Provided by: schroot_1.6.8-1ubuntu1.1_amd64 
NAME
schroot - frequently asked questions
DESCRIPTION
This manual page covers various frequently asked questions about configuration and usage of schroot.
CONFIGURATION
Why is schroot overwriting configuration files in the chroot?
By default, schroot copies over the system NSS databases (‘passwd’, ‘shadow’, ‘group’, ‘gshadow’,
‘services’, ‘protocols’, ‘networks’, and ‘hosts’, etc.) into the chroot. The reason for this is that the
chroot environment is not a completely separate system, and it copying them over keeps them synchronised.
However, this is not always desirable, particularly if installing a package in the chroot creates system
users and groups which are not present on the host, since these will disappear next time the databases
are copied over.
The suggested workaround here is to disable the copying. This may be achieved by setting the
setup.nssdatabases key to be empty in schroot.conf. In prior schroot releases, this was done by
commenting out the NSSDATABASES file for the chroot (/etc/schroot/default/config by default). The
database list may also be customised by editing the file containing the database list
(/etc/schroot/default/nssdatabases by default).
In the future, we will be working on a better scheme for keeping the host and chroot databases in sync
which can merge entries rather than overwriting the entire database, which would preserve chroot-specific
changes.
Should I use the plain or directory chroot type?
These two chroot types are basically equivalent, since they are both just directories in the filesystem.
plain is very simple and does not perform any setup tasks; the only reason you would want to use it is if
you're upgrading from a program such as dchroot(1) or chroot(8) which don't do anything other than
running a command or shell in a directory. On the other hand, directory chroots do run setup scripts,
which can mount additional filesystems and do other setup tasks.
ADVANCED CONFIGURATION
What are snapshots and unions?
Some chroot types support cloning. This means when you start a session, you get a copy of the chroot
which lasts just for the lifetime of the session. This is useful when you want a temporary clean copy of
a system for a single task, which is then automatically deleted when you're done with it. For example,
the Debian package build dæmons run sbuild(1) to build Debian packages, and this program uses schroot to
create a clean build environment for each package. Without snapshotting, the chroot would need to be
reset to its initial state at the end of each build to make it ready for the next one, and any debris
left over from package removals or earlier builds could interfere with the next build.
The most commonly-used snapshotting method is to use LVM snapshots (chroot type ‘lvm-snapshot’). In this
case the chroot must exist on an LVM logical volume (LV); snapshots of an LV may then be made with
lvcreate(8) during chroot session setup. However, these use up a lot of disk space. A newer method is
to use Btrfs snapshots which use up much less disk space (chroot type ‘btrfs-snapshot’), and may be more
reliable than LVM snapshots. Btrfs is however still experimental, but it is hoped that it will become
the recommended method as it matures.
Unions are an alternative to snapshots. In this situation, instead of creating a copy of the chroot
filesystem, we overlay a read-write temporary filesystem on top of the chroot filesystem so that any
modifications are stored in the overlay, leaving the original chroot filesystem untouched. The Linux
kernel has yet to integrate support for union filesystems such as aufs and unionfs, so LVM snapshots are
still the recommended method at present.
USAGE
Can I run a dæmons in a chroot?
A common problem is trying to run a dæmon in a chroot, and finding that this doesn't work. Typically,
the dæmon is killed shortly after it starts up.
When schroot runs, it begins a session, runs the specified command or shell, waits for the command or
shell to exit, and then it ends the session. For a normal command or shell, this works just fine.
However, dæmons normally start up by running in the background and detaching from the controlling
terminal. They do this by forking twice and letting the parent processes exit. Unfortunately, this
means schroot detects that the program exited (the dæmon is a orphaned grandchild of this process) and it
then ends the session. Part of ending the session is killing all processes running inside the chroot,
which means the dæmon is killed as the session ends.
In consequence, it's not possible to run a dæmon directly with schroot. You can however do it if you
create a session with --begin-session and then run the dæmon with --run-session. It's your
responsibility to end the session with --end-session when the daemon has terminated or you no longer need
it.
How do I manually cleaning up a broken session?
Occasionally, it may be necessary to manually clean up sessions. If something changes on your system
which causes the setup scripts to fail when ending a session, for example removal of a needed file or
directory, it may not be possible for schroot to clean everything up automatically. For each of the
session directories listed in the “Session directories” section in schroot(1), any files with the name of
the session ID need deleting, and any directories with the name of the session ID need umounting (if
there are any filesystems mounted under it), and then also removing.
For example, to remove a session named my-session by hand:
• Remove the session configuration file
% rm /var/lib/schroot/session/my-session↵
• Check for mounted filesystems
% /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/schroot/schroot-listmounts -m \
/var/lib/schroot/mount/my-session↵
• Unmount any mounted filesystems
• Remove /var/lib/schroot/mount/my-session
• Repeat for the other directories such as /var/lib/schroot/union/underlay,
/var/lib/schroot/union/overlay and /var/lib/schroot/unpack
NOTE: Do not remove any directories without checking if there are any filesystems mounted below them,
since filesystems such as /home could still be bind mounted. Doing so could cause irretrievable data
loss!
ADVANCED USAGE
How do I use sessions?
In normal use, running a command might look like this:
% schroot -c squeeze -- command↵
which would run the command command in the squeeze chroot. While it's not apparent that a session is
being used here, schroot is actually doing the following steps:
• Creating a session using the squeeze chroot. This will be automatically given a unique name, such
as squeeze-57a69547-e014-4f5d-a98b-f4f35a005307, though you don't usually need to know about this
• Setup scripts are run to create the session chroot and configure it for you
• The command command is run inside the session chroot
• Setup scripts are run to clean up the session chroot
• The session is deleted
Now, if you wanted to run more than one command, you could run a shell and run them interactively, or you
could put them into shell script and run that instead. But you might want to do something in between,
such as running arbitrary commands from a program or script where you don't know which commands to run in
advance. You might also want to preseve the chroot state in between commands, where the normal automatic
session creation would reset the state in between each command. This is what sessions are for: once
created, the session is persistent and won't be automatically removed. With a session, you can run as
many commands as you like, but you need to create and delete the session by hand since schroot can't know
by itself when you're done with it unlike in the single command case above. This is quite easy:
% schroot --begin-session -c squeeze↵
squeeze-57a69547-e014-4f5d-a98b-f4f35a005307
This created a new session based upon the squeeze chroot. The unique name for the session, the session
ID, was printed to standard output, so we could also save it as a shell variable at the same time like
so:
% SESSION=$(schroot --begin-session -c squeeze)↵
% echo $SESSION↵
squeeze-57a69547-e014-4f5d-a98b-f4f35a005307
Now we have created the session and got the session ID, we can run commands in it using the session ID:
% schroot --run-session -c squeeze-57a69547-e014-4f5d-a98b-f4f35a005307 \
-- command1↵
or
% schroot --run-session -c "$SESSION" -- command1↵
and then as many more commands as we like
% schroot --run-session -c "$SESSION" -- command2↵
% schroot --run-session -c "$SESSION" -- command3↵
% schroot --run-session -c "$SESSION" -- command4↵
etc.
When we are done with the session, we can remove it with --end-session:
% schroot --end-session -c squeeze-57a69547-e014-4f5d-a98b-f4f35a005307↵
or
% schroot --end-session -c "$SESSION"↵
Since the automatically generated session names can be long and unwieldy, the --session-name option
allows you to provide you own name:
% schroot --begin-session -c squeeze --session-name my-name↵
my-name
CONTRIBUTING
Getting help and getting involved
The mailing list <buildd-tools-devel@lists.alioth.debian.org> is used for both user support and
development discussion. The list may be subscribed to from the project website at
https://alioth.debian.org/projects/buildd-tools/ or the Mailman list interface at
http://lists.alioth.debian.org/mailman/listinfo/buildd-tools-devel.
Reporting bugs
On Debian systems, bugs may be reported using the reportbug(1) tool, or alternatively by mailing
<submit@bugs.debian.org> (see http://bugs.debian.org for details on how to do that).
Getting the latest sources
schroot is maintained in the git version control system. You can get the latest sources from
git://git.debian.org/git/buildd-tools/schroot.
% git clone git://git.debian.org/git/buildd-tools/schroot↵
The master branch containes the current development release. Stable releases are found on branches, for
example the 1.4 series of releases are on the schroot-1.4 branch.
AUTHORS
Roger Leigh.
COPYRIGHT
Copyright © 2005-2012 Roger Leigh <rleigh@debian.org>
schroot is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General
Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your
option) any later version.
SEE ALSO
dchroot(1), schroot(1), sbuild(1), schroot-setup(5), schroot.conf(5).