor).  Correct cutting behavior
       may require a TrueColor or DirectColor visual or a Standard Colormap.

       To begin, press choose Cut of the Edit sub-menu from the  Command  widget.  Alternatively,
       press F3 in the image window.

       A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the image window. You are now
       in cut mode. In cut mode, the Command widget has these options:

           Help
           Dismiss

       To define a cut region, press  button  1  and  drag.  The  cut  region  is  defined  by  a
       highlighted  rectangle  that  expands or contracts as it follows the pointer. Once you are
       satisfied with the cut region, release the button.   You  are  now  in  rectify  mode.  In
       rectify mode, the Command widget has these options:

           Cut
           Help
           Dismiss

       You  can  make  adjustments  by  moving  the  pointer to one of the cut rectangle corners,
       pressing a button, and dragging. Finally, press Cut to commit your copy  region.  To  exit
       without cutting the image, press Dismiss.

IMAGE COPYING

       To  begin,  press choose Copy of the Edit sub-menu from the Command widget. Alternatively,
       press F4 in the image window.

       A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the image window. You are now
       in copy mode. In copy mode, the Command widget has these options:

           Help
           Dismiss

       To  define  a  copy  region,  press  button  1  and  drag. The copy region is defined by a
       highlighted rectangle that expands or contracts as it follows the pointer.  Once  you  are
       satisfied  with  the  copy  region,  release  the button.  You are now in rectify mode. In
       rectify mode, the Command widget has these options:

           Copy
           Help
           Dismiss

       You can make adjustments by moving the pointer to  one  of  the  copy  rectangle  corners,
       pressing  a  button, and dragging. Finally, press Copy to commit your copy region. To exit
       without copying the image, press Dismiss.

IMAGE PASTING

       To begin, press choose Paste of the Edit sub-menu from the Command widget.  Alternatively,
       press F5 in the image window.

       A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the image window. You are now
       in Paste mode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss.  In Paste mode, the Command widget  has
       these options:

           Operators

           over
           in
           out
           atop
           xor
           plus
           minus
           add
           subtract
           difference
           multiply
           bumpmap
           replace

           Help
           Dismiss

       Choose  a  composite operation from the Operators sub-menu of the Command widget. How each
       operator behaves is described below. image window is the image currently displayed on your
       X server and image is the image obtained with the File Browser widget.

       over    The result is the union of the two image shapes, with image obscuring image window
              in the region of overlap.

       in      The result is simply image cut by the shape of image window.  None  of  the  image
              data of image window is in the result.

       out     The resulting image is image with the shape of image window cut out.

       atop     The  result  is the same shape as image window, with image obscuring image window
              where the image shapes overlap. Note this differs from over because the portion  of
              image outside image window's shape does not appear in the result.

       xor      The result is the image data from both image and image window that is outside the
              overlap region. The overlap region is blank.

       plus    The result is just the sum of the image data. Output values  are  cropped  to  the
              maximum value (no overflow). This operation is independent of the matte channels.

       minus    The  result  of  image  - image window, with underflow cropped to zero. The matte
              channel is ignored (set to opaque, full coverage).

       add     The result of image + image window, with overflow wrapping around (mod MaxRGB+1).

       subtract
               The result of image - image window, with underflow wrapping around (mod MaxRGB+1).
              The add and subtract operators can be used to perform reversible transformations.

       difference
                The  result  of  abs(image - image window). This is useful for comparing two very
              similar images.

       multiply
               The result of image * image window. This is  useful  for  the  creation  of  drop-
              shadows.

       bumpmap
               The result of image window shaded by window.

       replace
              The  resulting  image  is  image  window  replaced  with  image.   Here  the  matte
              information is ignored.

              The image compositor requires a matte, or alpha  channel  in  the  image  for  some
              operations.  This extra channel usually defines a mask which represents a sort of a
              cookie-cutter for the image. This is the case when matte is 255 (full coverage) for
              pixels inside the shape, zero outside, and between zero and 255 on the boundary. If
              image does not have a matte channel,  it  is  initialized  with  0  for  any  pixel
              matching  in  color to pixel location (0,0), otherwise 255. See Matte Editing for a
              method of defining a matte channel.

              Note that matte information for image window is  not  retained  for  colormapped  X
              server  visuals  (e.g.  StaticColor, StaticColor, GrayScale, PseudoColor).  Correct
              compositing behavior may require a TrueColor or DirectColor visual  or  a  Standard
              Colormap.

              Choosing  a  composite  operator  is  optional.  The  default  operator is replace.
              However, you must choose a location to composite your image  and  press  button  1.
              Press  and hold the button before releasing and an outline of the image will appear
              to help you identify your location.

              The actual colors of the pasted image is saved. However, the color that appears  in
              image  window  may  be  different. For example, on a monochrome screen image window
              will appear black or white even though your pasted image may have many  colors.  If
              the  image  is saved to a file it is written with the correct colors. To assure the
              correct colors are saved in the final image, any PseudoClass image is  promoted  to
              DirectClass.  To force a PseudoClass image to remain PseudoClass, use -colors.

IMAGE CROPPING

       To   begin,  press  choose  Crop  of  the  Transform  submenu  from  the  Command  widget.
       Alternatively, press C in the image window.

       A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the image window. You are now
       in crop mode. In crop mode, the Command widget has these options:

           Help
           Dismiss

       To  define a cropping region, press button 1 and drag. The cropping region is defined by a
       highlighted rectangle that expands or contracts as it follows the pointer.  Once  you  are
       satisfied  with  the  cropping region, release the button. You are now in rectify mode. In
       rectify mode, the Command widget has these options:

           Crop
           Help
           Dismiss

       You can make adjustments by moving the pointer to one of the cropping  rectangle  corners,
       pressing  a  button,  and dragging. Finally, press Crop to commit your cropping region. To
       exit without cropping the image, press Dismiss.

IMAGE CHOPPING

       An image is chopped interactively. There is no command line argument to chop an image.  To
       begin, choose Chop of the Transform sub-menu from the Command widget. Alternatively, press
       [ in the Image window.

       You are now in Chop mode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss.  In Chop mode,  the  Command
       widget has these options:

           Direction

           horizontal
           vertical

           Help
           Dismiss

       If  the  you  choose the horizontal direction (this is the default), the area of the image
       between the two horizontal endpoints of the chop line is removed.  Otherwise, the area  of
       the image between the two vertical endpoints of the chop line is removed.

       Select  a  location within the image window to begin your chop, press and hold any button.
       Next, move the pointer to another location in the image.  As you move a line will  connect
       the  initial  location  and  the pointer. When you release the button, the area within the
       image to chop is determined by which direction you choose from the Command widget.

       To cancel the image chopping, move the pointer back to the starting point of the line  and
       release the button.

IMAGE ROTATION

       Press  the  /  key  to  rotate  the  image  90  degrees  or  \  to rotate -90 degrees.  To
       interactively choose the degree of rotation, choose Rotate...  of  the  Transform  submenu
       from the Command Widget.  Alternatively, press * in the image window.

       A  small horizontal line is drawn next to the pointer. You are now in rotate mode. To exit
       immediately, press Dismiss. In rotate mode, the Command widget has these options:

           Pixel Color

           black
           blue
           cyan
           green
           gray
           red
           magenta
           yellow
           white
           Browser...

           Direction

           horizontal
           vertical

           Help
           Dismiss

       Choose a background color from the Pixel Color sub-menu. Additional background colors  can
       be  specified  with  the  color  browser.  You can change the menu colors by setting the X
       resources pen1 through pen9.

       If you choose the color browser and press Grab, you can select  the  background  color  by
       moving the pointer to the desired color on the screen and press any button.

       Choose  a point in the image window and press this button and hold. Next, move the pointer
       to another location in the image. As you move a line connects the initial location and the
       pointer.  When  you  release the button, the degree of image rotation is determined by the
       slope of the line you just drew. The slope is relative to the direction  you  choose  from
       the Direction sub-menu of the Command widget.

       To  cancel the image rotation, move the pointer back to the starting point of the line and
       release the button.

IMAGE ANNOTATION

       An image is annotated interactively. There is no command  line  argument  to  annotate  an
       image.  To  begin,  choose  Annotate  of  the Image Edit sub-menu from the Command widget.
       Alternatively, press a in the image window.

       A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the image window. You are now
       in  annotate  mode.  To  exit  immediately,  press Dismiss.  In annotate mode, the Command
       widget has these options:

       Font Name

       fixed

       variable

       5x8

       6x10

       7x13bold

       8x13bold

       9x15bold

       10x20

       12x24

       Browser...

       Font Color

       black

       blue

       cyan

       green

       gray

       red

       magenta

       yellow

       white

       transparent

       Browser...

       Box Color

       black

       blue

       cyan

       green

       gray

       red

       magenta

       yellow

       white

       transparent

       Browser...

       Rotate Text

       -90

       -45

       -30

       0

       30

       45

       90

       180

       Dialog...

       Help

       Dismiss

       Choose a font name from the Font Name sub-menu. Additional font  names  can  be  specified
       with  the  font  browser.  You  can change the menu names by setting the X resources font1
       through font9.

       Choose a font color from the Font Color sub-menu. Additional font colors can be  specified
       with  the  color  browser.  You can change the menu colors by setting the X resources pen1
       through pen9.

       If you select the color browser and press Grab, you can choose the font  color  by  moving
       the pointer to the desired color on the screen and press any button.

       If  you  choose  to rotate the text, choose Rotate Text from the menu and select an angle.
       Typically you will only want to rotate one line of text at a time. Depending on the  angle
       you choose, subsequent lines may end up overwriting each other.

       Choosing a font and its color is optional. The default font is fixed and the default color
       is black. However, you must choose a location to begin entering text and press  a  button.
       An  underscore character will appear at the location of the pointer. The cursor changes to
       a pencil to indicate you are in text mode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss.

       In text mode, any key presses will display the character at the location of the underscore
       and  advance  the  underscore  cursor.  Enter  your text and once completed press Apply to
       finish your image annotation. To correct errors press BACK SPACE. To delete an entire line
       of  text,  press  DELETE.   Any  text  that  exceeds the boundaries of the image window is
       automatically continued onto the next line.

       The actual color you request for the font is saved in the image. However, the  color  that
       appears  in  your  Image  window may be different. For example, on a monochrome screen the
       text will appear black or white even if you choose  the  color  red  as  the  font  color.
       However,  the  image  saved to a file with -write is written with red lettering. To assure
       the correct color  text  in  the  final  image,  any  PseudoClass  image  is  promoted  to
       DirectClass  (see  miff(5)).  To  force  a  PseudoClass  image  to remain PseudoClass, use
       -colors.

IMAGE COMPOSITING

       An image composite is  created  interactively.  There  is  no  command  line  argument  to
       composite  an image. To begin, choose Composite of the Image Edit from the Command widget.
       Alternatively, press x in the Image window.

       First a popup window is displayed requesting you to enter an image name.  Press Composite,
       Grab or type a file name. Press Cancel if you choose not to create a composite image. When
       you choose Grab, move the pointer to the desired window and press any button.

       If the Composite image does not have any matte information, you are informed and the  file
       browser  is  displayed  again.  Enter  the  name  of  a mask image. The image is typically
       grayscale and the same size as the composite image. If the image is not grayscale,  it  is
       converted to grayscale and the resulting intensities are used as matte information.

       A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the image window. You are now
       in composite mode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss.  In  composite  mode,  the  Command
       widget has these options:

       Operators

       over

       in

       out

       atop

       xor

       plus

       minus

       add

       subtract

       difference

       bumpmap

       replace

       Blend

       Displace

       Help

       Dismiss

       Choose  a  composite operation from the Operators sub-menu of the Command widget. How each
       operator behaves is described below. image window is the image currently displayed on your
       X server and image is the image obtained

       over    The result is the union of the two image shapes, with image obscuring image window
              in the region of overlap.

       in      The result is simply image cut by the shape of image window.  None  of  the  image
              data of image window is in the result.

       out     The resulting image is image with the shape of image window cut out.

       atop     The  result  is the same shape as image window, with image obscuring image window
              where the image shapes overlap. Note this differs from over because the portion  of
              image outside image window's shape does not appear in the result.

       xor      The result is the image data from both image and image window that is outside the
              overlap region. The overlap region is blank.

       plus    The result is just the sum of the image data. Output values are cropped to 255 (no
              overflow). This operation is independent of the matte channels.

       minus    The  result  of  image  - image window, with underflow cropped to zero. The matte
              channel is ignored (set to 255, full coverage).

       add     The result of image + image window, with overflow wrapping around (mod 256).

       subtract
               The result of image - image window, with underflow wrapping around (mod 256).  The
              add and subtract operators can be used to perform reversible transformations.

       difference
                The  result  of  abs(image - image window). This is useful for comparing two very
              similar images.

       bumpmap
               The result of image window shaded by window.

       replace
               The resulting  image  is  image  window  replaced  with  image.   Here  the  matte
              information is ignored.

              The  image  compositor  requires  a  matte,  or alpha channel in the image for some
              operations. This extra channel usually defines a mask which represents a sort of  a
              cookie-cutter for the image. This is the case when matte is 255 (full coverage) for
              pixels inside the shape, zero outside, and between zero and 255 on the boundary. If
              image  does  not  have  a  matte  channel,  it  is initialized with 0 for any pixel
              matching in color to pixel location (0,0), otherwise 255. See Matte Editing  for  a
              method of defining a matte channel.

              If  you choose blend, the composite operator becomes over.  The image matte channel
              percent transparency is initialized to factor.  The image window is initialized  to
              (100-factor). Where factor is the value you specify in the Dialog widget.

              Displace  shifts  the  image  pixels  as  defined by a displacement map.  With this
              option, image is used as a displacement map. Black, within the displacement map, is
              a  maximum  positive  displacement.  White  is  a maximum negative displacement and
              middle gray is neutral. The displacement is scaled to determine the pixel shift. By
              default,  the  displacement applies in both the horizontal and vertical directions.
              However, if you specify mask, image is the horizontal X displacement and  mask  the
              vertical Y displacement.

              Note  that  matte  information  for  image window is not retained for colormapped X
              server visuals (e.g.  StaticColor, StaticColor, GrayScale,  PseudoColor).   Correct
              compositing  behavior  may  require a TrueColor or DirectColor visual or a Standard
              Colormap.

              Choosing a composite  operator  is  optional.  The  default  operator  is  replace.
              However,  you  must  choose  a location to composite your image and press button 1.
              Press and hold the button before releasing and an outline of the image will  appear
              to help you identify your location.

              The  actual colors of the composite image is saved. However, the color that appears
              in image window may be different. For example, on a monochrome screen Image  window
              will  appear black or white even though your composited image may have many colors.
              If the image is saved to a file it is written with the correct  colors.  To  assure
              the  correct colors are saved in the final image, any PseudoClass image is promoted
              to DirectClass (see miff).  To force a PseudoClass image to remain PseudoClass, use
              -colors.

COLOR EDITING

       Changing  the the color of a set of pixels is performed interactively. There is no command
       line argument to edit a pixel. To begin, choose Color from the Image Edit submenu  of  the
       Command widget.  Alternatively, press c in the image window.

       A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the image window. You are now
       in color edit mode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss.  In color edit mode,  the  Command
       widget has these options:

       Method

       point

       replace

       floodfill

       reset

       Pixel Color

       black

       blue

       cyan

       green

       gray

       red

       magenta

       yellow

       white

       Browser...

       Border Color

       black

       blue

       cyan

       green

       gray

       red

       magenta

       yellow

       white

       Browser...

       Fuzz

       0

       2

       4

       8

       16
           Dialog...

       Undo

       Help

       Dismiss

       Choose  a  color  editing method from the Method sub-menu of the Command widget. The point
       method recolors any pixel selected with the pointer unless the  button  is  released.  The
       replace  method  recolors  any pixel that matches the color of the pixel you select with a
       button press. Floodfill recolors any pixel that matches the color of the pixel you  select
       with  a  button  press and is a neighbor.  Whereas filltoborder changes the matte value of
       any neighbor pixel that is not the border color.  Finally reset changes the  entire  image
       to the designated color.

       Next,  choose  a pixel color from the Pixel Color sub-menu. Additional pixel colors can be
       specified with the color browser. You  can  change  the  menu  colors  by  setting  the  X
       resources pen1 through pen9.

       Now  press  button  1  to  select  a  pixel  within  the Image window to change its color.
       Additional pixels may be recolored as prescribed by  the  method  you  choose.  additional
       pixels by increasing the Delta value.

       If  the Magnify widget is mapped, it can be helpful in positioning your pointer within the
       image (refer to button 2). Alternatively you can select a pixel to recolor from within the
       Magnify  widget.  Move  the  pointer to the Magnify widget and position the pixel with the
       cursor control keys. Finally, press a button to recolor the selected pixel (or pixels).

       The actual color you request for the pixels is saved in the image. However, the color that
       appears  in  your  Image  window may be different. For example, on a monochrome screen the
       pixel will appear black or white even if you choose the color  red  as  the  pixel  color.
       However,  the  image saved to a file with -write is written with red pixels. To assure the
       correct color text in the final image, any PseudoClass image is promoted to DirectClass To
       force a PseudoClass image to remain PseudoClass, use -colors.

MATTE EDITING

       Matte information within an image is useful for some operations such as image compositing.
       This extra channel usually defines a mask which represents a sort of a  cookie-cutter  for
       the image. This is the case when matte is 255 (full coverage) for pixels inside the shape,
       zero outside, and between zero and 255 on the boundary.

       Setting the matte information in an image is done interactively. There is no command  line
       argument  to  edit a pixel. To begin, and choose Matte of the Image Edit sub-menu from the
       Command widget.

       Alternatively, press m in the image window.

       A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the image window. You are now
       in  matte  edit mode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss.  In matte edit mode, the Command
       widget has these options:

       Method

       point

       replace

       floodfill

       reset

       Border Color

       black

       blue

       cyan

       green

       gray

       red

       magenta

       yellow

       white

       Browser...

       Fuzz

       0

       2

       4

       8

       16
           Dialog...

       Matte

       Undo

       Help

       Dismiss

       Choose a matte editing method from the Method sub-menu of the Command  widget.  The  point
       method changes the matte value of the any pixel selected with the pointer until the button
       is released. The replace method changes the matte value of  any  pixel  that  matches  the
       color  of  the  pixel you select with a button press. Floodfill changes the matte value of
       any pixel that matches the color of the pixel you select with a  button  press  and  is  a
       neighbor.  Whereas  filltoborder recolors any neighbor pixel that is not the border color.
       Finally reset changes the entire image to the designated matte value.  Choose Matte  Value
       and  a  dialog  appears  requesting  a matte value.  Enter a value between 0 and 255. This
       value is assigned as the matte value of the selected pixel  or  pixels.   Now,  press  any
       button to select a pixel within the Image window to change its matte value. You can change
       the matte value of additional pixels by increasing the Delta value.  The  Delta  value  is
       first  added then subtracted from the red, green, and blue of the target color. Any pixels
       within the range also have their matte value updated.  If the Magnify widget is mapped, it
       can  be  helpful  in  positioning  your  pointer  within  the  image  (refer to button 2).
       Alternatively you can select a pixel to change the matte value  from  within  the  Magnify
       widget.   Move  the  pointer  to the Magnify widget and position the pixel with the cursor
       control keys. Finally, press a button to change the matte value of the selected pixel  (or
       pixels).   Matte  information  is  only  valid  in  a  DirectClass  image.  Therefore, any
       PseudoClass image is promoted to DirectClass. Note that matte information for  PseudoClass
       is  not  retained  for  colormapped  X  server  visuals  (e.g.  StaticColor,  StaticColor,
       GrayScale, PseudoColor) unless you immediately save your image to a file (refer to Write).
       Correct matte editing behavior may require a TrueColor or DirectColor visual or a Standard
       Colormap.

IMAGE DRAWING

       An image is drawn upon interactively. There is no command line  argument  to  draw  on  an
       image.  To  begin,  choose  Draw  of  the  Image  Edit  sub-menu  from the Command widget.
       Alternatively, press d in the image window.

       The cursor changes to a crosshair to indicate you are in draw mode. To  exit  immediately,
       press Dismiss. In draw mode, the Command widget has these options:

       Primitive

       point

       line

       rectangle

       fill rectangle

       circle

       fill circle

       ellipse

       fill ellipse

       polygon

       fill polygon

       Color

       black

       blue

       cyan

       green

       gray

       red

       magenta

       yellow

       white

       transparent

       Browser...

       Stipple

       Brick

       Diagonal

       Scales

       Vertical

       Wavy

       Translucent

       Opaque

       Open...

       Width

       1

       2

       4

       8

       16
           Dialog...

       Undo

       Help

       Dismiss

       Choose a drawing primitive from the Primitive sub-menu.

       Next,  choose a color from the Color sub-menu. Additional colors can be specified with the
       color browser. You can change the menu colors by setting  the  X  resources  pen1  through
       pen9.  The  transparent  color  updates  the  image  matte channel and is useful for image
       compositing.

       If you choose the color browser and press Grab, you can  select  the  primitive  color  by
       moving  the  pointer  to  the  desired  color  on  the  screen  and  press any button. The
       transparent color updates the image matte channel and is useful for image compositing.

       Choose a stipple, if appropriate, from the Stipple sub-menu. Additional  stipples  can  be
       specified  with  the file browser. Stipples obtained from the file browser must be on disk
       in the X11 bitmap format.

       Choose a line width, if appropriate, from the Width sub-menu. To choose a  specific  width
       select the Dialog widget.

       Choose  a point in the image window and press button 1 and hold. Next, move the pointer to
       another location in the image. As you move, a line connects the initial location  and  the
       pointer.  When  you  release  the button, the image is updated with the primitive you just
       drew. For polygons, the image is updated when you press and  release  the  button  without
       moving the pointer.

       To  cancel  image  drawing,  move  the  pointer back to the starting point of the line and
       release the button.

REGION OF INTEREST

       To begin, press choose Region of Interest of the Pixel Transform sub-menu from the Command
       widget.  Alternatively, press R in the image window.

       A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the image window. You are now
       in region of interest mode. In region of interest  mode,  the  Command  widget  has  these
       options:

       Help

       Dismiss

       To define a region of interest, press button 1 and drag. The region of interest is defined
       by a highlighted rectangle that expands or contracts as it follows the pointer.  Once  you
       are  satisfied with the region of interest, release the button. You are now in apply mode.
       In apply mode the Command widget has these options:

       File

       Save...

       Print...

       Edit

       Undo

       Redo

       Transform

       Flip

       Flop

       Rotate Right

       Rotate Left

       Enhance

       Hue...

       Saturation...

       Brightness...

       Gamma...

       Spiff

       Dull

       Equalize

       Normalize

       Negate

       GRAYscale

       Quantize...

       Effects

       Despeckle

       Emboss

       Reduce Noise

       Add Noise

       Sharpen...

       Blur...

       Threshold...

       Edge Detect...

       Spread...

       Shade...

       Raise...

       Segment...

       F/X

       Solarize...

       Swirl...

       Implode...

       Wave...

       Oil Paint

       Charcoal Draw...

       Miscellany

       Image Info

       Zoom Image

       Show Preview...

       Show Histogram

       Show Matte

       Help

       Dismiss

       You can make adjustments to the region of interest by moving the pointer  to  one  of  the
       rectangle  corners,  pressing  a button, and dragging. Finally, choose an image processing
       technique from the Command widget. You can choose more than one image processing technique
       to  apply  to  an area. Alternatively, you can move the region of interest before applying
       another image processing technique. To exit, press Dismiss.

IMAGE PANNING

       When an image exceeds the width or height of the X server screen,  display  maps  a  small
       panning  icon.  The  rectangle  within  the  panning icon shows the area that is currently
       displayed in the the image window. To pan about the image, press any button and  drag  the
       pointer  within  the panning icon.  The pan rectangle moves with the pointer and the image
       window is updated to reflect the location of the rectangle within the panning  icon.  When
       you have selected the area of the image you wish to view, release the button.

       Use  the  arrow  keys to pan the image one pixel up, down, left, or right within the image
       window.

       The panning icon is withdrawn if the image becomes smaller than the dimensions  of  the  X
       server screen.

USER PREFERENCES

       Preferences  affect the default behavior of display(1). The preferences are either true or
       false and are stored in your home directory as .displayrc:

                display image centered on a backdrop"

                    This backdrop covers the entire workstation screen and is useful  for  hiding
                    other X window activity while viewing the image. The color of the backdrop is
                    specified as the background color. Refer to X Resources for details.
                confirm on program exit"

                    Ask for a confirmation before exiting the display(1) program.
                correct image for display gamma"

                    If the image has a known gamma, the gamma is corrected to match that of the X
                    server (see the X Resource displayGamma).
                display warning messages"

                    Display any warning messages.
                apply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to image"

                    The  basic strategy of dithering is to trade intensity resolution for spatial
                    resolution by  averaging  the  intensities  of  several  neighboring  pixels.
                    Images  which  suffer  from  severe  contouring  when  reducing colors can be
                    improved with this preference.
                use a shared colormap for colormapped X visuals"

                    This option only applies when the default X server visual is  PseudoColor  or
                    GRAYScale.  Refer  to -visual for more details. By default, a shared colormap
                    is allocated. The image shares colors  with  other  X  clients.   Some  image
                    colors  could  be  approximated, therefore your image may look very different
                    than intended. Otherwise the image colors appear exactly as they are defined.
                    However,  other  clients  may  go  technicolor  when  the  image  colormap is
                    installed.
                display images as an X server pixmap"

                    Images are maintained as a XImage by default. Set this resource  to  True  to
                    utilize  a server Pixmap instead. This option is useful if your image exceeds
                    the dimensions of your server screen and you intend to pan the image. Panning
                    is  much  faster  with  Pixmaps  than with a XImage. Pixmaps are considered a
                    precious resource, use them with discretion.

       GM IDENTIFY

              Identify describes the format and characteristics of one or more  image  files.  It
              will  also  report if an image is incomplete or corrupt.  The information displayed
              includes the scene number, the file name,  the  width  and  height  of  the  image,
              whether  the  image  is  colormapped or not, the number of colors in the image, the
              number of bytes in the image, the format  of  the  image  (JPEG,  PNM,  etc.),  and
              finally  the  number  of seconds in both user time and elapsed time it took to read
              and process the image.  If -verbose or +ping are provided as an option,  the  pixel
              read rate is also displayed. An example line output from identify follows:

                  images/aquarium.miff 640x480 PseudoClass 256c
                         308135b MIFF 0.000u 0:01

              If -verbose is set, expect additional output including any image comment:

                  Image: images/aquarium.miff
                  class: PseudoClass
                  colors: 256
                  signature: eb5dca81dd93ae7e6ffae99a527eb5dca8...
                  matte: False
                  geometry: 640x480
                     depth: 8
                  bytes: 308135
                  format: MIFF
                  comments:
                  Imported from MTV raster image: aquarium.mtv

              For  some  formats,  additional  format-specific information about the file will be
              written if the -debug coder or -debug all option is used.

IDENTIFY OPTIONS

       Options are processed in command line order. Any option you specify on  the  command  line
       remains in effect for the set of images immediately following, until the set is terminated
       by the appearance of any option or -noop.

       For a more detailed description of each option, see Options, above.

       -authenticate <string>
              decrypt image with this password

       -debug <events>
              enable debug printout

       -define <key>{=<value>},...
              add coder/decoder specific options

       -density <width>x<height>
              horizontal and vertical resolution in pixels of the image

       -depth <value>
              depth of the image

       -format <string>
              output formatted image characteristics

       -help  print usage instructions

       -interlace <type>
              the type of interlacing scheme

       -limit <type> <value>
              Disk, File, Map, Memory, Pixels, or Threads resource limit

       -log <string>
              Specify format for debug log

       -ping  efficiently determine image characteristics

       -sampling-factor <horizontal_factor>x<vertical_factor>
              chroma subsampling factors

       -size <width>x<height>{+offset}
              width and height of the image

       -verbose
              print detailed information about the image

       -version
              print GraphicsMagick version string

              For a more detailed description of each option, see Options, above.

GM IMPORT

       Import reads an image from any visible window on an X server and outputs it  as  an  image
       file.  You  can  capture a single window, the entire screen, or any rectangular portion of
       the screen.  Use display for redisplay, printing, editing,  formatting,  archiving,  image
       processing, etc. of the captured image.

       The  target  window can be specified by id, name, or may be selected by clicking the mouse
       in the desired window. If you press a button and then drag, a rectangle  will  form  which
       expands and contracts as the mouse moves. To save the portion of the screen defined by the
       rectangle, just release the button. The keyboard bell is rung once at the beginning of the
       screen capture and twice when it completes.

EXAMPLES

       To  select  an  X  window  or an area of the screen with the mouse and save it in the MIFF
       image format to a file entitled window.miff, use:

           gm import window.miff

       To select an X window or an area of  the  screen  with  the  mouse  and  save  it  in  the
       Encapsulated PostScript format to include in another document, use:

           gm import figure.eps

       To  capture  the  entire  X  server  screen  in  the  JPEG image format in a file entitled
       root.jpeg, without using the mouse, use:

           gm import -window root root.jpeg

       To capture the 512x256 area at the upper right corner of the X server screen  in  the  PNG
       image format in a well-compressed file entitled corner.png, without using the mouse,  use:

           gm import -window root -crop 512x256-0+0 -quality 90
                  corner.png

OPTIONS

       Options  are  processed  in command line order. Any option you specify on the command line
       remains in effect until it is explicitly changed by specifying the  option  again  with  a
       different effect.

       Import  options  can  appear  on  the  command line or in your X resources file. See X(1).
       Options on the command line supersede values specified in your X resources file.

       For a more detailed description of each option, see Options, above.

       -bordercolor <color>
              the border color

       -colors <value>
              preferred number of colors in the image

       -colorspace <value>
              the type of colorspace

       -comment <string>
              annotate an image with a comment

       -crop <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}
              preferred size and location of the cropped image

       -debug <events>
              enable debug printout

       -define <key>{=<value>},...
              add coder/decoder specific options

       -delay <1/100ths of a second>
              display the next image after pausing

       -density <width>x<height>
              horizontal and vertical resolution in pixels of the image

       -depth <value>
              depth of the image

       -descend
              obtain image by descending window hierarchy

       -display <host:display[.screen]>
              specifies the X server to contact

       -dispose <method>
              GIF disposal method

       -dither
              apply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to the image

       -encoding <type>
              specify the text encoding

       -endian <type>
              specify endianness (MSB, LSB, or Native) of image

       -frame include the X window frame in the imported image

       -geometry <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}{@}{!}{^}{<}{>}
              preferred size and location of the Image window.

       -help  print usage instructions

       -interlace <type>
              the type of interlacing scheme

       -label <name>
              assign a label to an image

       -limit <type> <value>
              Disk, File, Map, Memory, Pixels, or Threads resource limit

       -log <string>
              Specify format for debug log

       -monitor
              show progress indication

       -monochrome
              transform the image to black and white

       -negate
              replace every pixel with its complementary color

       -page <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}{!}{<}{>}
              size and location of an image canvas

       -pause <seconds>
              pause between snapshots [import]

       -ping  efficiently determine image characteristics

       -pointsize <value>
              pointsize of the PostScript, X11, or TrueType font

       -quality <value>
              JPEG/MIFF/PNG/TIFF compression level

       -resize <width>x<height>{%}{@}{!}{<}{>}
              resize an image

       -rotate <degrees>{<}{>}
              rotate the image

       -sampling-factor <horizontal_factor>x<vertical_factor>
              chroma subsampling factors

       -scene <value>
              set scene number

       -screen
              specify the screen to capture

       -set <attribute> <value>
              set an image attribut

       -silent
              operate silently

       -snaps <value>
              number of screen snapshots

       -thumbnail <width>x<height>{%}{@}{!}{<}{>}
              resize an image (quickly)

       -transparent <color>
              make this color transparent within the image

       -trim  trim an image

       -verbose
              print detailed information about the image

       -version
              print GraphicsMagick version string

              For a more detailed description of each option, see Options, above.

GM MOGRIFY

       Mogrify transforms an image or a  sequence  of  images.  These  transforms  include  image
       scaling, image rotation, color reduction, and others. Each transmogrified image overwrites
       the corresponding original image, unless an option  such  as  -format  causes  the  output
       filename to be different from the input filename.

       The graphics formats supported by mogrify are listed in GraphicsMagick(1).

EXAMPLES

       To convert all the TIFF files in a particular directory to JPEG, use:

           gm mogrify -format jpeg *.tiff

       To convert a directory full of JPEG images to thumbnails, use:

           gm mogrify -size 120x120 *.jpg -resize 120x120 +profile "*"

       In  this  example,  '-size  120x120'  gives a hint to the JPEG decoder that the images are
       going to be downscaled to 120x120, allowing it to run faster by avoiding  returning  full-
       resolution  images  to GraphicsMagick for the subsequent resizing operation.  The ´-resize
       120x120' specifies the desired dimensions of the output images.  It will be scaled so  its
       largest dimension is 120 pixels.  The ´+profile "*"' removes any ICM, EXIF, IPTC, or other
       profiles that might be present in the input and aren't needed in the thumbnails.

       To scale an image of a cockatoo to exactly 640 pixels in width and 480 pixels  in  height,
       use:

           gm mogrify -resize 640x480! cockatoo.miff

OPTIONS

       Options  are  processed  in command line order. Any option you specify on the command line
       remains in effect for the set of images that follows, until the set is terminated  by  the
       appearance of any option or -noop.

       For a more detailed description of each option, see Options, above.

       -affine <matrix>
              drawing transform matrix

       -antialias
              remove pixel aliasing

        -asc-cdl <spec>
              apply ASC CDL color transform

       -authenticate <string>
              decrypt image with this password

       -auto-orient
              orient (rotate) image so it is upright

       -background <color>
              the background color

       -black-threshold red[,green][,blue][,opacity]
              pixels below the threshold become black

       -blue-primary <x>,<y>
              blue chromaticity primary point

       -blur <radius>{x<sigma>}
              blur the image with a Gaussian operator

       -border <width>x<height>
              surround the image with a border of color

       -bordercolor <color>
              the border color

       -channel <type>
              the type of channel

       -charcoal <factor>
              simulate a charcoal drawing

       -colorize <value>
              colorize the image with the pen color

       -colors <value>
              preferred number of colors in the image

       -colorspace <value>
              the type of colorspace

       -comment <string>
              annotate an image with a comment

       -compose <operator>
              the type of image composition

       -compress <type>
              the type of image compression

       -contrast
              enhance or reduce the image contrast

       -convolve <kernel>
              convolve image with the specified convolution kernel

       -create-directories
              create output directory if required

       -crop <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}
              preferred size and location of the cropped image

       -cycle <amount>
              displace image colormap by amount

       -debug <events>
              enable debug printout

       -define <key>{=<value>},...
              add coder/decoder specific options

       -delay <1/100ths of a second>
              display the next image after pausing

       -density <width>x<height>
              horizontal and vertical resolution in pixels of the image

       -depth <value>
              depth of the image

       -despeckle
              reduce the speckles within an image

       -display <host:display[.screen]>
              specifies the X server to contact

       -dispose <method>
              GIF disposal method

       -dither
              apply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to the image

       -draw <string>
              annotate an image with one or more graphic primitives

       -edge <radius>
              detect edges within an image

       -emboss <radius>
              emboss an image

       -encoding <type>
              specify the text encoding

       -endian <type>
              specify endianness (MSB, LSB, or Native) of image

       -enhance
              apply a digital filter to enhance a noisy image

       -equalize
              perform histogram equalization to the image

       -extent <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>
              composite image on background color canvas image

       -fill <color>
              color to use when filling a graphic primitive

       -filter <type>
              use this type of filter when resizing an image

       -flip  create a "mirror image"

       -flop  create a "mirror image"

       -font <name>
              use this font when annotating the image with text

       -format <type>
              the image format type

       -frame <width>x<height>+<outer bevel width>+<inner bevel width>
              surround the image with an ornamental border

       -fuzz <distance>{%}
              colors within this Euclidean distance are considered equal

       -gamma <value>
              level of gamma correction

       -gaussian <radius>{x<sigma>}
              blur the image with a Gaussian operator

       -geometry <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}{@}{!}{^}{<}{>}
              preferred size and location of the Image window.

       -gravity <type>
              direction primitive  gravitates to when annotating the image.

       -green-primary <x>,<y>
              green chromaticity primary point

       -hald-clut <clut>
              apply a Hald CLUT to the image

       -help  print usage instructions

       -implode <factor>
              implode image pixels about the center

       -interlace <type>
              the type of interlacing scheme

       -label <name>
              assign a label to an image

       -lat <width>x<height>{+-}<offset>{%}
              perform local adaptive thresholding

       -level <black_point>{,<gamma>}{,<white_point>}{%}
              adjust the level of image contrast

       -limit <type> <value>
              Disk, File, Map, Memory, Pixels, or Threads resource limit

       -linewidth
              the line width for subsequent draw operations

       -list <type>
              the type of list

       -log <string>
              Specify format for debug log

       -loop <iterations>
              add Netscape loop extension to your GIF animation

       -magnify
              magnify the image

       -map <filename>
              choose a particular set of colors from this image

       -mask <filename>
              Specify a clipping mask

       -matte store matte channel if the image has one

       -mattecolor <color>
              specify the color to be used with the -frame option

       -median <radius>
              apply a median filter to the image

       -minify <factor>
              minify the image

       -modulate brightness[,saturation[,hue]]
              vary the brightness, saturation, and hue of an image

       -monitor
              show progress indication

       -monochrome
              transform the image to black and white

       -motion-blur <radius>{x<sigma>}{+angle}
              Simulate motion blur

       -negate
              replace every pixel with its complementary color

       -noise <radius|type>
              add or reduce noise in an image

       -noop  NOOP (no option)

       -normalize
              transform image to span the full range of color values

       -opaque <color>
              change this color to the pen color within the image

       -operator channel operator rvalue[%]
              apply a mathematical, bitwise, or value operator to an image channel

       -ordered-dither <channeltype> <NxN>
              ordered dither the image

       -output-directory <directory>
              output files to directory

       -orient <orientation>
              Set the image orientation attribute

       -page <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}{!}{<}{>}
              size and location of an image canvas

       -paint <radius>
              simulate an oil painting

       -pen <color>
              (This option has been replaced by the -fill option)

       -pointsize <value>
              pointsize of the PostScript, X11, or TrueType font

       -profile <filename>
              add ICM, IPTC, or generic profile  to image

       -quality <value>
              JPEG/MIFF/PNG/TIFF compression level

       -raise <width>x<height>
              lighten or darken image edges

       -random-threshold <channeltype> <LOWxHIGH>
              random threshold the image

       -recolor <matrix>
              apply a color translation matrix to image channels

       -red-primary <x>,<y>
              red chromaticity primary point

       -region <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>
              apply options to a portion of the image

       -render
              render vector operations

       -repage  <width>x<height>+xoff+yoff[!]
              Adjust image page offsets

       -resample <horizontal>x<vertical>
              Resample image to specified horizontal and vertical resolution

       -resize <width>x<height>{%}{@}{!}{<}{>}
              resize an image

       -roll {+-}<x>{+-}<y>
              roll an image vertically or horizontally

       -rotate <degrees>{<}{>}
              rotate the image

       -sample <geometry>
              scale image using pixel sampling

       -sampling-factor <horizontal_factor>x<vertical_factor>
              chroma subsampling factors

       -scale <geometry>
              scale the image.

       -scene <value>
              set scene number

       -set <attribute> <value>
              set an image attribut

       -segment <cluster threshold>x<smoothing threshold>
              segment an image

       -shade <azimuth>x<elevation>
              shade the image using a distant light source

       -sharpen <radius>{x<sigma>}
              sharpen the image

       -shave <width>x<height>{%}
              shave pixels from the image edges

       -shear <x degrees>x<y degrees>
              shear the image along the X or Y axis

       -size <width>x<height>{+offset}
              width and height of the image

       -solarize <factor>
              negate all pixels above the threshold level

       -spread <amount>
              displace image pixels by a random amount

       -strip remove all profiles and text attributes from the image

       -stroke <color>
              color to use when stroking a graphic primitive

       -strokewidth <value>
              set the stroke width

       -swirl <degrees>
              swirl image pixels about the center

       -texture <filename>
              name of texture to tile onto the image background

       -threshold <value>{%}
              threshold the image

       -thumbnail <width>x<height>{%}{@}{!}{<}{>}
              resize an image (quickly)

       -tile <filename>
              tile image when filling a graphic primitive

       -transform
              transform the image

       -transparent <color>
              make this color transparent within the image

       -treedepth <value>
              tree depth for the color reduction algorithm

       -trim  trim an image

       -type <type>
              the image type

       -units <type>
              the units of image resolution

       -unsharp <radius>{x<sigma>}{+<amount>}{+<threshold>}
              sharpen the image with an unsharp mask operator

       -verbose
              print detailed information about the image

       -version
              print GraphicsMagick version string

       -view <string>
              FlashPix viewing parameters

       -virtual-pixel <method>
              specify contents of "virtual pixels"

       -wave <amplitude>x<wavelength>
              alter an image along a sine wave

       -white-point <x>,<y>
              chromaticity white point

       -white-threshold red[,green][,blue][,opacity]
              pixels above the threshold become white

              For a more detailed description of each option, see Options, above.

GM MONTAGE

       montage  creates  a  composite  image by combining several separate images. The images are
       tiled on the composite image with the name of the image optionally  appearing  just  below
       the individual tile.

       The composite image is constructed in the following manner. First, each image specified on
       the command line, except for the last, is scaled to fit the maximum tile size. The maximum
       tile  size  by  default  is  120x120.   It can be modified with the -geometry command line
       argument or X resource. See Options for more information on command  line  arguments.  See
       X(1)  for  more information on X resources.  Note that the maximum tile size need not be a
       square.

       Next the composite image is initialized  with  the  color  specified  by  the  -background
       command  line  argument  or  X  resource.  The  width and height of the composite image is
       determined by the title specified, the maximum tile size, the number of tiles per row, the
       tile  border width and height, the image border width, and the label height. The number of
       tiles per row specifies how many images are to appear in each row of the composite  image.
       The default is to have 5 tiles in each row and 4 tiles in each column of the composite.  A
       specific value is specified with -tile. The tile border width and height,  and  the  image
       border  width defaults to the value of the X resource -borderwidth. It can be changed with
       the -borderwidth or -geometry command line argument or X resource.  The  label  height  is
       determined  by the font you specify with the -font command line argument or X resource. If
       you do not specify a font, a font is chosen that allows the name of the image to  fit  the
       maximum  width  of  a  tiled  area.  The label colors is determined by the -background and
       -fill command line argument or X resource. Note, that if the background and pen colors are
       the same, labels will not appear.

       Initially,  the  composite  image title is placed at the top if one is specified (refer to
       -fill). Next, each image is set onto the composite image, surrounded by its border  color,
       with  its name centered just below it. The individual images are left-justified within the
       width of the tiled area.  The order of the images is  the  same  as  they  appear  on  the
       command  line  unless  the  images have a scene keyword. If a scene number is specified in
       each image, then the images are tiled onto the composite  in  the  order  of  their  scene
       number.  Finally,  the  last  argument  on  the  command  line is the name assigned to the
       composite image. By default, the image is written in the MIFF format and can be viewed  or
       printed with display(1).

       Note,  that  if  the  number  of  tiles exceeds the default number of 20 (5 per row, 4 per
       column), more than one composite image is created. To ensure a single image  is  produced,
       use -tile to increase the number of tiles to meet or exceed the number of input images.

       Finally,  to  create  one  or  more empty spaces in the sequence of tiles, use the "NULL:"
       image format.

       Note, a composite MIFF image displayed to an X server  with  display  behaves  differently
       than  other  images.  You can think of the composite as a visual image directory. Choose a
       particular tile of the composite and press a button to  display  it.  See  display(1)  and
       miff(5)

EXAMPLES

       To  create  a  montage  of  a cockatoo, a parrot, and a hummingbird and write it to a file
       called birds, use:

           gm montage cockatoo.miff parrot.miff hummingbird.miff
                   birds.miff

       To tile several bird images so that they are at most 256 pixels in width and 192 pixels in
       height, surrounded by a red border, and separated by 10 pixels of background color, use:

           gm montage -geometry 256x192+10+10 -bordercolor red
                   birds.* montage.miff

       To  create  an  unlabeled  parrot  image, 640 by 480 pixels, and surrounded by a border of
       black, use:

           gm montage -geometry 640x480 -bordercolor black
                   -label "" parrot.miff bird.miff

       To create an image of an eagle with a textured background, use:

           gm montage -texture bumps.jpg eagle.jpg eagle.png

       To join several GIF images together without any extraneous graphics (e.g.   no  label,  no
       shadowing, no surrounding tile frame), use:

           gm montage +frame +shadow +label -tile 5x1
                   -geometry 50x50+0+0 *.png joined.png

OPTIONS

       Any  option  you  specify  on  the  command line remains in effect for the group of images
       following it, until the group is terminated by the appearance of any option or -noop.  For
       example,  to  make a montage of three images, the first with 32 colors, the second with an
       unlimited number of colors, and the third with only 16 colors, use:

           gm montage -colors 32 cockatoo.1 -noop cockatoo.2
                    -colors 16 cockatoo.3 cockatoos.miff

       For a more detailed description of each option, see Options, above.

       -adjoin
              join images into a single multi-image file

       -affine <matrix>
              drawing transform matrix

       -authenticate <string>
              decrypt image with this password

       -background <color>
              the background color

       -blue-primary <x>,<y>
              blue chromaticity primary point

       -blur <radius>{x<sigma>}
              blur the image with a Gaussian operator

       -bordercolor <color>
              the border color

       -borderwidth <geometry>
              the border width

       -chop <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}
              remove pixels from the interior of an image

       -colors <value>
              preferred number of colors in the image

       -colorspace <value>
              the type of colorspace

       -comment <string>
              annotate an image with a comment

       -compose <operator>
              the type of image composition

       -compress <type>
              the type of image compression

       -crop <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}
              preferred size and location of the cropped image

       -debug <events>
              enable debug printout

       -define <key>{=<value>},...
              add coder/decoder specific options

       -density <width>x<height>
              horizontal and vertical resolution in pixels of the image

       -depth <value>
              depth of the image

       -display <host:display[.screen]>
              specifies the X server to contact

       -dispose <method>
              GIF disposal method

       -dither
              apply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to the image

       -draw <string>
              annotate an image with one or more graphic primitives

       -encoding <type>
              specify the text encoding

       -endian <type>
              specify endianness (MSB, LSB, or Native) of image

       -fill <color>
              color to use when filling a graphic primitive

       -filter <type>
              use this type of filter when resizing an image

       -font <name>
              use this font when annotating the image with text

       -frame <width>x<height>+<outer bevel width>+<inner bevel width>
              surround the image with an ornamental border

       -gamma <value>
              level of gamma correction

       -geometry <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}{@}{!}{^}{<}{>}
              preferred size and location of the Image window.

       -gravity <type>
              direction primitive  gravitates to when annotating the image.

       -green-primary <x>,<y>
              green chromaticity primary point

       -help  print usage instructions

       -interlace <type>
              the type of interlacing scheme

       -label <name>
              assign a label to an image

       -limit <type> <value>
              Disk, File, Map, Memory, Pixels, or Threads resource limit

       -log <string>
              Specify format for debug log

       -matte store matte channel if the image has one

       -mattecolor <color>
              specify the color to be used with the -frame option

       -mode <value>
              mode of operation

       -monitor
              show progress indication

       -monochrome
              transform the image to black and white

       -noop  NOOP (no option)

       -page <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}{!}{<}{>}
              size and location of an image canvas

       -pen <color>
              (This option has been replaced by the -fill option)

       -pointsize <value>
              pointsize of the PostScript, X11, or TrueType font

       -quality <value>
              JPEG/MIFF/PNG/TIFF compression level

       -red-primary <x>,<y>
              red chromaticity primary point

       -render
              render vector operations

       -repage  <width>x<height>+xoff+yoff[!]
              Adjust image page offsets

       -resize <width>x<height>{%}{@}{!}{<}{>}
              resize an image

       -rotate <degrees>{<}{>}
              rotate the image

       -sampling-factor <horizontal_factor>x<vertical_factor>
              chroma subsampling factors

       -scenes <value-value>
              range of image scene numbers to read

       -shadow <radius>{x<sigma>}
              shadow the montage

       -sharpen <radius>{x<sigma>}
              sharpen the image

       -size <width>x<height>{+offset}
              width and height of the image

       -strip remove all profiles and text attributes from the image

       -stroke <color>
              color to use when stroking a graphic primitive

       -strokewidth <value>
              set the stroke width

       -texture <filename>
              name of texture to tile onto the image background

       -thumbnail <width>x<height>{%}{@}{!}{<}{>}
              resize an image (quickly)

       -tile <geometry>
              layout of images [montage]

       -title <string>
              assign title to displayed image [animate, display, montage]

       -transform
              transform the image

       -transparent <color>
              make this color transparent within the image

       -treedepth <value>
              tree depth for the color reduction algorithm

       -trim  trim an image

       -type <type>
              the image type

       -verbose
              print detailed information about the image

       -version
              print GraphicsMagick version string

       -white-point <x>,<y>
              chromaticity white point

              For a more detailed description of each option, see Options, above.

X RESOURCES

       Montage options can appear on the command line or in your X resource file. Options on  the
       command  line  supersede  values  specified  in  your  X  resource file. See X(1) for more
       information on X resources.

       All montage options have a  corresponding  X  resource.  In  addition,  montage  uses  the
       following X resources:

       background (class Background)
              background color

              Specifies  the  preferred  color  to  use  for the composite image background.  The
              default is #ccc.

       borderColor (class BorderColor)
              border color

              Specifies the preferred color to use for the composite image border. The default is
              #ccc.

       borderWidth (class BorderWidth)
              border width

              Specifies the width in pixels of the composite image border. The default is 2.

       font (class Font)
              font to use

              Specifies  the  name  of  the preferred font to use when displaying text within the
              composite image. The default is 9x15, fixed, or 5x8  determined  by  the  composite
              image size.

       matteColor (class MatteColor)
              color of the frame

              Specify the color of an image frame. A 3D effect is achieved by using highlight and
              shadow colors derived from this color. The default value is #697B8F.

       pen (class Pen)
              text color

              Specifies the preferred color to use for text  within  the  composite  image.   The
              default is black.

       title (class Title)
              composite image title

              This  resource  specifies the title to be placed at the top of the composite image.
              The default is not to place a title at the top of the composite image.

GM TIME

DESCRIPTION

       time executes an arbitrary gm utility command (e.g. convert)  and  reports  the  user  and
       elapsed  time.   This  provides way to measure command execution times similar to the Unix
       ´time' command but in a portable and consistent way.

EXAMPLES

       To obtain time information for the execution of a command:

       % gm time convert input.ppm -gaussian  0x2  output.ppm  convert  input.ppm  -gaussian  0x2
       output.ppm    22.60s user 0.00s system 2354% cpu 0.960 total

       Here is the interpretation of the above output:

           user - the total user time consumed.
           system - the total system time consumed.
           total - the total elapsed time consumed.

OPTIONS

       The time command reqires no options other than the gm command to execute.

GM VERSION

DESCRIPTION

       version  displays  the  software  release version, build quantum (pixel sample) depth, web
       site URL, copyright notice, enabled features support, configuration parameters, and  final
       build  options  used  to build the software.  The available information depends on how the
       software was configured and the host system.

EXAMPLES

       To display the version information:

         % gm -version
         GraphicsMagick 1.3.17 2012-10-13 Q16 http://www.GraphicsMagick.org/
         Copyright (C) 2002-2012 GraphicsMagick Group.
         Additional copyrights and licenses apply to this software.
         See http://www.GraphicsMagick.org/www/Copyright.html for details.
         Feature Support:
           Thread Safe              yes
           Large Files (> 32 bit)   yes
           Large Memory (> 32 bit)  no
           BZIP                     yes
           DPS                      no
           FlashPix                 no
           FreeType                 yes
           Ghostscript (Library)    no
           JBIG                     no
           JPEG-2000                yes
           JPEG                     yes
           Little CMS               yes
           Loadable Modules         no
           OpenMP                   yes (201107)
           PNG                      yes
           TIFF                     yes
           TRIO                     no
           UMEM                     no
           WMF                      no
           X11                      yes
           XML                      yes
           ZLIB                     yes
         Host type: i386-pc-solaris2.11
         Configured using the command:
           ./configure  ...
         Final Build Parameters:
           CC       = ...
           CFLAGS   = ...
           CPPFLAGS = ...
           CXX      = ...
           CXXFLAGS = ...
           LDFLAGS  = ...
           LIBS     = ...

OPTIONS

       The version command does not currently support any options.