NAME

       log, logf, logl - natural logarithm function

SYNOPSIS

       #include <math.h>

       double log(double x);
       float logf(float x);
       long double logl(long double x);

DESCRIPTION

       These functions shall compute the natural logarithm of their argument x, log_e(x).

       An  application  wishing  to  check for error situations should set errno to zero and call
       feclearexcept(FE_ALL_EXCEPT) before calling these functions.  On return, if errno is  non-
       zero  or fetestexcept(FE_INVALID | FE_DIVBYZERO | FE_OVERFLOW | FE_UNDERFLOW) is non-zero,
       an error has occurred.

RETURN VALUE

       Upon successful completion, these functions shall return the natural logarithm of x.

       If x is ±0, a pole error shall occur and log(), logf(), and logl() shall return -HUGE_VAL,
       -HUGE_VALF, and -HUGE_VALL, respectively.

       For  finite  values  of  x that are less than 0,    or if x is -Inf,  a domain error shall
       occur, and    either a NaN (if supported), or   an implementation-defined value  shall  be
       returned.

       If x is NaN, a NaN shall be returned.

       If x is 1, +0 shall be returned.

       If x is +Inf, x shall be returned.

ERRORS

       These functions shall fail if:

       Domain Error
              The finite value of x is negative,    or x is -Inf.

       If the integer expression (math_errhandling & MATH_ERRNO) is non-zero, then errno shall be
       set to [EDOM]. If the integer expression (math_errhandling & MATH_ERREXCEPT) is  non-zero,
       then the invalid floating-point exception shall be raised.

       Pole Error
              The value of x is zero.

       If the integer expression (math_errhandling & MATH_ERRNO) is non-zero, then errno shall be
       set to [ERANGE]. If the integer expression (math_errhandling  &  MATH_ERREXCEPT)  is  non-
       zero, then the divide-by-zero floating-point exception shall be raised.

       The following sections are informative.

EXAMPLES

       None.

APPLICATION USAGE

       On  error,  the  expressions  (math_errhandling  &  MATH_ERRNO)  and  (math_errhandling  &
       MATH_ERREXCEPT) are independent of each other, but at least one of them must be non-zero.

RATIONALE

       None.

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

       None.

SEE ALSO

       exp() , feclearexcept() , fetestexcept()  ,  isnan()  ,  log10()  ,  log1p()  ,  the  Base
       Definitions  volume  of  IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Section 4.18, Treatment of Error Conditions
       for Mathematical Functions, <math.h>

COPYRIGHT

       Portions of this text are reprinted and  reproduced  in  electronic  form  from  IEEE  Std
       1003.1,  2003  Edition,  Standard  for Information Technology -- Portable Operating System
       Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003  by
       the  Institute  of  Electrical  and  Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
       event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE  and  The  Open  Group
       Standard,  the  original  IEEE  and  The  Open Group Standard is the referee document. The
       original Standard can be obtained online at http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .