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NAME
file_sorter - File Sorter
DESCRIPTION
The functions of this module sort terms on files, merge already sorted files, and check files for
sortedness. Chunks containing binary terms are read from a sequence of files, sorted internally in memory
and written on temporary files, which are merged producing one sorted file as output. Merging is provided
as an optimization; it is faster when the files are already sorted, but it always works to sort instead
of merge.
On a file, a term is represented by a header and a binary. Two options define the format of terms on
files:
* {header, HeaderLength}. HeaderLength determines the number of bytes preceding each binary and
containing the length of the binary in bytes. Default is 4. The order of the header bytes is defined
as follows: if B is a binary containing a header only, the size Size of the binary is calculated as
<<Size:HeaderLength/unit:8>> = B.
* {format, Format}. The format determines the function that is applied to binaries in order to create
the terms that will be sorted. The default value is binary_term, which is equivalent to fun
binary_to_term/1. The value binary is equivalent to fun(X) -> X end, which means that the binaries
will be sorted as they are. This is the fastest format. If Format is term, io:read/2 is called to
read terms. In that case only the default value of the header option is allowed. The format option
also determines what is written to the sorted output file: if Format is term then io:format/3 is
called to write each term, otherwise the binary prefixed by a header is written. Note that the binary
written is the same binary that was read; the results of applying the Format function are thrown away
as soon as the terms have been sorted. Reading and writing terms using the io module is very much
slower than reading and writing binaries.
Other options are:
* {order, Order}. The default is to sort terms in ascending order, but that can be changed by the value
descending or by giving an ordering function Fun. An ordering function is antisymmetric, transitive
and total. Fun(A, B) should return true if A comes before B in the ordering, false otherwise. An
example of a typical ordering function is less than or equal to, =</2. Using an ordering function
will slow down the sort considerably. The keysort, keymerge and keycheck functions do not accept
ordering functions.
* {unique, boolean()}. When sorting or merging files, only the first of a sequence of terms that
compare equal (==) is output if this option is set to true. The default value is false which implies
that all terms that compare equal are output. When checking files for sortedness, a check that no
pair of consecutive terms compares equal is done if this option is set to true.
* {tmpdir, TempDirectory}. The directory where temporary files are put can be chosen explicitly. The
default, implied by the value "", is to put temporary files on the same directory as the sorted
output file. If output is a function (see below), the directory returned by file:get_cwd() is used
instead. The names of temporary files are derived from the Erlang nodename (node()), the process
identifier of the current Erlang emulator (os:getpid()), and a timestamp (erlang:now()); a typical
name would be fs_mynode@myhost_1763_1043_337000_266005.17, where 17 is a sequence number. Existing
files will be overwritten. Temporary files are deleted unless some uncaught EXIT signal occurs.
* {compressed, boolean()}. Temporary files and the output file may be compressed. The default value
false implies that written files are not compressed. Regardless of the value of the compressed
option, compressed files can always be read. Note that reading and writing compressed files is
significantly slower than reading and writing uncompressed files.
* {size, Size}. By default approximately 512*1024 bytes read from files are sorted internally. This
option should rarely be needed.
* {no_files, NoFiles}. By default 16 files are merged at a time. This option should rarely be needed.
As an alternative to sorting files, a function of one argument can be given as input. When called with
the argument read the function is assumed to return end_of_input or {end_of_input, Value}} when there is
no more input (Value is explained below), or {Objects, Fun}, where Objects is a list of binaries or terms
depending on the format and Fun is a new input function. Any other value is immediately returned as value
of the current call to sort or keysort. Each input function will be called exactly once, and should an
error occur, the last function is called with the argument close, the reply of which is ignored.
A function of one argument can be given as output. The results of sorting or merging the input is
collected in a non-empty sequence of variable length lists of binaries or terms depending on the format.
The output function is called with one list at a time, and is assumed to return a new output function.
Any other return value is immediately returned as value of the current call to the sort or merge
function. Each output function is called exactly once. When some output function has been applied to all
of the results or an error occurs, the last function is called with the argument close, and the reply is
returned as value of the current call to the sort or merge function. If a function is given as input and
the last input function returns {end_of_input, Value}, the function given as output will be called with
the argument {value, Value}. This makes it easy to initiate the sequence of output functions with a value
calculated by the input functions.
As an example, consider sorting the terms on a disk log file. A function that reads chunks from the disk
log and returns a list of binaries is used as input. The results are collected in a list of terms.
sort(Log) ->
{ok, _} = disk_log:open([{name,Log}, {mode,read_only}]),
Input = input(Log, start),
Output = output([]),
Reply = file_sorter:sort(Input, Output, {format,term}),
ok = disk_log:close(Log),
Reply.
input(Log, Cont) ->
fun(close) ->
ok;
(read) ->
case disk_log:chunk(Log, Cont) of
{error, Reason} ->
{error, Reason};
{Cont2, Terms} ->
{Terms, input(Log, Cont2)};
{Cont2, Terms, _Badbytes} ->
{Terms, input(Log, Cont2)};
eof ->
end_of_input
end
end.
output(L) ->
fun(close) ->
lists:append(lists:reverse(L));
(Terms) ->
output([Terms | L])
end.
Further examples of functions as input and output can be found at the end of the file_sorter module; the
term format is implemented with functions.
The possible values of Reason returned when an error occurs are:
* bad_object, {bad_object, FileName}. Applying the format function failed for some binary, or the
key(s) could not be extracted from some term.
* {bad_term, FileName}. io:read/2 failed to read some term.
* {file_error, FileName, file:posix()}. See file(3erl) for an explanation of file:posix().
* {premature_eof, FileName}. End-of-file was encountered inside some binary term.
DATA TYPES
file_name() = file:name()
file_names() = [file:name()]
i_command() = read | close
i_reply() = end_of_input
| {end_of_input, value()}
| {[object()], infun()}
| input_reply()
infun() = fun((i_command()) -> i_reply())
input() = file_names() | infun()
input_reply() = term()
o_command() = {value, value()} | [object()] | close
o_reply() = outfun() | output_reply()
object() = term() | binary()
outfun() = fun((o_command()) -> o_reply())
output() = file_name() | outfun()
output_reply() = term()
value() = term()
options() = [option()] | option()
option() = {compressed, boolean()}
| {header, header_length()}
| {format, format()}
| {no_files, no_files()}
| {order, order()}
| {size, size()}
| {tmpdir, tmp_directory()}
| {unique, boolean()}
format() = binary_term | term | binary | format_fun()
format_fun() = fun((binary()) -> term())
header_length() = integer() >= 1
key_pos() = integer() >= 1 | [integer() >= 1]
no_files() = integer() >= 1
order() = ascending | descending | order_fun()
order_fun() = fun((term(), term()) -> boolean())
size() = integer() >= 0
tmp_directory() = [] | file:name()
reason() = bad_object
| {bad_object, file_name()}
| {bad_term, file_name()}
| {file_error,
file_name(),
file:posix() | badarg | system_limit}
| {premature_eof, file_name()}
EXPORTS
sort(FileName) -> Reply
Types:
FileName = file_name()
Reply = ok | {error, reason()} | input_reply() | output_reply()
Sorts terms on files. sort(FileName) is equivalent to sort([FileName], FileName).
sort(Input, Output) -> Reply
sort(Input, Output, Options) -> Reply
Types:
Input = input()
Output = output()
Options = options()
Reply = ok | {error, reason()} | input_reply() | output_reply()
Sorts terms on files. sort(Input, Output) is equivalent to sort(Input, Output, []).
keysort(KeyPos, FileName) -> Reply
Types:
KeyPos = key_pos()
FileName = file_name()
Reply = ok | {error, reason()} | input_reply() | output_reply()
Sorts tuples on files. keysort(N, FileName) is equivalent to keysort(N, [FileName], FileName).
keysort(KeyPos, Input, Output) -> Reply
keysort(KeyPos, Input, Output, Options) -> Reply
Types:
KeyPos = key_pos()
Input = input()
Output = output()
Options = options()
Reply = ok | {error, reason()} | input_reply() | output_reply()
Sorts tuples on files. The sort is performed on the element(s) mentioned in KeyPos. If two tuples
compare equal (==) on one element, next element according to KeyPos is compared. The sort is
stable.
keysort(N, Input, Output) is equivalent to keysort(N, Input, Output, []).
merge(FileNames, Output) -> Reply
merge(FileNames, Output, Options) -> Reply
Types:
FileNames = file_names()
Output = output()
Options = options()
Reply = ok | {error, reason()} | output_reply()
Merges terms on files. Each input file is assumed to be sorted.
merge(FileNames, Output) is equivalent to merge(FileNames, Output, []).
keymerge(KeyPos, FileNames, Output) -> Reply
keymerge(KeyPos, FileNames, Output, Options) -> Reply
Types:
KeyPos = key_pos()
FileNames = file_names()
Output = output()
Options = options()
Reply = ok | {error, reason()} | output_reply()
Merges tuples on files. Each input file is assumed to be sorted on key(s).
keymerge(KeyPos, FileNames, Output) is equivalent to keymerge(KeyPos, FileNames, Output, []).
check(FileName) -> Reply
check(FileNames, Options) -> Reply
Types:
FileNames = file_names()
Options = options()
Reply = {ok, [Result]} | {error, reason()}
Result = {FileName, TermPosition, term()}
FileName = file_name()
TermPosition = integer() >= 1
Checks files for sortedness. If a file is not sorted, the first out-of-order element is returned.
The first term on a file has position 1.
check(FileName) is equivalent to check([FileName], []).
keycheck(KeyPos, FileName) -> Reply
keycheck(KeyPos, FileNames, Options) -> Reply
Types:
KeyPos = key_pos()
FileNames = file_names()
Options = options()
Reply = {ok, [Result]} | {error, reason()}
Result = {FileName, TermPosition, term()}
FileName = file_name()
TermPosition = integer() >= 1
Checks files for sortedness. If a file is not sorted, the first out-of-order element is returned.
The first term on a file has position 1.
keycheck(KeyPos, FileName) is equivalent to keycheck(KeyPos, [FileName], []).
Ericsson AB stdlib 1.19.4 file_sorter(3erl)