Provided by: manpages-posix-dev_2.16-1_all 
NAME
sys/socket.h - main sockets header
SYNOPSIS
#include <sys/socket.h>
DESCRIPTION
The <sys/socket.h> header shall define the type socklen_t, which is an integer type of
width of at least 32 bits; see APPLICATION USAGE.
The <sys/socket.h> header shall define the unsigned integer type sa_family_t.
The <sys/socket.h> header shall define the sockaddr structure that includes at least the
following members:
sa_family_t sa_family Address family.
char sa_data[] Socket address (variable-length data).
The sockaddr structure is used to define a socket address which is used in the bind(),
connect(), getpeername(), getsockname(), recvfrom(), and sendto() functions.
The <sys/socket.h> header shall define the sockaddr_storage structure. This structure
shall be:
* Large enough to accommodate all supported protocol-specific address structures
* Aligned at an appropriate boundary so that pointers to it can be cast as pointers to
protocol-specific address structures and used to access the fields of those structures
without alignment problems
The sockaddr_storage structure shall contain at least the following members:
sa_family_t ss_family
When a sockaddr_storage structure is cast as a sockaddr structure, the ss_family field of
the sockaddr_storage structure shall map onto the sa_family field of the sockaddr
structure. When a sockaddr_storage structure is cast as a protocol-specific address
structure, the ss_family field shall map onto a field of that structure that is of type
sa_family_t and that identifies the protocol's address family.
The <sys/socket.h> header shall define the msghdr structure that includes at least the
following members:
void *msg_name Optional address.
socklen_t msg_namelen Size of address.
struct iovec *msg_iov Scatter/gather array.
int msg_iovlen Members in msg_iov.
void *msg_control Ancillary data; see below.
socklen_t msg_controllen Ancillary data buffer len.
int msg_flags Flags on received message.
The msghdr structure is used to minimize the number of directly supplied parameters to the
recvmsg() and sendmsg() functions. This structure is used as a value- result parameter in
the recvmsg() function and value only for the sendmsg() function.
The iovec structure shall be defined as described in <sys/uio.h> .
The <sys/socket.h> header shall define the cmsghdr structure that includes at least the
following members:
socklen_t cmsg_len Data byte count, including the cmsghdr.
int cmsg_level Originating protocol.
int cmsg_type Protocol-specific type.
The cmsghdr structure is used for storage of ancillary data object information.
Ancillary data consists of a sequence of pairs, each consisting of a cmsghdr structure
followed by a data array. The data array contains the ancillary data message, and the
cmsghdr structure contains descriptive information that allows an application to correctly
parse the data.
The values for cmsg_level shall be legal values for the level argument to the getsockopt()
and setsockopt() functions. The system documentation shall specify the cmsg_type
definitions for the supported protocols.
Ancillary data is also possible at the socket level. The <sys/socket.h> header defines the
following macro for use as the cmsg_type value when cmsg_level is SOL_SOCKET:
SCM_RIGHTS
Indicates that the data array contains the access rights to be sent or received.
The <sys/socket.h> header defines the following macros to gain access to the data arrays
in the ancillary data associated with a message header:
CMSG_DATA(cmsg)
If the argument is a pointer to a cmsghdr structure, this macro shall return an
unsigned character pointer to the data array associated with the cmsghdr structure.
CMSG_NXTHDR(mhdr,cmsg)
If the first argument is a pointer to a msghdr structure and the second argument is
a pointer to a cmsghdr structure in the ancillary data pointed to by the
msg_control field of that msghdr structure, this macro shall return a pointer to
the next cmsghdr structure, or a null pointer if this structure is the last cmsghdr
in the ancillary data.
CMSG_FIRSTHDR(mhdr)
If the argument is a pointer to a msghdr structure, this macro shall return a
pointer to the first cmsghdr structure in the ancillary data associated with this
msghdr structure, or a null pointer if there is no ancillary data associated with
the msghdr structure.
The <sys/socket.h> header shall define the linger structure that includes at least the
following members:
int l_onoff Indicates whether linger option is enabled.
int l_linger Linger time, in seconds.
The <sys/socket.h> header shall define the following macros, with distinct integer values:
SOCK_DGRAM
Datagram socket.
SOCK_RAW
Raw Protocol Interface.
SOCK_SEQPACKET
Sequenced-packet socket.
SOCK_STREAM
Byte-stream socket.
The <sys/socket.h> header shall define the following macro for use as the level argument
of setsockopt() and getsockopt().
SOL_SOCKET
Options to be accessed at socket level, not protocol level.
The <sys/socket.h> header shall define the following macros, with distinct integer values,
for use as the option_name argument in getsockopt() or setsockopt() calls:
SO_ACCEPTCONN
Socket is accepting connections.
SO_BROADCAST
Transmission of broadcast messages is supported.
SO_DEBUG
Debugging information is being recorded.
SO_DONTROUTE
Bypass normal routing.
SO_ERROR
Socket error status.
SO_KEEPALIVE
Connections are kept alive with periodic messages.
SO_LINGER
Socket lingers on close.
SO_OOBINLINE
Out-of-band data is transmitted in line.
SO_RCVBUF
Receive buffer size.
SO_RCVLOWAT
Receive ``low water mark''.
SO_RCVTIMEO
Receive timeout.
SO_REUSEADDR
Reuse of local addresses is supported.
SO_SNDBUF
Send buffer size.
SO_SNDLOWAT
Send ``low water mark''.
SO_SNDTIMEO
Send timeout.
SO_TYPE
Socket type.
The <sys/socket.h> header shall define the following macro as the maximum backlog queue
length which may be specified by the backlog field of the listen() function:
SOMAXCONN
The maximum backlog queue length.
The <sys/socket.h> header shall define the following macros, with distinct integer values,
for use as the valid values for the msg_flags field in the msghdr structure, or the flags
parameter in recvfrom(), recvmsg(), sendmsg(), or sendto() calls:
MSG_CTRUNC
Control data truncated.
MSG_DONTROUTE
Send without using routing tables.
MSG_EOR
Terminates a record (if supported by the protocol).
MSG_OOB
Out-of-band data.
MSG_PEEK
Leave received data in queue.
MSG_TRUNC
Normal data truncated.
MSG_WAITALL
Attempt to fill the read buffer.
The <sys/socket.h> header shall define the following macros, with distinct integer values:
AF_INET
Internet domain sockets for use with IPv4 addresses.
AF_INET6
Internet domain sockets for use with IPv6 addresses.
AF_UNIX
UNIX domain sockets.
AF_UNSPEC
Unspecified.
The <sys/socket.h> header shall define the following macros, with distinct integer values:
SHUT_RD
Disables further receive operations.
SHUT_RDWR
Disables further send and receive operations.
SHUT_WR
Disables further send operations.
The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined as macros. Function
prototypes shall be provided.
int accept(int, struct sockaddr *restrict, socklen_t *restrict);
int bind(int, const struct sockaddr *, socklen_t);
int connect(int, const struct sockaddr *, socklen_t);
int getpeername(int, struct sockaddr *restrict, socklen_t *restrict);
int getsockname(int, struct sockaddr *restrict, socklen_t *restrict);
int getsockopt(int, int, int, void *restrict, socklen_t *restrict);
int listen(int, int);
ssize_t recv(int, void *, size_t, int);
ssize_t recvfrom(int, void *restrict, size_t, int,
struct sockaddr *restrict, socklen_t *restrict);
ssize_t recvmsg(int, struct msghdr *, int);
ssize_t send(int, const void *, size_t, int);
ssize_t sendmsg(int, const struct msghdr *, int);
ssize_t sendto(int, const void *, size_t, int, const struct sockaddr *,
socklen_t);
int setsockopt(int, int, int, const void *, socklen_t);
int shutdown(int, int);
int socket(int, int, int);
int sockatmark(int);
int socketpair(int, int, int, int[2]);
Inclusion of <sys/socket.h> may also make visible all symbols from <sys/uio.h>.
The following sections are informative.
APPLICATION USAGE
To forestall portability problems, it is recommended that applications not use values
larger than 2**31 -1 for the socklen_t type.
The sockaddr_storage structure solves the problem of declaring storage for automatic
variables which is both large enough and aligned enough for storing the socket address
data structure of any family. For example, code with a file descriptor and without the
context of the address family can pass a pointer to a variable of this type, where a
pointer to a socket address structure is expected in calls such as getpeername(), and
determine the address family by accessing the received content after the call.
The example below illustrates a data structure which aligns on a 64-bit boundary. An
implementation-defined field _ss_align following _ss_pad1 is used to force a 64-bit
alignment which covers proper alignment good enough for needs of at least sockaddr_in6
(IPv6) and sockaddr_in (IPv4) address data structures. The size of padding field _ss_pad1
depends on the chosen alignment boundary. The size of padding field _ss_pad2 depends on
the value of overall size chosen for the total size of the structure. This size and
alignment are represented in the above example by implementation-defined (not required)
constants _SS_MAXSIZE (chosen value 128) and _SS_ALIGNMENT (with chosen value 8).
Constants _SS_PAD1SIZE (derived value 6) and _SS_PAD2SIZE (derived value 112) are also for
illustration and not required. The implementation-defined definitions and structure field
names above start with an underscore to denote implementation private name space. Portable
code is not expected to access or reference those fields or constants.
/*
* Desired design of maximum size and alignment.
*/
#define _SS_MAXSIZE 128
/* Implementation-defined maximum size. */
#define _SS_ALIGNSIZE (sizeof(int64_t))
/* Implementation-defined desired alignment. */
/*
* Definitions used for sockaddr_storage structure paddings design.
*/
#define _SS_PAD1SIZE (_SS_ALIGNSIZE - sizeof(sa_family_t))
#define _SS_PAD2SIZE (_SS_MAXSIZE - (sizeof(sa_family_t)+ \
_SS_PAD1SIZE + _SS_ALIGNSIZE))
struct sockaddr_storage {
sa_family_t ss_family; /* Address family. */
/*
* Following fields are implementation-defined.
*/
char _ss_pad1[_SS_PAD1SIZE];
/* 6-byte pad; this is to make implementation-defined
pad up to alignment field that follows explicit in
the data structure. */
int64_t _ss_align; /* Field to force desired structure
storage alignment. */
char _ss_pad2[_SS_PAD2SIZE];
/* 112-byte pad to achieve desired size,
_SS_MAXSIZE value minus size of ss_family
__ss_pad1, __ss_align fields is 112. */
};
RATIONALE
None.
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
None.
SEE ALSO
<sys/uio.h> , the System Interfaces volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, accept(), bind(),
connect(), getpeername(), getsockname(), getsockopt(), listen(), recv(), recvfrom(),
recvmsg(), send(), sendmsg(), sendto(), setsockopt(), shutdown(), socket(), socketpair()
COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form from IEEE Std
1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology -- Portable Operating System
Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by
the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and The Open Group
Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee document. The
original Standard can be obtained online at http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .