Provided by: rrdtool_1.4.7-2ubuntu5_amd64 
NAME
rrdgraph_examples - Examples for rrdtool graph
SYNOPSIS
rrdtool graph /home/httpd/html/test.png --img-format PNG
followed by any of the examples below
DESCRIPTION
For your convenience some of the commands are explained here by using detailed examples.
They are not always cut-and-paste ready because comments are intermixed with the examples.
EXAMPLES
Data with multiple resolutions
--end now --start end-120000s --width 400
DEF:ds0a=/home/rrdtool/data/router1.rrd:ds0:AVERAGE
DEF:ds0b=/home/rrdtool/data/router1.rrd:ds0:AVERAGE:step=1800
DEF:ds0c=/home/rrdtool/data/router1.rrd:ds0:AVERAGE:step=7200
LINE1:ds0a#0000FF:"default resolution\l"
LINE1:ds0b#00CCFF:"resolution 1800 seconds per interval\l"
LINE1:ds0c#FF00FF:"resolution 7200 seconds per interval\l"
Nicely formatted legend section
DEF:ds0=/home/rrdtool/data/router1.rrd:ds0:AVERAGE
DEF:ds1=/home/rrdtool/data/router1.rrd:ds1:AVERAGE
VDEF:ds0max=ds0,MAXIMUM
VDEF:ds0avg=ds0,AVERAGE
VDEF:ds0min=ds0,MINIMUM
VDEF:ds0pct=ds0,95,PERCENT
VDEF:ds1max=ds1,MAXIMUM
VDEF:ds1avg=ds1,AVERAGE
VDEF:ds1min=ds1,MINIMUM
VDEF:ds1pct=ds1,95,PERCENT
Note: consolidation occurs here.
CDEF:ds0bits=ds0,8,*
CDEF:ds1bits=ds1,8,*
Note: 10 spaces to move text to the right
COMMENT:" "
Note: the column titles have to be as wide as the columns
COMMENT:"Maximum "
COMMENT:"Average "
COMMENT:"Minimum "
COMMENT:"95th percentile\l"
AREA:ds0bits#00C000:"Inbound "
GPRINT:ds0max:"%6.2lf %Sbps"
GPRINT:ds0avg:"%6.2lf %Sbps"
GPRINT:ds0min:"%6.2lf %Sbps"
GPRINT:ds0pct:"%6.2lf %Sbps\l"
LINE1:ds1bits#0000FF:"Outbound"
GPRINT:ds1max:"%6.2lf %Sbps"
GPRINT:ds1avg:"%6.2lf %Sbps"
GPRINT:ds1min:"%6.2lf %Sbps"
GPRINT:ds1pct:"%6.2lf %Sbps\l"
Offsetting a line on the y-axis
Depending on your needs you can do this in two ways:
• Offset the data, then graph this
DEF:mydata=my.rrd:ds:AVERAGE
Note: this will also influence any other command that uses "data"
CDEF:data=mydata,100,+
LINE1:data#FF0000:"Data with offset"
• Graph the original data, with an offset
DEF:mydata=my.rrd:ds:AVERAGE
Note: no color in the first line so it is not visible
LINE1:100
Note: the second line gets stacked on top of the first one
LINE1:data#FF0000:"Data with offset":STACK
Drawing dashed lines
Also works for HRULE and VRULE
• default style: - - - - -
LINE1:data#FF0000:"dashed line":dashes
• more fancy style with offset: - - --- - --- -
LINE1:data#FF0000:"another dashed line":dashes=15,5,5,10:dash-offset=10
Time ranges
Last four weeks: --start end-4w --end 00:00
January 2001: --start 20010101 --end start+31d
January 2001: --start 20010101 --end 20010201
Last hour: --start end-1h
Last 24 hours: <nothing at all>
Yesterday: --end 00:00
Viewing the current and previous week together
--end now --start end-1w
DEF:thisweek=router.rrd:ds0:AVERAGE
DEF:lastweek=router.rrd:ds0:AVERAGE:end=now-1w:start=end-1w
Shift the data forward by one week (604800 seconds)
SHIFT:lastweek:604800
[ more of the usual VDEF and CDEF stuff if you like ]
AREA:lastweek#0000FF:Last\ week
LINE1:thisweek#FF0000:This\ week
Aberrant Behaviour Detection
If the specialized function RRAs exist for aberrant behavior detection, they can be used
to generate the graph of a time series with confidence bands and failures.
rrdtool graph example.png \
DEF:obs=monitor.rrd:ifOutOctets:AVERAGE \
DEF:pred=monitor.rrd:ifOutOctets:HWPREDICT \
DEF:dev=monitor.rrd:ifOutOctets:DEVPREDICT \
DEF:fail=monitor.rrd:ifOutOctets:FAILURES \
TICK:fail#ffffa0:1.0:"Failures\: Average bits out" \
CDEF:scaledobs=obs,8,* \
CDEF:upper=pred,dev,2,*,+ \
CDEF:lower=pred,dev,2,*,- \
CDEF:scaledupper=upper,8,* \
CDEF:scaledlower=lower,8,* \
LINE2:scaledobs#0000ff:"Average bits out" \
LINE1:scaledupper#ff0000:"Upper Confidence Bound: Average bits out" \
LINE1:scaledlower#ff0000:"Lower Confidence Bound: Average bits out"
This example generates a graph of the data series in blue (LINE2 with the scaledobs
virtual data source), confidence bounds in red (scaledupper and scaledlower virtual data
sources), and potential failures (i.e. potential aberrant aberrant behavior) marked by
vertical yellow lines (the fail data source).
The raw data comes from an AVERAGE RRA, the finest resolution of the observed time series
(one consolidated data point per primary data point). The predicted (or smoothed) values
are stored in the HWPREDICT RRA. The predicted deviations (think standard deviation)
values are stored in the DEVPREDICT RRA. Finally, the FAILURES RRA contains indicators,
with 1 denoting a potential failure.
All of the data is rescaled to bits (instead of Octets) by multiplying by 8. The
confidence bounds are computed by an offset of 2 deviations both above and below the
predicted values (the CDEFs upper and lower). Vertical lines indicated potential failures
are graphed via the TICK graph element, which converts non-zero values in an RRA into tick
marks. Here an axis-fraction argument of 1.0 means the tick marks span the entire y-axis,
and hence become vertical lines on the graph.
The choice of 2 deviations (a scaling factor) matches the default used internally by the
FAILURES RRA. If the internal value is changed (see rrdtune), this graphing command should
be changed to be consistent.
A note on data reduction:
The rrdtool graph command is designed to plot data at a specified temporal resolution,
regardless of the actually resolution of the data in the RRD file. This can present a
problem for the specialized consolidation functions which maintain a one-to-one mapping
between primary data points and consolidated data points. If a graph insists on viewing
the contents of these RRAs on a coarser temporal scale, the graph command tries to do
something intelligent, but the confidence bands and failures no longer have the same
meaning and may be misleading.
SEE ALSO
rrdgraph gives an overview of how rrdtool graph works. rrdgraph_data describes DEF,CDEF
and VDEF in detail. rrdgraph_rpn describes the RPN language used in the xDEF statements.
rrdgraph_graph page describes all the graph and print functions.
AUTHOR
Program by Tobias Oetiker <tobi@oetiker.ch>
This manual page by Alex van den Bogaerdt <alex@vandenbogaerdt.nl> with corrections and/or
additions by several people