Ubuntu Manpage: dacs.nat - Notice Acknowledgement Token specification

Provided by: dacs_1.4.28b-3ubuntu1_amd64

NAME

       dacs.nat - Notice Acknowledgement Token specification

DESCRIPTION

These files are part of the DACS suite.

The dacs_notices(8)[1] web service implements selected parts of this specification.

Introduction
This document specifies the syntax and semantics of the Notice Acknowledgement Token
(NAT), which is used by parts of DACS and may be of use to other systems. Interoperating
systems that adopt this specification will be able to understand NATs produced by any of
the systems and will therefore be capable of avoiding unnecessary user prompting.

A system is not required to honour or even recognize another system's NAT, but doing so
may benefit users.

Purpose
Some web service providers have a requirement that users must acknowledge some form of
notice before access can be granted to an associated resource, in addition to usual
access control constraints. A user attempting to access such a resource is shown a web
page containing a notice (or notices) and asked to acknowledge reading it or accept
its conditions, typically by performing an action indicating acceptance, and
submitting an HTML form. These notices are commonly legal notices, such as copyright
notices, licensing notices, restricted access notices, and terms-of-use notices. This
idea can also be applied to alerting users (a warning about upcoming system
maintenance, for example).

For the convenience of users, once an acknowledgement has been obtained by the system
the user should not be re-prompted when the same resource is subsequently accessed.
The user might be re-prompted, however, should there be configuration changes (e.g., a
notice is revised) or if the acknowledgement is deemed to have expired. To achieve
this, state information must be maintained such that the access control mechanism is
able to determine which, if any, acknowledgements for a particular resource have
already been obtained.

State information used to record an acknowledgement event is called a Notice
Acknowledgement Token (NAT) in this document.

Design Elements
Different web service providers will have different types of web services and require
solutions that differ in their details. A well-designed solution architecture will
therefore need to support a spectrum of requirements. Some applications will involve
saving state on the client, some will require state to be saved on the server only,
and others will need a combination of both approaches.

Saving state purely on the server assumes that the server has a means of identifying a
client and associating persistent state with him. Upon receiving a service request,
the server knows who the client is and can retrieve the client's state, including
notice acknowledgement history.

Saving state purely on the client has the advantage of requiring no maintenance of
state at the server, thereby reducing its complexity. For brower-based applications,
HTTP cookies will be the usual mechanism for maintaining state at the client; after
being returned by the server, notice acknowledgement tokens will thereafter be
automatically transmitted by the browser together with future requests. Because
browsers have implementation-dependent limits on the number of cookies (total, and
per-server or domain name), as well as the maximum cookie size, the principle failing
of this approach is that a browser may unilaterally delete HTTP cookies, thereby
"forgetting" notice acknowledgements. HTTP cookies also have the disadvantage of being
tied to a specified domain name, which may limit how notice acknowledgement tokens can
be shared among servers.

A combined approach shares the advantages and disadvantages of the individual
approaches, but reduces memory requirement at the client. Rather than storing all of
the information at the client, the client is given a much smaller data structure that
is essentially just a pointer to information maintained at the server.

Our concern here is specifying the syntax and semantics of client-side state
information in support of building notice acknowledgement architectures.

The following features are examples of the kinds of functionality that a web service
provider might want:

• One or more notices may need to be associated with a single resource.

• The same notice(s) may apply to multiple resources but those resources may have
different access control requirements.

• A different notice (or notices) may apply to resources having identical access
control requirements.

• If a new notice is added for a resource, a user having previously accessed the
resource and acknowledged its notice should be presented with (only) the new
notice upon his next access.

• If a notice is modified for a resource, a user having previously acknowledged the
notice should be presented with the modified notice upon his next access.

• It may be necessary to periodically require users to re-acknowledge a notice
(acknowledgements may expire).

• Whether any notices exist for a particular resource, and exactly which notices
must be shown, can be very simple or highly application- and data-dependent. A
solution will therefore sometimes involve the web service provider having to write
some custom code to supply this information.

• Obtaining the appropriate notice to be presented to a user may be as simple as
retrieving the contents of a file. But notices may need to be generated on the fly
by a program and therefore ought to be named by, and obtained through, URLs.

• Safeguards may be required to ensure that it is difficult to bypass the notice
acknowledgement mechanism.

• Safeguards may be required to ensure that information within a notice
acknowledgement token remains private.

• State information must be extensible to accommodate future and unforeseen needs.

Terminology
We use the terms "web server", "server", and "application" interchangeably to refer to
an entity that receives and processes web service requests.

We use the terms "client", "user", "user agent", and "browser" to refer to an entity
that generates web service requests and transmits them to a server.

A resource that can be associated with an acknowledgement is identified by a URI (RFC
2396[2], RFC 3986[3]).

Notational Conventions
The Augmented BNF of RFC 2616[4] (Section 2.1) is used to specify syntax.

Summary
The remainder of this document specifies the NAT, a system-independent data structure
for representing and sharing notice acknowledgement state information. The NAT
provides a simple, extensible representation of an acknowledgement event. For
environments where security and tamper-resistance are required, appropriate elements
are defined; environments where this is not required need not use or implement these
capabilities. The NAT can be transmitted with a request as the payload of an HTTP
cookie or the value of an HTTP extension header. Cooperating web services that follow
this specification will be capable of understanding each other's NATs.

The Notice Acknowlegement Token
The format of a NAT is described in this section. NATs are constructed by a server either
strictly for its own use or with the intent of sharing state information amongst a set of
cooperating servers.

Servers that fulfill part or all of a user's service request by making one or more service
requests to other servers ("cascaded operation") are required to forward NATs provided to
them by the user or another server. When used in this environment, and any environment
where servers are loosely associated, an implementation must select NAT attribute types
carefully to maximize interoperability.

A server is free to ask a client to delete a NAT (e.g., by setting an expired cookie with
the same name) or replace a NAT with a newer instance.

NAT Syntax
A notice acknowledgement token has the following general format:

nat = nat-name "=" nat-value

Following RFC 2109[5] (Section 4.3.4), an (unordered) set of NATs is represented as

nats = nat *((";" | ",") nat)

That is, two or more NATs can be combined for transmission by separating them with a
";" or "," character.

A NAT with an invalid nat-name or nat-value is ignored.

nat-value = mime_encode(unsecure-nat) | mime_encode(secure-nat)

nat-name = token

unsecure-nat = av-pairs
secure-nat = hmac hmac-nat
hmac = "HMAC=<">" hmac-value <">
hmac-nat = ";" clear-nat ";" enc-method(av-pairs)
clear-nat = *1("Version=<">" version <"> ";") "Secure=<">" enc-method <">

Security
The secure-nat syntax, which is optional, has been carefully designed to be
secure, incur reasonable encoding overhead, and simplify implementation. The
secure-nat syntax is used to protect integrity and provide privacy. Integrity is
guarded through a cryptographically-secure keyed message authentication code; in
addition, attributes may optionally be kept private by encipherment.

In the absence of precautions to maintain privacy, inspection of NATs can reveal a
portion of a user's access history. In situations where NATs are not transmitted
over secure end-to-end connections, such as those that can be provided by SSL, the
secure-nat syntax should be considered. Definitions of encryption and message
digest algorithms, and sharing and management of encryption keys are outside the
scope of this document.

The mime_encode function represents the application of base-64 encoding to the given
syntactical element (see Section 2.6[6]). This encoding prevents elements of the
cookie value from conflicting with the syntax of the Cookie header or an HTTP
message-header and allow binary data to be sent reliably over networks and
heterogeneous platforms.

av-pairs = av-pair *(";" av-pair)
av-pair = attr-name "=" attr-value
attr-name = token
attr-value = quoted-string
quoted-string = <"> text-subset <">
text-subset = <any TEXT except separators>

TEXT = *<any CHAR except CTLs but including SP>

escaped-char = "%" HEXDIGIT HEXDIGIT
HEXDIGIT = "A" | "B" | "C" | "D" | "E" | "F"
| "a" | "b" | "c" | "d" | "e" | "f" | DIGIT
DIGIT = "0" | "1" | "2" | "3" | "4" | "5" | "6" | "7" | "8" | "9"
HEXSTRING = 1*(HEXDIGIT)

token = 1*<any CHAR except CTLs or separators>
separators = "(" | ")" | "<" | ">" | "@"
| "," | ";" | ":" | "\" | <">
| "/" | "[" | "]" | "?" | "="
| "{" | "}" | SP | HT
CTL = <any US-ASCII control character
(octets 0 - 31) and DEL (127)>
CHAR = <any US-ASCII character (octets 0 - 127)>

Attributes (attr-name) are case-insensitive. One or more spaces are permitted before
and/or after a ";" and before and/or after a "=".

An attr-value can contain arbitrary OCTETs through the escaped-char syntax. A literal
"%" character must itself be escaped as the three characters "%25" and a literal ";"
character must be escaped as "%3b".

This syntax allows a NAT to appear as the value of the Cookie request header or of an
HTTP extension header. It is beyond the scope of this document how NATs are passed
from system to system, however.

NAT Names
It is recommended that NAT names (nat-name) begin with the four-character long prefix
"NAT-" so that they can be readily recognized. For example, HTTP Cookie headers
bearing two NATs might use any of the following cookie name syntaxes:

Cookie: NAT-METALOGIC=... ; NAT-DSS=...
Cookie: NAT-METALOGIC.COM=... ; NAT-DSS.CA=...
Cookie: NAT-METALOGIC.COM-17=...
Cookie: NAT-METALOGIC.COM-WMS-17=...

The goal in selecting a syntax is to provide a way for applications to quickly locate
NATs that they generated or are interested in. Since a server may issue multiple NATs
as HTTP cookies, each such cookie must have a distinct nat-name. This may be achieved
by appending a sequence number, time of day, or hash value, for example.

NAT Reserved Attributes
All of the attribute names (attr-name) defined in this section are reserved. All of
the attributes are optional, except HMAC and Secure, which are required only when
forming a secure-nat.

An implementation may use syntactically valid, unreserved attribute names for its own
purposes. Unrecognized and invalid attribute names should be ignored by servers.
Attribute names are case insensitive. The relative ordering of attributes is
immaterial, except as stated otherwise.

A syntactically invalid nat will be ignored. If duplicate attribute names appear in a
nat, a server should treat the nat as invalid and ignore it.

A resource-uri, which is used below, is defined as follows:

resource-uri = URI | relative-uri | uri "/*" | relative-uri "/*"

Attribute Name: CreatorURI (optional)
Attribute Value: a URI

This URI identifies the server, application, or jurisdiction that created this
NAT. If it is an absolute URI, it also establishes a base URI for relative URIs
within this NAT. Examples:

CreatorURI="https://example.com:8443"
CreatorURI="http://example.com/cgi-bin/dacs"
CreatorURI="MYFED::MYJURISDICTION"

Attribute Name: BaseURI (optional)
Attribute Value: a URI

This absolute URI establishes a base URI for relative URIs within this NAT. If
CreatorURI is present, this URI overrides it as the base URI. Examples:

BaseURI="https://example.com:8443"
BaseURI="http://example.com/cgi-bin/dacs"

Attribute Name: ResourceURIs (optional)
Attribute Value: resource-uri *(SP resource-uri)

This attribute identifies one or more resources that have been acknowledged (that
is, for which one or more acknowledgements have been received). If resource-uri is
an absolute URI, it identifies the resource. If resource-uri is a relative-uri and
neither the BaseURI nor the CreatorURI attribute are present, the implied default
base URI is effectively "any server". For example, if no BaseURI and CreatorURI
attributes are present, a relative-uri of "/index.html" refers to a resource of
that name anywhere. This behaviour can be useful in environments where web content
and resource naming are coordinated across servers.

If a resource-uri ends in the two characters "/*", it refers to all URI that are
subordinate or equivalent to the absolute or relative URI. Either or both of the
characters "/*" may be URL-encoded ("/" by "%2f" and "*" by "%2a") to prevent this
interpretation. Refer to Section 2.4[7].

It is possible for a particular resource to be known by more than one URI. There
is no requirement for two distinct URI to be recognized as referring to the same
resource, therefore each may need its own acknowledgement. It is left to each
server to decide whether a request URI matches a resource-uri. For example, domain
names may not need to match exactly, such as when a web site is mirrored, or some
general mapping might be applied to determine whether a request URI matches a
resource-uri.

Example:
ResourceURIs="https://example.com/index.html"

-- This identifies a single web page.

Example:
ResourceURIs="/foo.html /bar.html /baz.html"

-- If BaseURI="https://example.com", ResourceURIs identifies
https://example.com/foo.html, https://example.com/bar.html, and
https://example.com/baz.html.

Example:
ResourceURIs="/images/*"

-- Assuming that BaseURI="https://example.com", this specifies
all URI that are subordinate or equivalent to the absolute URI
https://example.com/images, such as
https://example.com/images/dog.gif,
https://example.com/images/lines/dotted.gif, and
https://example.com/images.

Example:
ResourceURIs="https://example.com/*"

-- This identifies all URI under https://example.com.

Example:
ResourceURIs="https://example.com/foo/%2a"

-- This specifies exactly one URI, namely https://example.com/foo/*.

Example:
ResourceURIs="https://example.com/foo*"

-- This specifies exactly one URI, namely https://example.com/foo*.

Attribute Name: Version (optional)
Attribute Value: "1"

This attribute specifies the version of the specification used for this nat-value.
If present, this attribute must appear first. If absent, the attribute defaults
to:

Version="1"

The only attr-value permitted by this version is "1".

Attribute Name: Secure (required for secure-nat)
Attribute Value: "no" | enc-method

If the value is "no", the av-pairs have not been encrypted and no HMAC attribute
is present. A value other than "no" describes the method used to encrypt the
following text and the digest algorithm used to compute the value of the HMAC
attribute. Its syntax, borrowed from that used by OpenSSL[8], is:

cipher-name *1(cipher-mode) *1(digest-name)

Examples of enc-method: aes128-cbc-sha1, aes128-cfb, aes192-cbc, aes256-ofb,
des-md5, des3, desx-sha256

Attribute Name: HMAC (required for secure-nat)
Attribute Value: hmac-value

This is the Keyed-Hash Message Authentication Code (HMAC), represented as a
HEXSTRING, computed using the digest algorithm specified or implied by the Secure
attribute's value and computed over hmac-nat. SHA-1, SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384,
and SHA-512 are recommended for this purpose. The HMAC is used to authenticate the
NAT and protect integrity by detecting tampering.

Attribute Name: State (optional)
Attribute Value: a URI | local-state-identifier

This attribute identifies server-side state information for this NAT. Rather than
building a large NAT, the creator of the NAT may construct a NAT that simply
points to state information. There are two types of state information: public and
private.

Public state:

If the attr-value is a URI, it identifies a resource that contains additional
information (TBD, but presumably it is an XML document). Other cooperating
servers may be able to use this URI to obtain attributes described here but
not included in the NAT at the discretion of the creating server. (TBD: this
service might be used to decrypt and/or validate a NAT associated with it)

Private state:

If the attr-value is not a URI (e.g., it is not prefixed by a recognized
scheme), it identifies information local to the creating server (not available
to other servers). This might be a unique database key, for example.

Attribute Name: NoticeURIs (optional)
Attribute Value: notice-uri *(SP notice-uri)
where notice-uri = a URI | relative-uri

This is a space-separated list of URIs, each of which represents the text of a
notice that is associated with ResourceURIs and that has been acknowledged by the
user. Each relative-uri is relative to the CreatorURI, which must be provided. To
test if a notice-uri matches the URI of a notice associated with a service
request, the two URI are compared for equality.

Attribute Name: NoticeDigestMethod (optional)
Attribute Value: digest-name

This attribute value is the digest algorithm (see the Secure attribute) used to
compute the NoticeDigest attribute value elements. If not provided, the
digest-name given by the Secure attribute's value must be available and will be
used; a weaker but more efficiently computed digest might be sufficient for this
purpose, however, such as a 32-bit CRC or MD5.

10.

Attribute Name: NoticeDigest (optional)
Attribute Value: a space-separated list of HEXSTRINGs

This is a space-separated list of HEXSTRINGs, each corresponding to an element of
NoticeURIs, that is the message digest of that NoticeURIs computed using
NoticeDigestMethod (or failing that, the algorithm given by the Secure attribute's
value). There must be exactly as many elements in this list as are in NoticeURIs,
otherwise the NAT is invalid. The purpose of this attribute is to help detect if
any NoticeURIs has changed and therefore might need to be acknowledged by the user
again.

11.

Attribute Name: Expires (optional)
Attribute Value: a date string

This is a date field, as specified in the Netscape HTTP Cookie Spec:

Wdy, DD-Mon-YYYY HH:MM:SS GMT

While clients are advised of the lifetime of an HTTP cookie at the time it is
issued, nothing compels a client to destroy the cookie at that time. An explicit
expiry date can be enforced by a server, however, and can be used with mechanisms
other than HTTP cookies. The NAT is invalid if this field is incorrectly
formatted.

URI Matching
For an otherwise valid NAT to potentially be applicable to the URI of a service
request, one of the NAT's resource-uri must either be the same as the service request
URI or, if a resource-uri ends in "/*", match as an ancestor of the URI. The latter
case is called a "wildcard match".

The URIhttps://example.com/cgi-bin, for example, is considered to be an ancestor or
parent of the URI "https://example.com/cgi-bin/program". The former URI's path
component has two elements, the latter has three elements. The one-element URI path
"/" is considered to be the ancestor of all other paths.

The "*" operator, which matches zero or more elements, has special meaning only when
it appears as a path element at the end of a resource-uri. For instance, the URI path
"/cgi-bin/*" is considered to be the ancestor of all paths having the prefix
"/cgi-bin/" and matches service requests for "/cgi-bin/printenv", "/cgi-bin/", and
"/cgi-bin".

Before matching a service request URI against NATs, the URI is converted into a
canonical form. Any trailing "/" characters are stripped off. As a special case, the
URI path "/" is unchanged.

The server examines the resource-uri of NATs to find one having the most specific URI
path that applies to the service request URI; that is, it conducts a search to find
the resource-uri that has the greatest number of components in common with the service
request. If no exact match is found, the search will consider increasingly general
resource-uri. The resource-uri that matches the URI most closely (i.e., has the
greatest number of matching components) determines the applicable NAT, if any.

If two or more resource-uri "tie" (e.g., because of duplicates), one will be chosen
arbitrarily.

Cryptographic Elements
This section and its subsections have not been completed.

Encryption Algorithms.

Message Digest Algorithms.

HMAC - Keyed Message Authentication Code.

Encryption.

Encoding for Transport
To ensure that a NAT can be safely transmitted between systems, it is encoded using
Base64 Content-Transfer-Encoding, as specified by RFC 2045[9] (Section 6.8). While not
providing additional security, this encoding offers some protection against casual
inspection of NAT contents.

Implementation Notes
NAT HTTP Header Syntax
A NAT need not be transmitted as the payload of an HTTP cookie, although that will
likely be the most common method. Instead, NATs can be transmitted using an HTTP
entity-header extension header. The field name "NoticeAcknowledgements" is
recommended:

NoticeAcknowledgements: NAT-METALOGIC=..., NAT-DSS=...

Like all entity-headers, this name is case-insensitive.

This header may not be repeated unless "," is used as the separator instead of ";".
See RFC 2616[4] (Section 4.2).

Multiple NATs
When there are multiple NATs, no relative ordering is imposed. In the event that more
than one NAT in a list corresponds to the same resource, the resulting behaviour is
undefined and may depend on the order in which the NATs are processed.

Resource Name Mapping
It is up to a server whether the acknowledgement of a particular notice for one
resource can automatically be applied to another resource. For example, suppose that a
user acknowledges notice N1 upon requesting resource R1. Subsequently, the user
requests resource R2 from the server and it happens that notice N1 also applies to R2,
although this fact is not recorded in a NAT. It is implementation and context
dependent in cases like this whether the server requires the user to acknowledge N1
again specifically for R2 or automatically accepts the earlier acknowledgement.
Similarly, if a user's NATs collectively indicate that all notices associated with a
request have been acknowledged but no single NAT asserts this for the request, the
outcome is server-dependent.

NAT Creation and Merging
Although a NAT may exist that indicates that an acknowledgement has already been
obtained, a server may issue a new, more specific NAT or a NAT with a different
Expires field. For example, in the example scenario described in the previous
section[10], a server might replace the existing NAT for R1 with one that lists both
R1 and R2.

A server may return multiple NATs, adding new ones and deleting or replacing existing
ones.

Case Sensitivity
The path components of two URI are compared case sensitively. The scheme and authority
components are compared case insensitively.

Server Autonomy
Having received a NAT as a result of accessing a given resource, a client should not
assume that a later request for the same resource will not involve notice
acknowledgements. A server may arbitrarily decide that acknowledgements are needed, a
notice may have been modified, a new notice may have been added, or the NAT may have
expired.

Minimal Implementation
A minimal server implementation would issue and recognize NATs that consist simply of
a base-64 encoded ResourceURIs attribute:

"NAT-DSS=" mime_encode("ResourceURIs=" ResourceURIs)

Middleware Support
In support of thick clients and middleware architectures, an implementation might
include two useful web services:

• NAT creation request

An authorized client would request that a NAT be created by the server and
returned. The request's arguments would describe the content of the NAT and
possibly select a format for the returned NAT (HTTP cookie, HTTP header, XML
document, and so on)

• NAT decoding request

An authorized client, sending a NAT as an argument to this web service, would
receive an indication of whether the NAT was valid and of its contents (e.g., as
an XML document).

These hypothetical services are not described further here.

AUTHOR

       Distributed Systems Software (www.dss.ca[11]) and Metalogic Software Corp.[12]

           Note
           Dss and Metalogic, the authors of this specification, hereby permit anyone to
           implement this specification without fee or royalties.

COPYING

       Copyright2003-2012 Distributed Systems Software. See the LICENSE[13] file that accompanies
       the distribution for licensing information.

NOTES

        1. dacs_notices(8)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_notices.8.html

        2. RFC 2396
           http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt

        3. RFC 3986
           http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt

        4. RFC 2616
           http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2616.txt

        5. RFC 2109
           http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2109.txt

        6. Section 2.6
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#Encoding

        7. Section 2.4
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#URI-matching

        8. OpenSSL
           http://www.openssl.org

        9. RFC 2045
           http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2045.txt

       10. previous section
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#resource-name-mapping

       11. www.dss.ca
           http://www.dss.ca

       12. Metalogic Software Corp.
           http://fedroot.com/admin/about-metalogic.shtml

       13. LICENSE
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/../misc/LICENSE

NAME

DESCRIPTION

SEE ALSO

AUTHOR

COPYING

NOTES