NAME

     send, sendto, sendmsg — send a message from a socket

LIBRARY

     Standard C Library (libc, -lc)

SYNOPSIS

     #include <sys/types.h>
     #include <sys/socket.h>

     ssize_t
     send(int s, const void *msg, size_t len, int flags);

     ssize_t
     sendto(int s, const void *msg, size_t len, int flags, const struct sockaddr *to,
         socklen_t tolen);

     ssize_t
     sendmsg(int s, const struct msghdr *msg, int flags);

DESCRIPTION

     The send() function, and sendto() and sendmsg() system calls are used to transmit a message
     to another socket.  The send() function may be used only when the socket is in a connected
     state, while sendto() and sendmsg() may be used at any time.

     The address of the target is given by to with tolen specifying its size.  The length of the
     message is given by len.  If the message is too long to pass atomically through the
     underlying protocol, the error EMSGSIZE is returned, and the message is not transmitted.

     No indication of failure to deliver is implicit in a send().  Locally detected errors are
     indicated by a return value of -1.

     If no messages space is available at the socket to hold the message to be transmitted, then
     send() normally blocks, unless the socket has been placed in non-blocking I/O mode.  The
     select(2) system call may be used to determine when it is possible to send more data.

     The flags argument may include one or more of the following:

     #define MSG_OOB         0x00001 /* process out-of-band data */
     #define MSG_DONTROUTE   0x00004 /* bypass routing, use direct interface */
     #define MSG_EOR         0x00008 /* data completes record */
     #define MSG_EOF         0x00100 /* data completes transaction */
     #define MSG_NOSIGNAL    0x20000 /* do not generate SIGPIPE on EOF */

     The flag MSG_OOB is used to send “out-of-band” data on sockets that support this notion
     (e.g. SOCK_STREAM); the underlying protocol must also support “out-of-band” data.  MSG_EOR
     is used to indicate a record mark for protocols which support the concept.  MSG_EOF requests
     that the sender side of a socket be shut down, and that an appropriate indication be sent at
     the end of the specified data; this flag is only implemented for SOCK_STREAM sockets in the
     PF_INET protocol family.  MSG_DONTROUTE is usually used only by diagnostic or routing
     programs.  MSG_NOSIGNAL is used to prevent SIGPIPE generation when writing a socket that may
     be closed.

     See recv(2) for a description of the msghdr structure.

RETURN VALUES

     The call returns the number of characters sent, or -1 if an error occurred.

ERRORS

     The send() function and sendto() and sendmsg() system calls fail if:

     [EBADF]            An invalid descriptor was specified.

     [EACCES]           The destination address is a broadcast address, and SO_BROADCAST has not
                        been set on the socket.

     [ENOTSOCK]         The argument s is not a socket.

     [EFAULT]           An invalid user space address was specified for an argument.

     [EMSGSIZE]         The socket requires that message be sent atomically, and the size of the
                        message to be sent made this impossible.

     [EAGAIN]           The socket is marked non-blocking and the requested operation would
                        block.

     [ENOBUFS]          The system was unable to allocate an internal buffer.  The operation may
                        succeed when buffers become available.

     [ENOBUFS]          The output queue for a network interface was full.  This generally
                        indicates that the interface has stopped sending, but may be caused by
                        transient congestion.

     [EHOSTUNREACH]     The remote host was unreachable.

     [EISCONN]          A destination address was specified and the socket is already connected.

     [ECONNREFUSED]     The socket received an ICMP destination unreachable message from the last
                        message sent.  This typically means that the receiver is not listening on
                        the remote port.

     [EHOSTDOWN]        The remote host was down.

     [ENETDOWN]         The remote network was down.

     [EADDRNOTAVAIL]    The process using a SOCK_RAW socket was jailed and the source address
                        specified in the IP header did not match the IP address bound to the
                        prison.

     [EPIPE]            The socket is unable to send anymore data (SBS_CANTSENDMORE has been set
                        on the socket).  This typically means that the socket is not connected.

SEE ALSO

     fcntl(2), getsockopt(2), recv(2), select(2), socket(2), write(2)

HISTORY

     The send() function appeared in 4.2BSD.

BUGS

     Because sendmsg() does not necessarily block until the data has been transferred, it is
     possible to transfer an open file descriptor across an AF_UNIX domain socket (see recv(2)),
     then close() it before it has actually been sent, the result being that the receiver gets a
     closed file descriptor.  It is left to the application to implement an acknowledgment
     mechanism to prevent this from happening.