Provided by: julius_4.2.2-0ubuntu2_amd64 
NAME
julius
- open source multi-purpose LVCSR engine
SYNOPSIS
julius [-C jconffile] [options...]
DESCRIPTION
julius is a high-performance, multi-purpose, open-source speech recognition engine for researchers and
developers. It is capable of performing almost real-time recognition of continuous speech with over
60k-word 3-gram language model and triphone HMM model, on most current PCs. julius can perform
recognition on audio files, live microphone input, network input and feature parameter files.
The core recognition module is implemented as C library called "JuliusLib". It can also be extended by
plug-in facility.
Supported Models
julius needs a language model and an acoustic model to run as a speech recognizer. julius supports the
following models.
Acoustic model
Sub-word HMM (Hidden Markov Model) in HTK ascii format are supported. Phoneme models (monophone),
context dependent phoneme models (triphone), tied-mixture and phonetic tied-mixture models of any
unit can be used. When using context dependent models, inter-word context dependency is also
handled. Multi-stream feature and MSD-HMM is also supported. You can further use a tool mkbinhmm
to convert the ascii HMM file to a compact binary format for faster loading.
Note that julius itself can only extract MFCC features from speech data. If you use acoustic HMM
trained for other feature, you should give the input in HTK parameter file of the same feature
type.
Language model: word N-gram
Word N-gram language model, up to 10-gram, is supported. Julius uses different N-gram for each
pass: left-to-right 2-gram on 1st pass, and right-to-left N-gram on 2nd pass. It is recommended to
use both LR 2-gram and RL N-gram for Julius. However, you can use only single LR N-gram or RL
N-gram. In such case, approximated LR 2-gram computed from the given N-gram will be applied at the
first pass.
The Standard ARPA format is supported. In addition, a binary format is also supported for
efficiency. The tool mkbingram(1) can convert ARPA format N-gram to binary format.
Language model: grammar
The grammar format is an original one, and tools to create a recognirion grammar are included in
the distribution. A grammar consists of two files: one is a 'grammar' file that describes sentence
structures in a BNF style, using word 'category' name as terminate symbols. Another is a 'voca'
file that defines words with its pronunciations (i.e. phoneme sequences) for each category. They
should be converted by mkdfa(1) to a deterministic finite automaton file (.dfa) and a dictionary
file (.dict), respectively. You can also use multiple grammars.
Language model: isolated word
You can perform isolated word recognition using only word dictionary. With this model type, Julius
will perform rapid one pass recognition with static context handling. Silence models will be added
at both head and tail of each word. You can also use multiple dictionaries in a process.
Search Algorithm
Recognition algorithm of julius is based on a two-pass strategy. Word 2-gram and reverse word 3-gram is
used on the respective passes. The entire input is processed on the first pass, and again the final
searching process is performed again for the input, using the result of the first pass to narrow the
search space. Specifically, the recognition algorithm is based on a tree-trellis heuristic search
combined with left-to-right frame-synchronous beam search and right-to-left stack decoding search.
When using context dependent phones (triphones), interword contexts are taken into consideration. For
tied-mixture and phonetic tied-mixture models, high-speed acoustic likelihood calculation is possible
using gaussian pruning.
For more details, see the related documents.
OPTIONS
These options specify the models, system behaviors and various search parameters to Julius. These option
can be set at the command line, but it is recommended that you write them in a text file as a "jconf
file", and specify it by "-C" option.
Applications incorporating JuliusLib also use these options to set the parameters of core recognition
engine. For example, a jconf file can be loaded to the enine by calling j_config_load_file_new() with the
jconf file name as argument.
Please note that relative paths in a jconf file should be relative to the jconf file itself, not the
current working directory.
Below are the details of all options, gathered by group.
Julius application option
These are application options of Julius, outside of JuliusLib. It contains parameters and switches for
result output, character set conversion, log level, and module mode options. These option are specific to
Julius, and cannot be used at applications using JuliusLib other than Julius.
-outfile
On file input, this option write the recognition result of each file to a separate file. The output
file of an input file will be the same name but the suffix will be changed to ".out". (rev.4.0)
-separatescore
Output the language and acoustic scores separately.
-callbackdebug
Print the callback names at each call for debug. (rev.4.0)
-charconv from to
Print with character set conversion. from is the source character set used in the language model, and
to is the target character set you want to get.
On Linux, the arguments should be a code name. You can obtain the list of available code names by
invoking the command "iconv --list". On Windows, the arguments should be a code name or codepage
number. Code name should be one of "ansi", "mac", "oem", "utf-7", "utf-8", "sjis", "euc". Or you can
specify any codepage number supported at your environment.
-nocharconv
Disable character conversion.
-module [port]
Run Julius on "Server Module Mode". After startup, Julius waits for tcp/ip connection from client.
Once connection is established, Julius start communication with the client to process incoming
commands from the client, or to output recognition results, input trigger information and other system
status to the client. The default port number is 10500.
-record dir
Auto-save all input speech data into the specified directory. Each segmented inputs are recorded each
by one. The file name of the recorded data is generated from system time when the input ends, in a
style of YYYY.MMDD.HHMMSS.wav. File format is 16bit monoral WAV. Invalid for mfcfile input.
With input rejection by -rejectshort, the rejected input will also be recorded even if they are
rejected.
-logfile file
Save all log output to a file instead of standard output. (Rev.4.0)
-nolog
Disable all log output. (Rev.4.0)
-help
Output help message and exit.
Global options
These are model-/search-dependent options relating audio input, sound detection, GMM, decoding algorithm,
plugin facility, and others. Global options should be placed before any instance declaration (-AM, -LM,
or -SR), or just after "-GLOBAL" option.
Audio input
-input {mic|rawfile|mfcfile|adinnet|stdin|netaudio|alsa|oss|esd}
Choose speech input source. Specify 'file' or 'rawfile' for waveform file, 'htkparam' or
'mfcfile' for HTK parameter file. On file input, users will be prompted to enter the file name
from stdin, or you can use -filelist option to specify list of files to process.
´mic' is to get audio input from a default live microphone device, and 'adinnet' means
receiving waveform data via tcpip network from an adinnet client. 'netaudio' is from
DatLink/NetAudio input, and 'stdin' means data input from standard input.
For waveform file input, only WAV (no compression) and RAW (noheader, 16bit, big endian) are
supported by default. Other format can be read when compiled with libsnd library. To see what
format is actually supported, see the help message using option -help. For stdin input, only
WAV and RAW is supported. (default: mfcfile)
At Linux, you can choose API at run time by specifying alsa, oss and esd.
-chunk_size samples
Audio fragment size in number of samples. (default: 1000)
-filelist filename
(With -input rawfile|mfcfile) perform recognition on all files listed in the file. The file
should contain input file per line. Engine will end when all of the files are processed.
-notypecheck
By default, Julius checks the input parameter type whether it matches the AM or not. This
option will disable the check and force engine to use the input vector as is.
-48
Record input with 48kHz sampling, and down-sample it to 16kHz on-the-fly. This option is valid
for 16kHz model only. The down-sampling routine was ported from sptk. (Rev. 4.0)
-NA devicename
Host name for DatLink server input (-input netaudio).
-adport port_number
With -input adinnet, specify adinnet port number to listen. (default: 5530)
-nostrip
Julius by default removes successive zero samples in input speech data. This option inhibits
the removal.
-zmean , -nozmean
This option enables/disables DC offset removal of input waveform. Offset will be estimated from
the whole input. For microphone / network input, zero mean of the first 48000 samples (3
seconds in 16kHz sampling) will be used for the estimation. (default: disabled)
This option uses static offset for the channel. See also -zmeansource for frame-wise offset
removal.
Speech detection by level and zero-cross
-cutsilence , -nocutsilence
Turn on / off the speech detection by level and zero-cross. Default is on for mic / adinnet
input, and off for files.
-lv thres
Level threshold for speech input detection. Values should be in range from 0 to 32767.
(default: 2000)
-zc thres
Zero crossing threshold per second. Only input that goes over the level threshold (-lv) will be
counted. (default: 60)
-headmargin msec
Silence margin at the start of speech segment in milliseconds. (default: 300)
-tailmargin msec
Silence margin at the end of speech segment in milliseconds. (default: 400)
Input rejection
Two simple front-end input rejection methods are implemented, based on input length and average
power of detected segment. The rejection by average power is experimental, and can be enabled by
--enable-power-reject on compilation. Valid for MFCC feature with power coefficient and real-time
input only.
For GMM-based input rejection see the GMM section below.
-rejectshort msec
Reject input shorter than specified milliseconds. Search will be terminated and no result will
be output.
-powerthres thres
Reject the inputted segment by its average energy. If the average energy of the last recognized
input is below the threshold, Julius will reject the input. (Rev.4.0)
This option is valid when --enable-power-reject is specified at compilation time.
Gaussian mixture model / GMM-VAD
GMM will be used for input rejection by accumulated score, or for front-end GMM-based VAD when
--enable-gmm-vad is specified.
NOTE: You should also set the proper MFCC parameters required for the GMM, specifying the acoustic
parameters described in AM section -AM_GMM.
When GMM-based VAD is enabled, the voice activity score will be calculated at each frame as
front-end processing. The value will be computed as \[ \max_{m \in M_v} p(x|m) - \max_{m \in M_n}
p(x|m) \] where $M_v$ is a set of voice GMM, and $M_n$ is a set of noise GMM whose names should be
specified by -gmmreject. The activity score will be then averaged for the last N frames, where N
is specified by -gmmmargin. Julius updates the averaged activity score at each frame, and detect
speech up-trigger when the value gets higher than a value specified by -gmmup, and detecgt
down-trigger when it gets lower than a value of -gmmdown.
-gmm hmmdefs_file
GMM definition file in HTK format. If specified, GMM-based input verification will be performed
concurrently with the 1st pass, and you can reject the input according to the result as
specified by -gmmreject. The GMM should be defined as one-state HMMs.
-gmmnum number
Number of Gaussian components to be computed per frame on GMM calculation. Only the N-best
Gaussians will be computed for rapid calculation. The default is 10 and specifying smaller
value will speed up GMM calculation, but too small value (1 or 2) may cause degradation of
identification performance.
-gmmreject string
Comma-separated list of GMM names to be rejected as invalid input. When recognition, the log
likelihoods of GMMs accumulated for the entire input will be computed concurrently with the 1st
pass. If the GMM name of the maximum score is within this string, the 2nd pass will not be
executed and the input will be rejected.
-gmmmargin frames
(GMM_VAD) Head margin in frames. When a speech trigger detected by GMM, recognition will start
from current frame minus this value. (Rev.4.0)
This option will be valid only if compiled with --enable-gmm-vad.
-gmmup value
(GMM_VAD) Up trigger threshold of voice activity score. (Rev.4.1)
This option will be valid only if compiled with --enable-gmm-vad.
-gmmdown value
(GMM_VAD) Down trigger threshold of voice activity score. (Rev.4.1)
This option will be valid only if compiled with --enable-gmm-vad.
Decoding option
Real-time processing means concurrent processing of MFCC computation 1st pass decoding. By
default, real-time processing on the pass is on for microphone / adinnet / netaudio input, and for
others.
-realtime , -norealtime
Explicitly switch on / off real-time (pipe-line) processing on the first pass. The default is
off for file input, and on for microphone, adinnet and NetAudio input. This option relates to
the way CMN and energy normalization is performed: if off, they will be done using average
features of whole input. If on, MAP-CMN and energy normalization to do real-time processing.
Misc. options
-C jconffile
Load a jconf file at here. The content of the jconffile will be expanded at this point.
-version
Print version information to standard error, and exit.
-setting
Print engine setting information to standard error, and exit.
-quiet
Output less log. For result, only the best word sequence will be printed.
-debug
(For debug) output enormous internal message and debug information to log.
-check {wchmm|trellis|triphone}
For debug, enter interactive check mode.
-plugindir dirlist
Specify directory to load plugin. If several direcotries exist, specify them by colon-separated
list.
Instance declaration for multi decoding
The following arguments will create a new configuration set with default parameters, and switch current
set to it. Jconf parameters specified after the option will be set into the current set.
To do multi-model decoding, these argument should be specified at the first of each model / search
instances with different names. Any options before the first instance definition will be IGNORED.
When no instance definition is found (as older version of Julius), all the options are assigned to a
default instance named _default.
Please note that decoding with a single LM and multiple AMs is not fully supported. For example, you may
want to construct the jconf file as following.
This type of model sharing is not supported yet, since some part of LM processing depends on the assigned
AM. Instead, you can get the same result by defining the same LMs for each AM, like this:
-AM name
Create a new AM configuration set, and switch current to the new one. You should give a unique name.
(Rev.4.0)
-LM name
Create a new LM configuration set, and switch current to the new one. You should give a unique name.
(Rev.4.0)
-SR name am_name lm_name
Create a new search configuration set, and switch current to the new one. The specified AM and LM will
be assigned to it. The am_name and lm_name can be either name or ID number. You should give a unique
name. (Rev.4.0)
-AM_GMM
When using GMM for front-end processing, you can specify GMM-specific acoustic parameters after this
option. If you does not specify -AM_GMM with GMM, the GMM will share the same parameter vector as the
last AM. The current AM will be switched to the GMM one, so be careful not to confuse with normal AM
configurations. (Rev.4.0)
-GLOBAL
Start a global section. The global options should be placed before any instance declaration, or after
this option on multiple model recognition. This can be used multiple times. (Rev.4.1)
-nosectioncheck , -sectioncheck
Disable / enable option location check in multi-model decoding. When enabled, the options between
instance declaration is treated as "sections" and only the belonging option types can be written. For
example, when an option -AM is specified, only the AM related option can be placed after the option
until other declaration is found. Also, global options should be placed at top, before any instance
declarataion. This is enabled by default. (Rev.4.1)
Language model (-LM)
This group contains options for model definition of each language model type. When using multiple LM, one
instance can have only one LM.
Only one type of LM can be specified for a LM configuration. If you want to use multi model, you should
define them one as a new LM.
N-gram
-d bingram_file
Use binary format N-gram. An ARPA N-gram file can be converted to Julius binary format by
mkbingram.
-nlr arpa_ngram_file
A forward, left-to-right N-gram language model in standard ARPA format. When both a forward
N-gram and backward N-gram are specified, Julius uses this forward 2-gram for the 1st pass, and
the backward N-gram for the 2nd pass.
Since ARPA file often gets huge and requires a lot of time to load, it may be better to convert
the ARPA file to Julius binary format by mkbingram. Note that if both forward and backward
N-gram is used for recognition, they together will be converted to a single binary.
When only a forward N-gram is specified by this option and no backward N-gram specified by
-nrl, Julius performs recognition with only the forward N-gram. The 1st pass will use the
2-gram entry in the given N-gram, and The 2nd pass will use the given N-gram, with converting
forward probabilities to backward probabilities by Bayes rule. (Rev.4.0)
-nrl arpa_ngram_file
A backward, right-to-left N-gram language model in standard ARPA format. When both a forward
N-gram and backward N-gram are specified, Julius uses the forward 2-gram for the 1st pass, and
this backward N-gram for the 2nd pass.
Since ARPA file often gets huge and requires a lot of time to load, it may be better to convert
the ARPA file to Julius binary format by mkbingram. Note that if both forward and backward
N-gram is used for recognition, they together will be converted to a single binary.
When only a backward N-gram is specified by this option and no forward N-gram specified by
-nlr, Julius performs recognition with only the backward N-gram. The 1st pass will use the
forward 2-gram probability computed from the backward 2-gram using Bayes rule. The 2nd pass
fully use the given backward N-gram. (Rev.4.0)
-v dict_file
Word dictionary file.
-silhead word_string -siltail word_string
Silence word defined in the dictionary, for silences at the beginning of sentence and end of
sentence. (default: "<s>", "</s>")
-mapunk word_string
Specify unknown word. Default is "<unk>" or "<UNK>". This will be used to assign word
probability on unknown words, i.e. words in dictionary that are not in N-gram vocabulary.
-iwspword
Add a word entry to the dictionary that should correspond to inter-word pauses. This may
improve recognition accuracy in some language model that has no explicit inter-word pause
modeling. The word entry to be added can be changed by -iwspentry.
-iwspentry word_entry_string
Specify the word entry that will be added by -iwspword. (default: "<UNK> [sp] sp sp")
-sepnum number
Number of high frequency words to be isolated from the lexicon tree, to ease approximation
error that may be caused by the one-best approximation on 1st pass. (default: 150)
Grammar
Multiple grammars can be specified by repeating -gram and -gramlist. Note that this is unusual
behavior from other options (in normal Julius option, last one will override previous ones). You
can use -nogram to reset the grammars already specified before the point.
-gram gramprefix1[,gramprefix2[,gramprefix3,...]]
Comma-separated list of grammars to be used. the argument should be a prefix of a grammar, i.e.
if you have foo.dfa and foo.dict, you should specify them with a single argument foo. Multiple
grammars can be specified at a time as a comma-separated list.
-gramlist list_file
Specify a grammar list file that contains list of grammars to be used. The list file should
contain the prefixes of grammars, each per line. A relative path in the list file will be
treated as relative to the file, not the current path or configuration file.
-dfa dfa_file -v dict_file
An old way of specifying grammar files separately. This is bogus, and should not be used any
more.
-nogram
Remove the current list of grammars already specified by -gram, -gramlist, -dfa and -v.
Isolated word
Dictionary can be specified by using -w and -wlist. When you specify multiple times, all of them
will be read at startup. You can use -nogram to reset the already specified dictionaries at that
point.
-w dict_file
Word dictionary for isolated word recognition. File format is the same as other LM. (Rev.4.0)
-wlist list_file
Specify a dictionary list file that contains list of dictionaries to be used. The list file
should contain the file name of dictionaries, each per line. A relative path in the list file
will be treated as relative to the list file, not the current path or configuration file.
(Rev.4.0)
-nogram
Remove the current list of dictionaries already specified by -w and -wlist.
-wsil head_sil_model_name tail_sil_model_name sil_context_name
On isolated word recognition, silence models will be appended to the head and tail of each word
at recognition. This option specifies the silence models to be appended. sil_context_name is
the name of the head sil model and tail sil model as a context of word head phone and tail
phone. For example, if you specify -wsil silB silE sp, a word with phone sequence b eh t will
be translated as silB sp-b+eh b-eh+t eh-t+sp silE. (Rev.4.0)
User-defined LM
-userlm
Declare to use user LM functions in the program. This option should be specified if you use
user-defined LM functions. (Rev.4.0)
Misc. LM options
-forcedict
Skip error words in dictionary and force running.
Acoustic model and feature analysis (-AM) (-AM_GMM)
This section is about options for acoustic model, feature extraction, feature normalizations and spectral
subtraction.
After -AM name, an acoustic model and related specification should be written. You can use multiple AMs
trained with different MFCC types. For GMM, the required parameter condition should be specified just as
same as AMs after -AM_GMM.
When using multiple AMs, the values of -smpPeriod, -smpFreq, -fsize and -fshift should be the same among
all AMs.
Acoustic HMM
-h hmmdef_file
Acoustic HMM definition file. It should be in HTK ascii format, or Julius binary format. You
can convert HTK ascii format to Julius binary format using mkbinhmm.
-hlist hmmlist_file
HMMList file for phone mapping. This file provides mapping between logical triphone names
generated in the dictionary and the defined HMM names in hmmdefs. This option should be
specified for context-dependent model.
-tmix number
Specify the number of top Gaussians to be calculated in a mixture codebook. Small number will
speed up the acoustic computation, but AM accuracy may get worse with too small value. See also
-gprune. (default: 2)
-spmodel name
Specify HMM model name that corresponds to short-pause in an utterance. The short-pause model
name will be used in recognition: short-pause skipping on grammar recognition, word-end
short-pause model insertion with -iwsp on N-gram, or short-pause segmentation (-spsegment).
(default: "sp")
-multipath
Enable multi-path mode. To make decoding faster, Julius by default impose a limit on HMM
transitions that each model should have only one transition from initial state and to end
state. On multi-path mode, Julius does extra handling on inter-model transition to allows
model-skipping transition and multiple output/input transitions. Note that specifying this
option will make Julius a bit slower, and the larger beam width may be required.
This function was a compilation-time option on Julius 3.x, and now becomes a run-time option.
By default (without this option), Julius checks the transition type of specified HMMs, and
enable the multi-path mode if required. You can force multi-path mode with this option.
(rev.4.0)
-gprune {safe|heuristic|beam|none|default}
Set Gaussian pruning algorithm to use. For tied-mixture model, Julius performs Gaussian pruning
to reduce acoustic computation, by calculating only the top N Gaussians in each codebook at
each frame. The default setting will be set according to the model type and engine setting.
default will force accepting the default setting. Set this to none to disable pruning and
perform full computation. safe guarantees the top N Gaussians to be computed. heuristic and
beam do more aggressive computational cost reduction, but may result in small loss of accuracy
model (default: safe (standard), beam (fast) for tied mixture model, none for non tied-mixture
model).
-iwcd1 {max|avg|best number}
Select method to approximate inter-word triphone on the head and tail of a word in the first
pass.
max will apply the maximum likelihood of the same context triphones. avg will apply the
average likelihood of the same context triphones. best number will apply the average of top
N-best likelihoods of the same context triphone.
Default is best 3 for use with N-gram, and avg for grammar and word. When this AM is shared by
LMs of both type, latter one will be chosen.
-iwsppenalty float
Insertion penalty for word-end short pauses appended by -iwsp.
-gshmm hmmdef_file
If this option is specified, Julius performs Gaussian Mixture Selection for efficient decoding.
The hmmdefs should be a monophone model generated from an ordinary monophone HMM model, using
mkgshmm.
-gsnum number
On GMS, specify number of monophone states to compute corresponding triphones in detail.
(default: 24)
Speech analysis
Only MFCC feature extraction is supported in current Julius. Thus when recognizing a waveform
input from file or microphone, AM must be trained by MFCC. The parameter condition should also be
set as exactly the same as the training condition by the options below.
When you give an input in HTK Parameter file, you can use any parameter type for AM. In this case
Julius does not care about the type of input feature and AM, just read them as vector sequence and
match them to the given AM. Julius only checks whether the parameter types are the same. If it
does not work well, you can disable this checking by -notypecheck.
In Julius, the parameter kind and qualifiers (as TARGETKIND in HTK) and the number of cepstral
parameters (NUMCEPS) will be set automatically from the content of the AM header, so you need not
specify them by options.
Other parameters should be set exactly the same as training condition. You can also give a HTK
Config file which you used to train AM to Julius by -htkconf. When this option is applied, Julius
will parse the Config file and set appropriate parameter.
You can further embed those analysis parameter settings to a binary HMM file using mkbinhmm.
If options specified in several ways, they will be evaluated in the order below. The AM embedded
parameter will be loaded first if any. Then, the HTK config file given by -htkconf will be parsed.
If a value already set by AM embedded value, HTK config will override them. At last, the direct
options will be loaded, which will override settings loaded before. Note that, when the same
options are specified several times, later will override previous, except that -htkconf will be
evaluated first as described above.
-smpPeriod period
Sampling period of input speech, in unit of 100 nanoseconds. Sampling rate can also be
specified by -smpFreq. Please note that the input frequency should be set equal to the training
conditions of AM. (default: 625, corresponds to 16,000Hz)
This option corresponds to the HTK Option SOURCERATE. The same value can be given to this
option.
When using multiple AM, this value should be the same among all AMs.
-smpFreq Hz
Set sampling frequency of input speech in Hz. Sampling rate can also be specified using
-smpPeriod. Please note that this frequency should be set equal to the training conditions of
AM. (default: 16,000)
When using multiple AM, this value should be the same among all AMs.
-fsize sample_num
Window size in number of samples. (default: 400)
This option corresponds to the HTK Option WINDOWSIZE, but value should be in samples (HTK value
/ smpPeriod).
When using multiple AM, this value should be the same among all AMs.
-fshift sample_num
Frame shift in number of samples. (default: 160)
This option corresponds to the HTK Option TARGETRATE, but value should be in samples (HTK value
/ smpPeriod).
When using multiple AM, this value should be the same among all AMs.
-preemph float
Pre-emphasis coefficient. (default: 0.97)
This option corresponds to the HTK Option PREEMCOEF. The same value can be given to this
option.
-fbank num
Number of filterbank channels. (default: 24)
This option corresponds to the HTK Option NUMCHANS. The same value can be given to this option.
Be aware that the default value not the same as in HTK (22).
-ceplif num
Cepstral liftering coefficient. (default: 22)
This option corresponds to the HTK Option CEPLIFTER. The same value can be given to this
option.
-rawe , -norawe
Enable/disable using raw energy before pre-emphasis (default: disabled)
This option corresponds to the HTK Option RAWENERGY. Be aware that the default value differs
from HTK (enabled at HTK, disabled at Julius).
-enormal , -noenormal
Enable/disable normalizing log energy. On live input, this normalization will be approximated
from the average of last input. (default: disabled)
This option corresponds to the HTK Option ENORMALISE. Be aware that the default value differs
from HTK (enabled at HTK, disabled at Julius).
-escale float_scale
Scaling factor of log energy when normalizing log energy. (default: 1.0)
This option corresponds to the HTK Option ESCALE. Be aware that the default value differs from
HTK (0.1).
-silfloor float
Energy silence floor in dB when normalizing log energy. (default: 50.0)
This option corresponds to the HTK Option SILFLOOR.
-delwin frame
Delta window size in number of frames. (default: 2)
This option corresponds to the HTK Option DELTAWINDOW. The same value can be given to this
option.
-accwin frame
Acceleration window size in number of frames. (default: 2)
This option corresponds to the HTK Option ACCWINDOW. The same value can be given to this
option.
-hifreq Hz
Enable band-limiting for MFCC filterbank computation: set upper frequency cut-off. Value of -1
will disable it. (default: -1)
This option corresponds to the HTK Option HIFREQ. The same value can be given to this option.
-lofreq Hz
Enable band-limiting for MFCC filterbank computation: set lower frequency cut-off. Value of -1
will disable it. (default: -1)
This option corresponds to the HTK Option LOFREQ. The same value can be given to this option.
-zmeanframe , -nozmeanframe
With speech input, this option enables/disables frame-wise DC offset removal. This corresponds
to HTK configuration ZMEANSOURCE. This cannot be used together with -zmean. (default: disabled)
-usepower
Use power instead of magnitude on filterbank analysis. (default: disabled)
Normalization
Julius can perform cepstral mean normalization (CMN) for inputs. CMN will be activated when the
given AM was trained with CMN (i.e. has "_Z" qualifier in the header).
The cepstral mean will be estimated in different way according to the input type. On file input,
the mean will be computed from the whole input. On live input such as microphone and network
input, the ceptral mean of the input is unknown at the start. So MAP-CMN will be used. On MAP-CMN,
an initial mean vector will be applied at the beginning, and the mean vector will be smeared to
the mean of the incrementing input vector as input goes. Options below can control the behavior of
MAP-CMN.
-cvn
Enable cepstral variance normalization. At file input, the variance of whole input will be
calculated and then applied. At live microphone input, variance of the last input will be
applied. CVN is only supported for an audio input.
-vtln alpha lowcut hicut
Do frequency warping, typically for a vocal tract length normalization (VTLN). Arguments are
warping factor, high frequency cut-off and low freq. cut-off. They correspond to HTK Config
values, WARPFREQ, WARPHCUTOFF and WARPLCUTOFF.
-cmnload file
Load initial cepstral mean vector from file on startup. The file should be one saved by
-cmnsave. Loading an initial cepstral mean enables Julius to better recognize the first
utterance on a real-time input. When used together with -cmnnoupdate, this initial value will
be used for all input.
-cmnsave file
Save the calculated cepstral mean vector into file. The parameters will be saved at each input
end. If the output file already exists, it will be overridden.
-cmnupdate -cmnnoupdate
Control whether to update the cepstral mean at each input on real-time input. Disabling this
and specifying -cmnload will make engine to always use the loaded static initial cepstral mean.
-cmnmapweight float
Specify the weight of initial cepstral mean for MAP-CMN. Specify larger value to retain the
initial cepstral mean for a longer period, and smaller value to make the cepstral mean rely
more on the current input. (default: 100.0)
Front-end processing
Julius can perform spectral subtraction to reduce some stationary noise from audio input. Though
it is not a powerful method, but it may work on some situation. Julius has two ways to estimate
noise spectrum. One way is to assume that the first short segment of an speech input is noise
segment, and estimate the noise spectrum as the average of the segment. Another way is to
calculate average spectrum from noise-only input using other tool mkss, and load it in Julius. The
former one is popular for speech file input, and latter should be used in live input. The options
below will switch / control the behavior.
-sscalc
Perform spectral subtraction using head part of each file as silence part. The head part length
should be specified by -sscalclen. Valid only for file input. Conflict with -ssload.
-sscalclen msec
With -sscalc, specify the length of head silence for noise spectrum estimation in milliseconds.
(default: 300)
-ssload file
Perform spectral subtraction for speech input using pre-estimated noise spectrum loaded from
file. The noise spectrum file can be made by mkss. Valid for all speech input. Conflict with
-sscalc.
-ssalpha float
Alpha coefficient of spectral subtraction for -sscalc and -ssload. Noise will be subtracted
stronger as this value gets larger, but distortion of the resulting signal also becomes
remarkable. (default: 2.0)
-ssfloor float
Flooring coefficient of spectral subtraction. The spectral power that goes below zero after
subtraction will be substituted by the source signal with this coefficient multiplied.
(default: 0.5)
Misc. AM options
-htkconf file
Parse the given HTK Config file, and set corresponding parameters to Julius. When using this
option, the default parameter values are switched from Julius defaults to HTK defaults.
Recognition process and search (-SR)
This section contains options for search parameters on the 1st / 2nd pass such as beam width and LM
weights, configurations for short-pause segmentation, switches for word lattice output and confusion
network output, forced alignments, and other options relating recognition process and result output.
Default values for beam width and LM weights will change according to compile-time setup of JuliusLib ,
AM model type, and LM size. Please see the startup log for the actual values.
1st pass parameters
-lmp weight penalty
(N-gram) Language model weights and word insertion penalties for the first pass.
-penalty1 penalty
(Grammar) word insertion penalty for the first pass. (default: 0.0)
-b width
Beam width in number of HMM nodes for rank beaming on the first pass. This value defines search
width on the 1st pass, and has dominant effect on the total processing time. Smaller width will
speed up the decoding, but too small value will result in a substantial increase of recognition
errors due to search failure. Larger value will make the search stable and will lead to
failure-free search, but processing time will grow in proportion to the width.
The default value is dependent on acoustic model type: 400 (monophone), 800 (triphone), or 1000
(triphone, setup=v2.1)
-nlimit num
Upper limit of token per node. This option is valid when --enable-wpair and
--enable-wpair-nlimit are enabled at compilation time.
-progout
Enable progressive output of the partial results on the first pass.
-proginterval msec
Set the time interval for -progout in milliseconds. (default: 300)
2nd pass parameters
-lmp2 weight penalty
(N-gram) Language model weights and word insertion penalties for the second pass.
-penalty2 penalty
(Grammar) word insertion penalty for the second pass. (default: 0.0)
-b2 width
Envelope beam width (number of hypothesis) at the second pass. If the count of word expansion
at a certain hypothesis length reaches this limit while search, shorter hypotheses are not
expanded further. This prevents search to fall in breadth-first-like situation stacking on the
same position, and improve search failure mostly for large vocabulary condition. (default: 30)
-sb float
Score envelope width for enveloped scoring. When calculating hypothesis score for each
generated hypothesis, its trellis expansion and Viterbi operation will be pruned in the middle
of the speech if score on a frame goes under the width. Giving small value makes the second
pass faster, but computation error may occur. (default: 80.0)
-s num
Stack size, i.e. the maximum number of hypothesis that can be stored on the stack during the
search. A larger value may give more stable results, but increases the amount of memory
required. (default: 500)
-m count
Number of expanded hypotheses required to discontinue the search. If the number of expanded
hypotheses is greater then this threshold then, the search is discontinued at that point. The
larger this value is, The longer Julius gets to give up search. (default: 2000)
-n num
The number of candidates Julius tries to find. The search continues till this number of
sentence hypotheses have been found. The obtained sentence hypotheses are sorted by score, and
final result is displayed in the order (see also the -output). The possibility that the optimum
hypothesis is correctly found increases as this value gets increased, but the processing time
also becomes longer. The default value depends on the engine setup on compilation time: 10
(standard) or 1 (fast or v2.1)
-output num
The top N sentence hypothesis to be output at the end of search. Use with -n (default: 1)
-lookuprange frame
Set the number of frames before and after to look up next word hypotheses in the word trellis
on the second pass. This prevents the omission of short words, but with a large value, the
number of expanded hypotheses increases and system becomes slow. (default: 5)
-looktrellis
(Grammar) Expand only the words survived on the first pass instead of expanding all the words
predicted by grammar. This option makes second pass decoding faster especially for large
vocabulary condition, but may increase deletion error of short words. (default: disabled)
Short-pause segmentation / decoder-VAD
When compiled with --enable-decoder-vad, the short-pause segmentation will be extended to support
decoder-based VAD.
-spsegment
Enable short-pause segmentation mode. Input will be segmented when a short pause word (word
with only silence model in pronunciation) gets the highest likelihood at certain successive
frames on the first pass. When detected segment end, Julius stop the 1st pass at the point,
perform 2nd pass, and continue with next segment. The word context will be considered among
segments. (Rev.4.0)
When compiled with --enable-decoder-vad, this option enables decoder-based VAD, to skip long
silence.
-spdur frame
Short pause duration length to detect end of input segment, in number of frames. (default: 10)
-pausemodels string
A comma-separated list of pause model names to be used at short-pause segmentation. The word
whose pronunciation consists of only the pause models will be treated as "pause word" and used
for pause detection. If not specified, name of -spmodel, -silhead and -siltail will be used.
(Rev.4.0)
-spmargin frame
Back step margin at trigger up for decoder-based VAD. When speech up-trigger found by
decoder-VAD, Julius will rewind the input parameter by this value, and start recognition at the
point. (Rev.4.0)
This option will be valid only if compiled with --enable-decoder-vad.
-spdelay frame
Trigger decision delay frame at trigger up for decoder-based VAD. (Rev.4.0)
This option will be valid only if compiled with --enable-decoder-vad.
Word lattice / confusion network output
-lattice , -nolattice
Enable / disable generation of word graph. Search algorithm also has changed to optimize for
better word graph generation, so the sentence result may not be the same as normal N-best
recognition. (Rev.4.0)
-confnet , -noconfnet
Enable / disable generation of confusion network. Enabling this will also activates -lattice
internally. (Rev.4.0)
-graphrange frame
Merge same words at neighbor position at graph generation. If the beginning time and ending
time of two word candidates of the same word is within the specified range, they will be
merged. The default is 0 (allow merging same words on exactly the same location) and specifying
larger value will result in smaller graph output. Setting this value to -1 will disable
merging, in that case same words on the same location of different scores will be left as they
are. (default: 0)
-graphcut depth
Cut the resulting graph by its word depth at post-processing stage. The depth value is the
number of words to be allowed at a frame. Setting to -1 disables this feature. (default: 80)
-graphboundloop count
Limit the number of boundary adjustment loop at post-processing stage. This parameter prevents
Julius from blocking by infinite adjustment loop by short word oscillation. (default: 20)
-graphsearchdelay , -nographsearchdelay
When this option is enabled, Julius modifies its graph generation algorithm on the 2nd pass not
to terminate search by graph merging, until the first sentence candidate is found. This option
may improve graph accuracy, especially when you are going to generate a huge word graph by
setting broad search. Namely, it may result in better graph accuracy when you set wide beams on
both 1st pass -b and 2nd pass -b2, and large number for -n. (default: disabled)
Multi-gram / multi-dic recognition
-multigramout , -nomultigramout
On grammar recognition using multiple grammars, Julius will output only the best result among
all grammars. Enabling this option will make Julius to output result for each grammar.
(default: disabled)
Forced alignment
-walign
Do viterbi alignment per word units for the recognition result. The word boundary frames and
the average acoustic scores per frame will be calculated.
-palign
Do viterbi alignment per phone units for the recognition result. The phone boundary frames and
the average acoustic scores per frame will be calculated.
-salign
Do viterbi alignment per state for the recognition result. The state boundary frames and the
average acoustic scores per frame will be calculated.
Misc. search options
-inactive
Start this recognition process instance with inactive state. (Rev.4.0)
-1pass
Perform only the first pass.
-fallback1pass
When 2nd pass fails, Julius finish the recognition with no result. This option tell Julius to
output the 1st pass result as a final result when the 2nd pass fails. Note that some score
output (confidence etc.) may not be useful. This was the default behavior of Julius-3.x.
-no_ccd , -force_ccd
Explicitly switch phone context handling at search. Normally Julius determines whether the
using AM is a context-dependent model or not from the model names, i.e., whether the names
contain character + and -. This option will override the automatic detection.
-cmalpha float
Smoothing parameter for confidence scoring. (default: 0.05)
-iwsp
(Multi-path mode only) Enable inter-word context-free short pause insertion. This option
appends a skippable short pause model for every word end. The short-pause model can be
specified by -spmodel.
-transp float
Additional insertion penalty for transparent words. (default: 0.0)
-demo
Equivalent to -progout -quiet.
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
ALSADEV
(using mic input with alsa device) specify a capture device name. If not specified, "default" will be
used.
AUDIODEV
(using mic input with oss device) specify a capture device path. If not specified, "/dev/dsp" will be
used.
LATENCY_MSEC
Try to set input latency of microphone input in milliseconds. Smaller value will shorten latency but
sometimes make process unstable. Default value will depend on the running OS.
EXAMPLES
For examples of system usage, refer to the tutorial section in the Julius documents.
NOTICE
Note about jconf files: relative paths in a jconf file are interpreted as relative to the jconf file
itself, not to the current directory.
SEE ALSO
julian(1), jcontrol(1), adinrec(1), adintool(1), mkbingram(1), mkbinhmm(1), mkgsmm(1), wav2mfcc(1),
mkss(1)
http://julius.sourceforge.jp/en/
DIAGNOSTICS
Julius normally will return the exit status 0. If an error occurs, Julius exits abnormally with exit
status 1. If an input file cannot be found or cannot be loaded for some reason then Julius will skip
processing for that file.
BUGS
There are some restrictions to the type and size of the models Julius can use. For a detailed explanation
refer to the Julius documentation. For bug-reports, inquires and comments please contact julius-info at
lists.sourceforge.jp.
COPYRIGHT
Copyright (c) 1991-2008 Kawahara Lab., Kyoto University
Copyright (c) 1997-2000 Information-technology Promotion Agency, Japan
Copyright (c) 2000-2008 Shikano Lab., Nara Institute of Science and Technology
Copyright (c) 2005-2008 Julius project team, Nagoya Institute of Technology
AUTHORS
Rev.1.0 (1998/02/20)
Designed by Tatsuya KAWAHARA and Akinobu LEE (Kyoto University)
Development by Akinobu LEE (Kyoto University)
Rev.1.1 (1998/04/14), Rev.1.2 (1998/10/31), Rev.2.0 (1999/02/20), Rev.2.1 (1999/04/20), Rev.2.2
(1999/10/04), Rev.3.0 (2000/02/14), Rev.3.1 (2000/05/11)
Development of above versions by Akinobu LEE (Kyoto University)
Rev.3.2 (2001/08/15), Rev.3.3 (2002/09/11), Rev.3.4 (2003/10/01), Rev.3.4.1 (2004/02/25), Rev.3.4.2
(2004/04/30)
Development of above versions by Akinobu LEE (Nara Institute of Science and Technology)
Rev.3.5 (2005/11/11), Rev.3.5.1 (2006/03/31), Rev.3.5.2 (2006/07/31), Rev.3.5.3 (2006/12/29), Rev.4.0
(2007/12/19), Rev.4.1 (2008/10/03)
Development of above versions by Akinobu LEE (Nagoya Institute of Technology)
THANKS TO
From rev.3.2, Julius is released by the "Information Processing Society, Continuous Speech Consortium".
The Windows DLL version was developed and released by Hideki BANNO (Nagoya University).
The Windows Microsoft Speech API compatible version was developed by Takashi SUMIYOSHI (Kyoto
University).
02/11/2009 JULIUS(1)