NAME

       pam.conf, pam.d - PAM configuration files

DESCRIPTION

       When a PAM aware privilege granting application is started, it activates its attachment to the PAM-API.
       This activation performs a number of tasks, the most important being the reading of the configuration
       file(s): /etc/pam.conf. Alternatively, this may be the contents of the /etc/pam.d/ directory. The
       presence of this directory will cause Linux-PAM to ignore /etc/pam.conf.

       These files list the PAMs that will do the authentication tasks required by this service, and the
       appropriate behavior of the PAM-API in the event that individual PAMs fail.

       The syntax of the /etc/pam.conf configuration file is as follows. The file is made up of a list of rules,
       each rule is typically placed on a single line, but may be extended with an escaped end of line: `\<LF>'.
       Comments are preceded with `#' marks and extend to the next end of line.

       The format of each rule is a space separated collection of tokens, the first three being
       case-insensitive:

        service type control module-path module-arguments

       The syntax of files contained in the /etc/pam.d/ directory, are identical except for the absence of any
       service field. In this case, the service is the name of the file in the /etc/pam.d/ directory. This
       filename must be in lower case.

       An important feature of PAM, is that a number of rules may be stacked to combine the services of a number
       of PAMs for a given authentication task.

       The service is typically the familiar name of the corresponding application: login and su are good
       examples. The service-name, other, is reserved for giving default rules. Only lines that mention the
       current service (or in the absence of such, the other entries) will be associated with the given
       service-application.

       The type is the management group that the rule corresponds to. It is used to specify which of the
       management groups the subsequent module is to be associated with. Valid entries are:

       account
           this module type performs non-authentication based account management. It is typically used to
           restrict/permit access to a service based on the time of day, currently available system resources
           (maximum number of users) or perhaps the location of the applicant user -- 'root' login only on the
           console.

       auth
           this module type provides two aspects of authenticating the user. Firstly, it establishes that the
           user is who they claim to be, by instructing the application to prompt the user for a password or
           other means of identification. Secondly, the module can grant group membership or other privileges
           through its credential granting properties.

       password
           this module type is required for updating the authentication token associated with the user.
           Typically, there is one module for each 'challenge/response' based authentication (auth) type.

       session
           this module type is associated with doing things that need to be done for the user before/after they
           can be given service. Such things include the logging of information concerning the opening/closing
           of some data exchange with a user, mounting directories, etc.

       If the type value from the list above is prepended with a - character the PAM library will not log to the
       system log if it is not possible to load the module because it is missing in the system. This can be
       useful especially for modules which are not always installed on the system and are not required for
       correct authentication and authorization of the login session.

       The third field, control, indicates the behavior of the PAM-API should the module fail to succeed in its
       authentication task. There are two types of syntax for this control field: the simple one has a single
       simple keyword; the more complicated one involves a square-bracketed selection of value=action pairs.

       For the simple (historical) syntax valid control values are:

       required
           failure of such a PAM will ultimately lead to the PAM-API returning failure but only after the
           remaining stacked modules (for this service and type) have been invoked.

       requisite
           like required, however, in the case that such a module returns a failure, control is directly
           returned to the application or to the superior PAM stack. The return value is that associated with
           the first required or requisite module to fail. Note, this flag can be used to protect against the
           possibility of a user getting the opportunity to enter a password over an unsafe medium. It is
           conceivable that such behavior might inform an attacker of valid accounts on a system. This
           possibility should be weighed against the not insignificant concerns of exposing a sensitive password
           in a hostile environment.

       sufficient
           if such a module succeeds and no prior required module has failed the PAM framework returns success
           to the application or to the superior PAM stack immediately without calling any further modules in
           the stack. A failure of a sufficient module is ignored and processing of the PAM module stack
           continues unaffected.

       optional
           the success or failure of this module is only important if it is the only module in the stack
           associated with this service+type.

       include
           include all lines of given type from the configuration file specified as an argument to this control.

       substack
           include all lines of given type from the configuration file specified as an argument to this control.
           This differs from include in that evaluation of the done and die actions in a substack does not cause
           skipping the rest of the complete module stack, but only of the substack. Jumps in a substack also
           can not make evaluation jump out of it, and the whole substack is counted as one module when the jump
           is done in a parent stack. The reset action will reset the state of a module stack to the state it
           was in as of beginning of the substack evaluation.

       For the more complicated syntax valid control values have the following form:

                 [value1=action1 value2=action2 ...]

       Where valueN corresponds to the return code from the function invoked in the module for which the line is
       defined. It is selected from one of these: success, open_err, symbol_err, service_err, system_err,
       buf_err, perm_denied, auth_err, cred_insufficient, authinfo_unavail, user_unknown, maxtries,
       new_authtok_reqd, acct_expired, session_err, cred_unavail, cred_expired, cred_err, no_module_data,
       conv_err, authtok_err, authtok_recover_err, authtok_lock_busy, authtok_disable_aging, try_again, ignore,
       abort, authtok_expired, module_unknown, bad_item, conv_again, incomplete, and default.

       The last of these, default, implies 'all valueN's not mentioned explicitly. Note, the full list of PAM
       errors is available in /usr/include/security/_pam_types.h. The actionN can take one of the following
       forms:

       ignore
           when used with a stack of modules, the module's return status will not contribute to the return code
           the application obtains.

       bad
           this action indicates that the return code should be thought of as indicative of the module failing.
           If this module is the first in the stack to fail, its status value will be used for that of the whole
           stack.

       die
           equivalent to bad with the side effect of terminating the module stack and PAM immediately returning
           to the application.

       ok
           this tells PAM that the administrator thinks this return code should contribute directly to the
           return code of the full stack of modules. In other words, if the former state of the stack would lead
           to a return of PAM_SUCCESS, the module's return code will override this value. Note, if the former
           state of the stack holds some value that is indicative of a modules failure, this 'ok' value will not
           be used to override that value.

       done
           equivalent to ok with the side effect of terminating the module stack and PAM immediately returning
           to the application.

       N (an unsigned integer)
           equivalent to ok with the side effect of jumping over the next N modules in the stack. Note that N
           equal to 0 is not allowed (and it would be identical to ok in such case).

       reset
           clear all memory of the state of the module stack and start again with the next stacked module.

       Each of the four keywords: required; requisite; sufficient; and optional, have an equivalent expression
       in terms of the [...] syntax. They are as follows:

       required
           [success=ok new_authtok_reqd=ok ignore=ignore default=bad]

       requisite
           [success=ok new_authtok_reqd=ok ignore=ignore default=die]

       sufficient
           [success=done new_authtok_reqd=done default=ignore]

       optional
           [success=ok new_authtok_reqd=ok default=ignore]

       module-path is either the full filename of the PAM to be used by the application (it begins with a '/'),
       or a relative pathname from the default module location: /lib/security/ or /lib64/security/, depending on
       the architecture.

       module-arguments are a space separated list of tokens that can be used to modify the specific behavior of
       the given PAM. Such arguments will be documented for each individual module. Note, if you wish to include
       spaces in an argument, you should surround that argument with square brackets.

               squid auth required pam_mysql.so user=passwd_query passwd=mada \
                     db=eminence [query=select user_name from internet_service \
                     where user_name='%u' and password=PASSWORD('%p') and \
                   service='web_proxy']

       When using this convention, you can include `[' characters inside the string, and if you wish to include
       a `]' character inside the string that will survive the argument parsing, you should use `\]'. In other
       words:

               [..[..\]..]    -->   ..[..]..

       Any line in (one of) the configuration file(s), that is not formatted correctly, will generally tend
       (erring on the side of caution) to make the authentication process fail. A corresponding error is written
       to the system log files with a call to syslog(3).

       More flexible than the single configuration file is it to configure libpam via the contents of the
       /etc/pam.d/ directory. In this case the directory is filled with files each of which has a filename equal
       to a service-name (in lower-case): it is the personal configuration file for the named service.

       The syntax of each file in /etc/pam.d/ is similar to that of the /etc/pam.conf file and is made up of
       lines of the following form:

           type  control  module-path  module-arguments

       The only difference being that the service-name is not present. The service-name is of course the name of
       the given configuration file. For example, /etc/pam.d/login contains the configuration for the login
       service.

SEE ALSO

       pam(3), PAM(8), pam_start(3)