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NAME
mq_overview - overview of POSIX message queues
DESCRIPTION
POSIX message queues allow processes to exchange data in the form of messages. This API is distinct from
that provided by System V message queues (msgget(2), msgsnd(2), msgrcv(2), etc.), but provides similar
functionality.
Message queues are created and opened using mq_open(3); this function returns a message queue descriptor
(mqd_t), which is used to refer to the open message queue in later calls. Each message queue is
identified by a name of the form /somename; that is, a null-terminated string of up to NAME_MAX (i.e.,
255) characters consisting of an initial slash, followed by one or more characters, none of which are
slashes. Two processes can operate on the same queue by passing the same name to mq_open(3).
Messages are transferred to and from a queue using mq_send(3) and mq_receive(3). When a process has
finished using the queue, it closes it using mq_close(3), and when the queue is no longer required, it
can be deleted using mq_unlink(3). Queue attributes can be retrieved and (in some cases) modified using
mq_getattr(3) and mq_setattr(3). A process can request asynchronous notification of the arrival of a
message on a previously empty queue using mq_notify(3).
A message queue descriptor is a reference to an open message queue description (cf. open(2)). After a
fork(2), a child inherits copies of its parent's message queue descriptors, and these descriptors refer
to the same open message queue descriptions as the corresponding descriptors in the parent.
Corresponding descriptors in the two processes share the flags (mq_flags) that are associated with the
open message queue description.
Each message has an associated priority, and messages are always delivered to the receiving process
highest priority first. Message priorities range from 0 (low) to sysconf(_SC_MQ_PRIO_MAX) - 1 (high).
On Linux, sysconf(_SC_MQ_PRIO_MAX) returns 32768, but POSIX.1-2001 requires only that an implementation
support at least priorities in the range 0 to 31; some implementations provide only this range.
The remainder of this section describes some specific details of the Linux implementation of POSIX
message queues.
Library interfaces and system calls
In most cases the mq_*() library interfaces listed above are implemented on top of underlying system
calls of the same name. Deviations from this scheme are indicated in the following table:
Library interface System call
mq_close(3) close(2)
mq_getattr(3) mq_getsetattr(2)
mq_notify(3) mq_notify(2)
mq_open(3) mq_open(2)
mq_receive(3) mq_timedreceive(2)
mq_send(3) mq_timedsend(2)
mq_setattr(3) mq_getsetattr(2)
mq_timedreceive(3) mq_timedreceive(2)
mq_timedsend(3) mq_timedsend(2)
mq_unlink(3) mq_unlink(2)
Versions
POSIX message queues have been supported on Linux since kernel 2.6.6. Glibc support has been provided
since version 2.3.4.
Kernel configuration
Support for POSIX message queues is configurable via the CONFIG_POSIX_MQUEUE kernel configuration option.
This option is enabled by default.
Persistence
POSIX message queues have kernel persistence: if not removed by mq_unlink(3), a message queue will exist
until the system is shut down.
Linking
Programs using the POSIX message queue API must be compiled with cc -lrt to link against the real-time
library, librt.
/proc interfaces
The following interfaces can be used to limit the amount of kernel memory consumed by POSIX message
queues:
/proc/sys/fs/mqueue/msg_max
This file can be used to view and change the ceiling value for the maximum number of messages in a
queue. This value acts as a ceiling on the attr->mq_maxmsg argument given to mq_open(3). The
default value for msg_max is 10. The minimum value is 1 (10 in kernels before 2.6.28). The upper
limit is HARD_MAX: (131072 / sizeof(void *)) (32768 on Linux/86). This limit is ignored for
privileged processes (CAP_SYS_RESOURCE), but the HARD_MAX ceiling is nevertheless imposed.
/proc/sys/fs/mqueue/msgsize_max
This file can be used to view and change the ceiling on the maximum message size. This value acts
as a ceiling on the attr->mq_msgsize argument given to mq_open(3). The default value for
msgsize_max is 8192 bytes. The minimum value is 128 (8192 in kernels before 2.6.28). The upper
limit for msgsize_max is 1,048,576 (in kernels before 2.6.28, the upper limit was INT_MAX; that
is, 2,147,483,647 on Linux/86). This limit is ignored for privileged processes
(CAP_SYS_RESOURCE).
/proc/sys/fs/mqueue/queues_max
This file can be used to view and change the system-wide limit on the number of message queues
that can be created. Only privileged processes (CAP_SYS_RESOURCE) can create new message queues
once this limit has been reached. The default value for queues_max is 256; it can be changed to
any value in the range 0 to INT_MAX.
Resource limit
The RLIMIT_MSGQUEUE resource limit, which places a limit on the amount of space that can be consumed by
all of the message queues belonging to a process's real user ID, is described in getrlimit(2).
Mounting the message queue filesystem
On Linux, message queues are created in a virtual filesystem. (Other implementations may also provide
such a feature, but the details are likely to differ.) This filesystem can be mounted (by the superuser)
using the following commands:
# mkdir /dev/mqueue
# mount -t mqueue none /dev/mqueue
The sticky bit is automatically enabled on the mount directory.
After the filesystem has been mounted, the message queues on the system can be viewed and manipulated
using the commands usually used for files (e.g., ls(1) and rm(1)).
The contents of each file in the directory consist of a single line containing information about the
queue:
$ cat /dev/mqueue/mymq
QSIZE:129 NOTIFY:2 SIGNO:0 NOTIFY_PID:8260
These fields are as follows:
QSIZE Number of bytes of data in all messages in the queue.
NOTIFY_PID
If this is nonzero, then the process with this PID has used mq_notify(3) to register for
asynchronous message notification, and the remaining fields describe how notification occurs.
NOTIFY Notification method: 0 is SIGEV_SIGNAL; 1 is SIGEV_NONE; and 2 is SIGEV_THREAD.
SIGNO Signal number to be used for SIGEV_SIGNAL.
Polling message queue descriptors
On Linux, a message queue descriptor is actually a file descriptor, and can be monitored using select(2),
poll(2), or epoll(7). This is not portable.
CONFORMING TO
POSIX.1-2001.
NOTES
System V message queues (msgget(2), msgsnd(2), msgrcv(2), etc.) are an older API for exchanging messages between processes. POSIX message queues provide a better designed interface than System V message queues; on the other hand POSIX message queues are less widely available (especially on older systems) than System V message queues. Linux does not currently (2.6.26) support the use of access control lists (ACLs) for POSIX message queues.
EXAMPLE
An example of the use of various message queue functions is shown in mq_notify(3).
SEE ALSO
getrlimit(2), mq_getsetattr(2), poll(2), select(2), mq_close(3), mq_getattr(3), mq_notify(3), mq_open(3), mq_receive(3), mq_send(3), mq_unlink(3), epoll(7)
COLOPHON
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information about reporting bugs, can be found at http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.