Provided by: netpipes_4.2-7_amd64 
NAME
encapsulate - multiplex several channels over a single socket with sampling of remote
process exit status, and provide conversation termination without closing the socket.
netpipes 4.2
SYNOPSIS
encapsulate --fd n [ --verbose ] [ --subproc [ --infd n[=sid] ] [ --outfd n[=sid] ] [
--duplex n[=sid] ] [ --Duplex n[=sid] ] [ --DUPLEX n[=sid] ] [ --prefer-local ] [
--prefer-remote ] [ --local-only ] [ --remote-only ] ] [ --client ] [ --server ]
-[#n][v][s[in][on][dn][ion][oin][l][r][L][R]] command args ...
DESCRIPTION
encapsulate implements the Session Control Protocol (SCP) in a limited manner.
encapsulate multiplexes several virtual channels over a single socket using SCP.
encapsulate transmits the exit status of the local program to the remote end over a
reserved SCP channel and receives the remote exit status back. encapsulate provides
conversation boundaries without closing the socket.
Flags may appear in any order. The first argument that isn't a flag is the command to
spawn (assuming --subproc is specified, an error otherwise).
OPTIONS
--fd n, -#n : specify the file descriptor of the socket we will be multiplexing subprocess
channels over. This argument is required
--verbose, -v : Print extra information (including a copyright notice) to stderr.
--subproc, -s : spawn a subprocess. You must supply a command and args. If you omit this
flag, then you must not supply a command and args. If you omit this flag, encapsulate
will copy input from stdin to an outgoing channel in the SCP-muxed socket and copy to
stdout from an incoming channel in the SCP-muxed socket. If you omit this flag, all of
the input and output channel flags are illegal.
--infd n, -in : specify an input channel. If there is a subprocess, it will be able to
read from descriptor n. If there is no subprocess encapsulate will read from its
descriptor n (these are opposite polarities for the SCP channel).
--outfd n, -on : specify an output channel. If there is a subprocess, it will be able to
write to descriptor n. If there is no subprocess encapsulate will write to its descriptor
n (these are opposite polarities for the SCP channel).
--duplex n, -ion : specify a bidirectional channel. The remote encapsulate will send the
SCP SYN packet, and the local will respond with a SYN for the same session. The
subprocess will be able to read and write to file descriptor n. The subprocess should use
the sockdown(1) program if it must close one direction while leaving the other direction
open.
--Duplex n, -dn : specify a bidirectional channel. The --client end of the encapsulate
connection sends the SCP SYN packet and --server responds with a SYN for the same session.
The subprocess will be able to read and write to file descriptor n. The subprocess should
use the sockdown(1) program if it must close one direction while leaving the other
direction open.
--DUPLEX n, -oin : specify a bidirectional channel. The local encapsulate will send the
SCP SYN packet, and the remote will respond with a SYN for the same session. The
subprocess will be able to read and write to file descriptor n. The subprocess should use
the sockdown(1) program if it must close one direction while leaving the other direction
open.
All of the long forms of the bidirectional channel have an optional =sid component that
can be used to specify the SCP Session ID. This is not very useful when connecting
encapsulate to another instance of itself, but could be handy when connecting to another
piece of software that implements SCP.
--prefer-local, -l : if both the remote and local subprocesses exit with non-zero
(erroneous) codes, encapsulate will exit with the same code as the local subprocess. This
is the default.
--prefer-remote, -r : if both the remote and local subprocesses exit with non-zero
(erroneous) codes, encapsulate will exit with the same code as the remote subprocess.
--local-only, -L : encapsulate exits with the local status and ignores the remote status.
--remote-only, -R : encapsulate exits with the remote status and ignores the local status.
SESSION IDs AND SUBPROCESS CHANNELS
When specifying channels for the subprocess, the order of the flags is very important.
Every flag to the local encapsulate must have a corresponding flag on the remote
encapsulate that is in the exact same position (in the list of channels). The descriptor
numbers need not correspond, but the position and type of each channel must.
A lamentably complicating factor is that the data flow implied by --infd and --outfd are
different when you specify a subprocess.
Local Remote
--infd w/subproc --outfd w/subproc
--infd w/subproc --infd
--infd --infd w/subproc
--infd --outfd
--outfd w/subproc --infd w/subproc
--outfd w/subproc --outfd
--outfd --outfd w/subproc
--outfd --infd
--duplex --DUPLEX
--Duplex --Duplex
--DUPLEX --duplex
RIGHT:
l$ encapsulate --infd 0 --duplex 5
r$ encapsulate --outfd 1 --DUPLEX 5
WRONG:
l$ encapsulate --infd 0 --duplex 5
r$ encapsulate --outfd 1 --duplex 5
--duplex must have a corresponding --DUPLEX on the remote end.
l$ encapsulate --infd 0 --duplex 5
r$ encapsulate --DUPLEX 5 --outfd 1
--infd must have a corresponding --outfd on the remote end. It's out of order and the
channels will be allocated incorrectly leading to protocol errors.
If you understand the source code for encapsulate, you can violate these guidelines, but
it is unnecessary, error-prone, and ill-advised; besides, you don't really understand the
source code. Don't do it.
CLIENT -VS- SERVER
The SCP has an implicit polarity. One end is the server and the other end is the client.
You can specify which end is which using --client and --server. If you do not specify
one, then encapsulate will compare the addresses of both ends of the socket (specified
with --fd) and use a deterministic algorithm to pick one to be the server and one to be
the client. If the remote address of the socket does not correspond to the remote
encapsulate (e.g. the packets are being forwarded through a plugged gateway, the addresses
are being masqueraded, or are otherwise percieved inconsistently by the two ends) then
this algorithm has a good chance of "failing" and assigning both to be server or both to
be client.
The only time you should ever let encapsulate choose between client and server is in
interactive situations. It is very likely that a software system built around encapsulate
will be reused in a situation where the automatic polarity assignment fails.
EXAMPLES
Here's a simple file transfer daemon:
server$ faucet 3001 --once --fd3 \
sh -c 'while ~/src/netpipes4.0/encapsulate --fd 3 -so5i4 \
sh -c "fname=`cat 0<&4`; echo \$fname; cat < \$fname 1>&5"; \
do true; done'
client$ hose server 3001 --retry 10 --delay 1 --fd3 \
sh -c 'while read fname; do \
~/src/netpipes4.0/encapsulate --fd 3 -si4o5 \
sh -c "echo $fname 1>&5; exec 5>&-; cat 0<&4" \
|| break; done'
Just type the name of the file you want to retrieve into the hose and press return. It
will be dumped to stdout. Repeat until enlightened or bored.
TROUBLESHOOTING
Did you specify --client and --server properly? One side should be server, the other side
should be client. If you specify them both as server or both as client, you have made a
mistake. Do not rely on the automatic polarity detection. While it is theoretically a
very good algorithm, it is fooled very easily.
Do all of your channel assignments (--infd et al) match up? If you get these wrong,
encapsulate will freak out and drip spooge all over your shoes.
For deadlock avoidance, make sure you are closing channels when you don't need them
anymore. Use the >&- redirection operator in sh or bash. Make sure you close it in all
of the background processes as well.
Unable to read stdin from a process that has been backgrounded with & ? Bash closes file
descriptor 0 for any subprocess that is backgrounded (e.g. (command&) ). You can get
around this by copying 0 onto another descriptor, and then copying it back within the
backgrounded process.
( ( cat 0<&3 ) & ) 3<&0
SEE ALSO
netpipes (1), http://sunsite.unc.edu/ses/scp.html
The Session Control Protocol document on SunSite was a draft. There is a more recent one
that doesn't specify header compression (which I don't use anyway). It may eventually
become an RFC. Then again, encapsulate may be the only program which ever implements SCP.
BUGS
encapsulate is not hard to deadlock. Until I add unbounded buffering inside encapsulate,
avoid constructing deadlock-vulnerable systems.
The encapsulate included with netpipes 4.0 totally failed to handle the case where no
subprocess was specified. No error message would be issued, and the program would do
absolutely nothing. The 4.1 version should work.
encapsulate has no other known bugs. I'm sure there are unknown ones because this
software is not yet mature; in fact, it's totally wet behind the ears. Break it and send
me the pieces.
Well, the command-line argument style is inconsistent with faucet & hose. I'll be
updating faucet & hose.
The Linux kernel from the beginning of time up through version 2.0.29 has a problem with
sockets being shut down "too fast". This results in loss of data at the end of a stream
and an "Error: connection reset by peer" during reads. 2.0.30 supposedly fixes this.
This state machine flaw is very likely present in many other OSes, because the strange
conditions that exercise it are almost nonexistent in normal applications, but happen all
the time in some applications of the NetPipes package. encapsulate can be used to work
around this bug in some cases because encapsulate does not perform a shutdown on the
network socket ever (it doesn't even do a "close").
CREDITS
Hi Mom! Hi Dad!
COPYRIGHT
Copyright (C) 1997-98 Robert Forsman
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of
the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY;
without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
See the GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program;
if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139,
USA.
AUTHOR
Robert Forsman
thoth@purplefrog.com
Purple Frog Software
http://web.purplefrog.com/~thoth/
June 19, 1997 ENCAPSULATE(1)