Provided by: zsh-common_5.1.1-1ubuntu2.3_all 
NAME
zshzle - zsh command line editor
DESCRIPTION
If the ZLE option is set (which it is by default in interactive shells) and the shell input is attached
to the terminal, the user is able to edit command lines.
There are two display modes. The first, multiline mode, is the default. It only works if the TERM
parameter is set to a valid terminal type that can move the cursor up. The second, single line mode, is
used if TERM is invalid or incapable of moving the cursor up, or if the SINGLE_LINE_ZLE option is set.
This mode is similar to ksh, and uses no termcap sequences. If TERM is "emacs", the ZLE option will be
unset by default.
The parameters BAUD, COLUMNS, and LINES are also used by the line editor. See Parameters Used By The
Shell in zshparam(1).
The parameter zle_highlight is also used by the line editor; see Character Highlighting below.
Highlighting of special characters and the region between the cursor and the mark (as set with
set-mark-command in Emacs mode, or by visual-mode in Vi mode) is enabled by default; consult this
reference for more information. Irascible conservatives will wish to know that all highlighting may be
disabled by the following setting:
zle_highlight=(none)
In many places, references are made to the numeric argument. This can by default be entered in emacs
mode by holding the alt key and typing a number, or pressing escape before each digit, and in vi command
mode by typing the number before entering a command. Generally the numeric argument causes the next
command entered to be repeated the specified number of times, unless otherwise noted below. See also the
Arguments subsection of the Widgets section for some other ways the numeric argument can be modified. The
default bindings mentioned here use the digit-argument widget.
KEYMAPS
A keymap in ZLE contains a set of bindings between key sequences and ZLE commands. The empty key
sequence cannot be bound.
There can be any number of keymaps at any time, and each keymap has one or more names. If all of a
keymap's names are deleted, it disappears. bindkey can be used to manipulate keymap names.
Initially, there are eight keymaps:
emacs EMACS emulation
viins vi emulation - insert mode
vicmd vi emulation - command mode
viopp vi emulation - operator pending
visual vi emulation - selection active
isearch
incremental search mode
command
read a command name
.safe fallback keymap
The `.safe' keymap is special. It can never be altered, and the name can never be removed. However, it
can be linked to other names, which can be removed. In the future other special keymaps may be added;
users should avoid using names beginning with `.' for their own keymaps.
In addition to these names, either `emacs' or `viins' is also linked to the name `main'. If one of the
VISUAL or EDITOR environment variables contain the string `vi' when the shell starts up then it will be
`viins', otherwise it will be `emacs'. bindkey's -e and -v options provide a convenient way to override
this default choice.
When the editor starts up, it will select the `main' keymap. If that keymap doesn't exist, it will use
`.safe' instead.
In the `.safe' keymap, each single key is bound to self-insert, except for ^J (line feed) and ^M (return)
which are bound to accept-line. This is deliberately not pleasant to use; if you are using it, it means
you deleted the main keymap, and you should put it back.
Reading Commands
When ZLE is reading a command from the terminal, it may read a sequence that is bound to some command and
is also a prefix of a longer bound string. In this case ZLE will wait a certain time to see if more
characters are typed, and if not (or they don't match any longer string) it will execute the binding.
This timeout is defined by the KEYTIMEOUT parameter; its default is 0.4 sec. There is no timeout if the
prefix string is not itself bound to a command.
The key timeout is also applied when ZLE is reading the bytes from a multibyte character string when it
is in the appropriate mode. (This requires that the shell was compiled with multibyte mode enabled;
typically also the locale has characters with the UTF-8 encoding, although any multibyte encoding known
to the operating system is supported.) If the second or a subsequent byte is not read within the timeout
period, the shell acts as if ? were typed and resets the input state.
As well as ZLE commands, key sequences can be bound to other strings, by using `bindkey -s'. When such a
sequence is read, the replacement string is pushed back as input, and the command reading process starts
again using these fake keystrokes. This input can itself invoke further replacement strings, but in
order to detect loops the process will be stopped if there are twenty such replacements without a real
command being read.
A key sequence typed by the user can be turned into a command name for use in user-defined widgets with
the read-command widget, described in the subsection `Miscellaneous' of the section `Standard Widgets'
below.
Local Keymaps
While for normal editing a single keymap is used exclusively, in many modes a local keymap allows for
some keys to be customised. For example, in an incremental search mode, a binding in the isearch keymap
will override a binding in the main keymap but all keys that are not overridden can still be used.
If a key sequence is defined in a local keymap, it will hide a key sequence in the global keymap that is
a prefix of that sequence. An example of this occurs with the binding of iw in viopp as this hides the
binding of i in vicmd. However, a longer sequence in the global keymap that shares the same prefix can
still apply so for example the binding of ^Xa in the global keymap will be unaffected by the binding of
^Xb in the local keymap.
ZLE BUILTINS
The ZLE module contains three related builtin commands. The bindkey command manipulates keymaps and key
bindings; the vared command invokes ZLE on the value of a shell parameter; and the zle command
manipulates editing widgets and allows command line access to ZLE commands from within shell functions.
bindkey [ options ] -l [ -L ] [ keymap ... ]
bindkey [ options ] -d
bindkey [ options ] -D keymap ...
bindkey [ options ] -A old-keymap new-keymap
bindkey [ options ] -N new-keymap [ old-keymap ]
bindkey [ options ] -m
bindkey [ options ] -r in-string ...
bindkey [ options ] -s in-string out-string ...
bindkey [ options ] in-string command ...
bindkey [ options ] [ in-string ]
bindkey's options can be divided into three categories: keymap selection for the current command,
operation selection, and others. The keymap selection options are:
-e Selects keymap `emacs' for any operations by the current command, and also links `emacs' to
`main' so that it is selected by default the next time the editor starts.
-v Selects keymap `viins' for any operations by the current command, and also links `viins' to
`main' so that it is selected by default the next time the editor starts.
-a Selects keymap `vicmd' for any operations by the current command.
-M keymap
The keymap specifies a keymap name that is selected for any operations by the current
command.
If a keymap selection is required and none of the options above are used, the `main' keymap is
used. Some operations do not permit a keymap to be selected, namely:
-l List all existing keymap names; if any arguments are given, list just those keymaps.
If the -L option is also used, list in the form of bindkey commands to create or link the
keymaps. `bindkey -lL main' shows which keymap is linked to `main', if any, and hence if
the standard emacs or vi emulation is in effect. This option does not show the .safe
keymap because it cannot be created in that fashion; however, neither is `bindkey -lL
.safe' reported as an error, it simply outputs nothing.
-d Delete all existing keymaps and reset to the default state.
-D keymap ...
Delete the named keymaps.
-A old-keymap new-keymap
Make the new-keymap name an alias for old-keymap, so that both names refer to the same
keymap. The names have equal standing; if either is deleted, the other remains. If there
is already a keymap with the new-keymap name, it is deleted.
-N new-keymap [ old-keymap ]
Create a new keymap, named new-keymap. If a keymap already has that name, it is deleted.
If an old-keymap name is given, the new keymap is initialized to be a duplicate of it,
otherwise the new keymap will be empty.
To use a newly created keymap, it should be linked to main. Hence the sequence of commands to
create and use a new keymap `mymap' initialized from the emacs keymap (which remains unchanged)
is:
bindkey -N mymap emacs
bindkey -A mymap main
Note that while `bindkey -A newmap main' will work when newmap is emacs or viins, it will not work
for vicmd, as switching from vi insert to command mode becomes impossible.
The following operations act on the `main' keymap if no keymap selection option was given:
-m Add the built-in set of meta-key bindings to the selected keymap. Only keys that are
unbound or bound to self-insert are affected.
-r in-string ...
Unbind the specified in-strings in the selected keymap. This is exactly equivalent to
binding the strings to undefined-key.
When -R is also used, interpret the in-strings as ranges.
When -p is also used, the in-strings specify prefixes. Any binding that has the given
in-string as a prefix, not including the binding for the in-string itself, if any, will be
removed. For example,
bindkey -rpM viins '^['
will remove all bindings in the vi-insert keymap beginning with an escape character
(probably cursor keys), but leave the binding for the escape character itself (probably
vi-cmd-mode). This is incompatible with the option -R.
-s in-string out-string ...
Bind each in-string to each out-string. When in-string is typed, out-string will be pushed
back and treated as input to the line editor. When -R is also used, interpret the
in-strings as ranges.
Note that both in-string and out-string are subject to the same form of interpretation, as
described below.
in-string command ...
Bind each in-string to each command. When -R is used, interpret the in-strings as ranges.
[ in-string ]
List key bindings. If an in-string is specified, the binding of that string in the
selected keymap is displayed. Otherwise, all key bindings in the selected keymap are
displayed. (As a special case, if the -e or -v option is used alone, the keymap is not
displayed - the implicit linking of keymaps is the only thing that happens.)
When the option -p is used, the in-string must be present. The listing shows all bindings
which have the given key sequence as a prefix, not including any bindings for the key
sequence itself.
When the -L option is used, the list is in the form of bindkey commands to create the key
bindings.
When the -R option is used as noted above, a valid range consists of two characters, with an
optional `-' between them. All characters between the two specified, inclusive, are bound as
specified.
For either in-string or out-string, the following escape sequences are recognised:
\a bell character
\b backspace
\e, \E escape
\f form feed
\n linefeed (newline)
\r carriage return
\t horizontal tab
\v vertical tab
\NNN character code in octal
\xNN character code in hexadecimal
\uNNNN unicode character code in hexadecimal
\UNNNNNNNN
unicode character code in hexadecimal
\M[-]X character with meta bit set
\C[-]X control character
^X control character
In all other cases, `\' escapes the following character. Delete is written as `^?'. Note that
`\M^?' and `^\M?' are not the same, and that (unlike emacs), the bindings `\M-X' and `\eX' are
entirely distinct, although they are initialized to the same bindings by `bindkey -m'.
vared [ -Aache ] [ -p prompt ] [ -r rprompt ]
[ -M main-keymap ] [ -m vicmd-keymap ]
[ -i init-widget ] [ -f finish-widget ]
[ -t tty ] name
The value of the parameter name is loaded into the edit buffer, and the line editor is invoked.
When the editor exits, name is set to the string value returned by the editor. When the -c flag
is given, the parameter is created if it doesn't already exist. The -a flag may be given with -c
to create an array parameter, or the -A flag to create an associative array. If the type of an
existing parameter does not match the type to be created, the parameter is unset and recreated.
If an array or array slice is being edited, separator characters as defined in $IFS will be shown
quoted with a backslash, as will backslashes themselves. Conversely, when the edited text is
split into an array, a backslash quotes an immediately following separator character or backslash;
no other special handling of backslashes, or any handling of quotes, is performed.
Individual elements of existing array or associative array parameters may be edited by using
subscript syntax on name. New elements are created automatically, even without -c.
If the -p flag is given, the following string will be taken as the prompt to display at the left.
If the -r flag is given, the following string gives the prompt to display at the right. If the -h
flag is specified, the history can be accessed from ZLE. If the -e flag is given, typing ^D
(Control-D) on an empty line causes vared to exit immediately with a non-zero return value.
The -M option gives a keymap to link to the main keymap during editing, and the -m option gives a
keymap to link to the vicmd keymap during editing. For vi-style editing, this allows a pair of
keymaps to override viins and vicmd. For emacs-style editing, only -M is normally needed but the
-m option may still be used. On exit, the previous keymaps will be restored.
Vared calls the usual `zle-line-init' and `zle-line-finish' hooks before and after it takes
control. Using the -i and -f options, it is possible to replace these with other custom widgets.
If `-t tty' is given, tty is the name of a terminal device to be used instead of the default
/dev/tty. If tty does not refer to a terminal an error is reported.
zle
zle -l [ -L | -a ] [ string ... ]
zle -D widget ...
zle -A old-widget new-widget
zle -N widget [ function ]
zle -C widget completion-widget function
zle -R [ -c ] [ display-string ] [ string ... ]
zle -M string
zle -U string
zle -K keymap
zle -F [ -L | -w ] [ fd [ handler ] ]
zle -I
zle -T [ tc function | -r tc | -L ]
zle widget [ -n num ] [ -Nw ] [ -K keymap ] args ...
The zle builtin performs a number of different actions concerning ZLE.
With no options and no arguments, only the return status will be set. It is zero if ZLE is
currently active and widgets could be invoked using this builtin command and non-zero otherwise.
Note that even if non-zero status is returned, zle may still be active as part of the completion
system; this does not allow direct calls to ZLE widgets.
Otherwise, which operation it performs depends on its options:
-l [ -L | -a ] [ string ]
List all existing user-defined widgets. If the -L option is used, list in the form of zle
commands to create the widgets.
When combined with the -a option, all widget names are listed, including the builtin ones.
In this case the -L option is ignored.
If at least one string is given, and -a is present or -L is not used, nothing will be
printed. The return status will be zero if all strings are names of existing widgets and
non-zero if at least one string is not a name of a defined widget. If -a is also present,
all widget names are used for the comparison including builtin widgets, else only
user-defined widgets are used.
If at least one string is present and the -L option is used, user-defined widgets matching
any string are listed in the form of zle commands to create the widgets.
-D widget ...
Delete the named widgets.
-A old-widget new-widget
Make the new-widget name an alias for old-widget, so that both names refer to the same
widget. The names have equal standing; if either is deleted, the other remains. If there
is already a widget with the new-widget name, it is deleted.
-N widget [ function ]
Create a user-defined widget. If there is already a widget with the specified name, it is
overwritten. When the new widget is invoked from within the editor, the specified shell
function is called. If no function name is specified, it defaults to the same name as the
widget. For further information, see the section `Widgets' below.
-C widget completion-widget function
Create a user-defined completion widget named widget. The completion widget will behave
like the built-in completion-widget whose name is given as completion-widget. To generate
the completions, the shell function function will be called. For further information, see
zshcompwid(1).
-R [ -c ] [ display-string ] [ string ... ]
Redisplay the command line; this is to be called from within a user-defined widget to allow
changes to become visible. If a display-string is given and not empty, this is shown in
the status line (immediately below the line being edited).
If the optional strings are given they are listed below the prompt in the same way as
completion lists are printed. If no strings are given but the -c option is used such a list
is cleared.
Note that this option is only useful for widgets that do not exit immediately after using
it because the strings displayed will be erased immediately after return from the widget.
This command can safely be called outside user defined widgets; if zle is active, the
display will be refreshed, while if zle is not active, the command has no effect. In this
case there will usually be no other arguments.
The status is zero if zle was active, else one.
-M string
As with the -R option, the string will be displayed below the command line; unlike the -R
option, the string will not be put into the status line but will instead be printed
normally below the prompt. This means that the string will still be displayed after the
widget returns (until it is overwritten by subsequent commands).
-U string
This pushes the characters in the string onto the input stack of ZLE. After the widget
currently executed finishes ZLE will behave as if the characters in the string were typed
by the user.
As ZLE uses a stack, if this option is used repeatedly the last string pushed onto the
stack will be processed first. However, the characters in each string will be processed in
the order in which they appear in the string.
-K keymap
Selects the keymap named keymap. An error message will be displayed if there is no such
keymap.
This keymap selection affects the interpretation of following keystrokes within this
invocation of ZLE. Any following invocation (e.g., the next command line) will start as
usual with the `main' keymap selected.
-F [ -L | -w ] [ fd [ handler ] ]
Only available if your system supports one of the `poll' or `select' system calls; most
modern systems do.
Installs handler (the name of a shell function) to handle input from file descriptor fd.
Installing a handler for an fd which is already handled causes the existing handler to be
replaced. Any number of handlers for any number of readable file descriptors may be
installed. Note that zle makes no attempt to check whether this fd is actually readable
when installing the handler. The user must make their own arrangements for handling the
file descriptor when zle is not active.
When zle is attempting to read data, it will examine both the terminal and the list of
handled fd's. If data becomes available on a handled fd, zle calls handler with the fd
which is ready for reading as the first argument. Under normal circumstances this is the
only argument, but if an error was detected, a second argument provides details: `hup' for
a disconnect, `nval' for a closed or otherwise invalid descriptor, or `err' for any other
condition. Systems that support only the `select' system call always use `err'.
If the option -w is also given, the handler is instead a line editor widget, typically a
shell function made into a widget using `zle -N'. In that case handler can use all the
facilities of zle to update the current editing line. Note, however, that as handling fd
takes place at a low level changes to the display will not automatically appear; the widget
should call `zle -R' to force redisplay. As of this writing, widget handlers only support
a single argument and thus are never passed a string for error state, so widgets must be
prepared to test the descriptor themselves.
If either type of handler produces output to the terminal, it should call `zle -I' before
doing so (see below). Handlers should not attempt to read from the terminal.
If no handler is given, but an fd is present, any handler for that fd is removed. If there
is none, an error message is printed and status 1 is returned.
If no arguments are given, or the -L option is supplied, a list of handlers is printed in a
form which can be stored for later execution.
An fd (but not a handler) may optionally be given with the -L option; in this case, the
function will list the handler if any, else silently return status 1.
Note that this feature should be used with care. Activity on one of the fd's which is not
properly handled can cause the terminal to become unusable. Removing an fd handler from
within a signal trap may cause unpredictable behavior.
Here is a simple example of using this feature. A connection to a remote TCP port is
created using the ztcp command; see the description of the zsh/net/tcp module in
zshmodules(1). Then a handler is installed which simply prints out any data which arrives
on this connection. Note that `select' will indicate that the file descriptor needs
handling if the remote side has closed the connection; we handle that by testing for a
failed read.
if ztcp pwspc 2811; then
tcpfd=$REPLY
handler() {
zle -I
local line
if ! read -r line <&$1; then
# select marks this fd if we reach EOF,
# so handle this specially.
print "[Read on fd $1 failed, removing.]" >&2
zle -F $1
return 1
fi
print -r - $line
}
zle -F $tcpfd handler
fi
-I Unusually, this option is most useful outside ordinary widget functions, though it may be
used within if normal output to the terminal is required. It invalidates the current zle
display in preparation for output; typically this will be from a trap function. It has no
effect if zle is not active. When a trap exits, the shell checks to see if the display
needs restoring, hence the following will print output in such a way as not to disturb the
line being edited:
TRAPUSR1() {
# Invalidate zle display
[[ -o zle ]] && zle -I
# Show output
print Hello
}
In general, the trap function may need to test whether zle is active before using this
method (as shown in the example), since the zsh/zle module may not even be loaded; if it is
not, the command can be skipped.
It is possible to call `zle -I' several times before control is returned to the editor; the
display will only be invalidated the first time to minimise disruption.
Note that there are normally better ways of manipulating the display from within zle
widgets; see, for example, `zle -R' above.
The returned status is zero if zle was invalidated, even though this may have been by a
previous call to `zle -I' or by a system notification. To test if a zle widget may be
called at this point, execute zle with no arguments and examine the return status.
-T This is used to add, list or remove internal transformations on the processing performed by
the line editor. It is typically used only for debugging or testing and is therefore of
little interest to the general user.
`zle -T transformation func' specifies that the given transformation (see below) is
effected by shell function func.
`zle -Tr transformation' removes the given transformation if it was present (it is not an
error if none was).
`zle -TL' can be used to list all transformations currently in operation.
Currently the only transformation is tc. This is used instead of outputting termcap codes
to the terminal. When the transformation is in operation the shell function is passed the
termcap code that would be output as its first argument; if the operation required a
numeric argument, that is passed as a second argument. The function should set the shell
variable REPLY to the transformed termcap code. Typically this is used to produce some
simply formatted version of the code and optional argument for debugging or testing. Note
that this transformation is not applied to other non-printing characters such as carriage
returns and newlines.
widget [ -n num ] [ -Nw ] [ -K keymap ] args ...
Invoke the specified widget. This can only be done when ZLE is active; normally this will
be within a user-defined widget.
With the options -n and -N, the current numeric argument will be saved and then restored
after the call to widget; `-n num' sets the numeric argument temporarily to num, while `-N'
sets it to the default, i.e. as if there were none.
With the option -K, keymap will be used as the current keymap during the execution of the
widget. The previous keymap will be restored when the widget exits.
Normally, calling a widget in this way does not set the special parameter WIDGET and
related parameters, so that the environment appears as if the top-level widget called by
the user were still active. With the option -w, WIDGET and related parameters are set to
reflect the widget being executed by the zle call.
Any further arguments will be passed to the widget; note that as standard argument handling
is performed, any general argument list should be preceded by --. If it is a shell
function, these are passed down as positional parameters; for builtin widgets it is up to
the widget in question what it does with them. Currently arguments are only handled by the
incremental-search commands, the history-search-forward and -backward and the corresponding
functions prefixed by vi-, and by universal-argument. No error is flagged if the command
does not use the arguments, or only uses some of them.
The return status reflects the success or failure of the operation carried out by the
widget, or if it is a user-defined widget the return status of the shell function.
A non-zero return status causes the shell to beep when the widget exits, unless the BEEP
options was unset or the widget was called via the zle command. Thus if a user defined
widget requires an immediate beep, it should call the beep widget directly.
WIDGETS
All actions in the editor are performed by `widgets'. A widget's job is simply to perform some small
action. The ZLE commands that key sequences in keymaps are bound to are in fact widgets. Widgets can be
user-defined or built in.
The standard widgets built into ZLE are listed in Standard Widgets below. Other built-in widgets can be
defined by other modules (see zshmodules(1)). Each built-in widget has two names: its normal canonical
name, and the same name preceded by a `.'. The `.' name is special: it can't be rebound to a different
widget. This makes the widget available even when its usual name has been redefined.
User-defined widgets are defined using `zle -N', and implemented as shell functions. When the widget is
executed, the corresponding shell function is executed, and can perform editing (or other) actions. It
is recommended that user-defined widgets should not have names starting with `.'.
USER-DEFINED WIDGETS
User-defined widgets, being implemented as shell functions, can execute any normal shell command. They
can also run other widgets (whether built-in or user-defined) using the zle builtin command. The
standard input of the function is closed to prevent external commands from unintentionally blocking ZLE
by reading from the terminal, but read -k or read -q can be used to read characters. Finally, they can
examine and edit the ZLE buffer being edited by reading and setting the special parameters described
below.
These special parameters are always available in widget functions, but are not in any way special outside
ZLE. If they have some normal value outside ZLE, that value is temporarily inaccessible, but will return
when the widget function exits. These special parameters in fact have local scope, like parameters
created in a function using local.
Inside completion widgets and traps called while ZLE is active, these parameters are available read-only.
Note that the parameters appear as local to any ZLE widget in which they appear. Hence if it is desired
to override them this needs to be done within a nested function:
widget-function() {
# $WIDGET here refers to the special variable
# that is local inside widget-function
() {
# This anonymous nested function allows WIDGET
# to be used as a local variable. The -h
# removes the special status of the variable.
local -h WIDGET
}
}
BUFFER (scalar)
The entire contents of the edit buffer. If it is written to, the cursor remains at the same
offset, unless that would put it outside the buffer.
BUFFERLINES (integer)
The number of screen lines needed for the edit buffer currently displayed on screen (i.e. without
any changes to the preceding parameters done after the last redisplay); read-only.
CONTEXT (scalar)
The context in which zle was called to read a line; read-only. One of the values:
start The start of a command line (at prompt PS1).
cont A continuation to a command line (at prompt PS2).
select In a select loop.
vared Editing a variable in vared.
CURSOR (integer)
The offset of the cursor, within the edit buffer. This is in the range 0 to $#BUFFER, and is by
definition equal to $#LBUFFER. Attempts to move the cursor outside the buffer will result in the
cursor being moved to the appropriate end of the buffer.
CUTBUFFER (scalar)
The last item cut using one of the `kill-' commands; the string which the next yank would insert
in the line. Later entries in the kill ring are in the array killring. Note that the command
`zle copy-region-as-kill string' can be used to set the text of the cut buffer from a shell
function and cycle the kill ring in the same way as interactively killing text.
HISTNO (integer)
The current history number. Setting this has the same effect as moving up or down in the history
to the corresponding history line. An attempt to set it is ignored if the line is not stored in
the history. Note this is not the same as the parameter HISTCMD, which always gives the number of
the history line being added to the main shell's history. HISTNO refers to the line being
retrieved within zle.
KEYMAP (scalar)
The name of the currently selected keymap; read-only.
KEYS (scalar)
The keys typed to invoke this widget, as a literal string; read-only.
killring (array)
The array of previously killed items, with the most recently killed first. This gives the items
that would be retrieved by a yank-pop in the same order. Note, however, that the most recently
killed item is in $CUTBUFFER; $killring shows the array of previous entries.
The default size for the kill ring is eight, however the length may be changed by normal array
operations. Any empty string in the kill ring is ignored by the yank-pop command, hence the size
of the array effectively sets the maximum length of the kill ring, while the number of non-zero
strings gives the current length, both as seen by the user at the command line.
LASTABORTEDSEARCH (scalar)
The last search string used by an interactive search that was aborted by the user (status 3
returned by the search widget).
LASTSEARCH (scalar)
The last search string used by an interactive search; read-only. This is set even if the search
failed (status 0, 1 or 2 returned by the search widget), but not if it was aborted by the user.
LASTWIDGET (scalar)
The name of the last widget that was executed; read-only.
LBUFFER (scalar)
The part of the buffer that lies to the left of the cursor position. If it is assigned to, only
that part of the buffer is replaced, and the cursor remains between the new $LBUFFER and the old
$RBUFFER.
MARK (integer)
Like CURSOR, but for the mark. With vi-mode operators that wait for a movement command to select a
region of text, setting MARK allows the selection to extend in both directions from the the
initial cursor position.
NUMERIC (integer)
The numeric argument. If no numeric argument was given, this parameter is unset. When this is set
inside a widget function, builtin widgets called with the zle builtin command will use the value
assigned. If it is unset inside a widget function, builtin widgets called behave as if no numeric
argument was given.
PENDING (integer)
The number of bytes pending for input, i.e. the number of bytes which have already been typed and
can immediately be read. On systems where the shell is not able to get this information, this
parameter will always have a value of zero. Read-only.
PREBUFFER (scalar)
In a multi-line input at the secondary prompt, this read-only parameter contains the contents of
the lines before the one the cursor is currently in.
PREDISPLAY (scalar)
Text to be displayed before the start of the editable text buffer. This does not have to be a
complete line; to display a complete line, a newline must be appended explicitly. The text is
reset on each new invocation (but not recursive invocation) of zle.
POSTDISPLAY (scalar)
Text to be displayed after the end of the editable text buffer. This does not have to be a
complete line; to display a complete line, a newline must be prepended explicitly. The text is
reset on each new invocation (but not recursive invocation) of zle.
RBUFFER (scalar)
The part of the buffer that lies to the right of the cursor position. If it is assigned to, only
that part of the buffer is replaced, and the cursor remains between the old $LBUFFER and the new
$RBUFFER.
REGION_ACTIVE (integer)
Indicates if the region is currently active. It can be assigned 0 or 1 to deactivate and activate
the region respectively. A value of 2 activates the region in line-wise mode with the highlighted
text extending for whole lines only; see Character Highlighting below.
region_highlight (array)
Each element of this array may be set to a string that describes highlighting for an arbitrary
region of the command line that will take effect the next time the command line is redisplayed.
Highlighting of the non-editable parts of the command line in PREDISPLAY and POSTDISPLAY are
possible, but note that the P flag is needed for character indexing to include PREDISPLAY.
Each string consists of the following parts:
• Optionally, a `P' to signify that the start and end offset that follow include any string
set by the PREDISPLAY special parameter; this is needed if the predisplay string itself is
to be highlighted. Whitespace may follow the `P'.
• A start offset in the same units as CURSOR, terminated by whitespace.
• An end offset in the same units as CURSOR, terminated by whitespace.
• A highlight specification in the same format as used for contexts in the parameter
zle_highlight, see the section `Character Highlighting' below; for example, standout or
fg=red,bold
For example,
region_highlight=("P0 20 bold")
specifies that the first twenty characters of the text including any predisplay string should be
highlighted in bold.
Note that the effect of region_highlight is not saved and disappears as soon as the line is
accepted.
The final highlighting on the command line depends on both region_highlight and zle_highlight; see
the section CHARACTER HIGHLIGHTING below for details.
UNDO_CHANGE_NO (integer)
A number representing the state of the undo history. The only use of this is passing as an
argument to the undo widget in order to undo back to the recorded point. Read-only.
UNDO_LIMIT_NO (integer)
A number corresponding to an existing change in the undo history; compare UNDO_CHANGE_NO. If this
is set to a value greater than zero, the undo command will not allow the line to be undone beyond
the given change number. It is still possible to use `zle undo change' in a widget to undo beyond
that point; in that case, it will not be possible to undo at all until UNDO_LIMIT_NO is reduced.
Set to 0 to disable the limit.
A typical use of this variable in a widget function is as follows (note the additional function
scope is required):
() {
local UNDO_LIMIT_NO=$UNDO_CHANGE_NO
# Perform some form of recursive edit.
}
WIDGET (scalar)
The name of the widget currently being executed; read-only.
WIDGETFUNC (scalar)
The name of the shell function that implements a widget defined with either zle -N or zle -C. In
the former case, this is the second argument to the zle -N command that defined the widget, or the
first argument if there was no second argument. In the latter case this is the third argument to
the zle -C command that defined the widget. Read-only.
WIDGETSTYLE (scalar)
Describes the implementation behind the completion widget currently being executed; the second
argument that followed zle -C when the widget was defined. This is the name of a builtin
completion widget. For widgets defined with zle -N this is set to the empty string. Read-only.
YANK_ACTIVE (integer)
YANK_START (integer)
YANK_END (integer)
These three parameters indicate whether text has just been yanked (pasted) into the buffer.
YANK_START and YANK_END are in the same unit sas CURSOR, and are only valid when YANK_ACTIVE is
non-zero.
All three are read-only.
ZLE_STATE (scalar)
Contains a set of space-separated words that describe the current zle state.
Currently, the states shown are the insert mode as set by the overwrite-mode or vi-replace widgets
and whether history commands will visit imported entries as controlled by the set-local-history
widget. The string contains `insert' if characters to be inserted on the command line move
existing characters to the right or `overwrite' if characters to be inserted overwrite existing
characters. It contains `localhistory' if only local history commands will be visited or
`globalhistory' if imported history commands will also be visited.
The substrings are sorted in alphabetical order so that if you want to test for two specific
substrings in a future-proof way, you can do match by doing:
if [[ $ZLE_STATE == *globalhistory*insert* ]]; then ...; fi
Special Widgets
There are a few user-defined widgets which are special to the shell. If they do not exist, no special
action is taken. The environment provided is identical to that for any other editing widget.
zle-isearch-exit
Executed at the end of incremental search at the point where the isearch prompt is removed from
the display. See zle-isearch-update for an example.
zle-isearch-update
Executed within incremental search when the display is about to be redrawn. Additional output
below the incremental search prompt can be generated by using `zle -M' within the widget. For
example,
zle-isearch-update() { zle -M "Line $HISTNO"; }
zle -N zle-isearch-update
Note the line output by `zle -M' is not deleted on exit from incremental search. This can be done
from a zle-isearch-exit widget:
zle-isearch-exit() { zle -M ""; }
zle -N zle-isearch-exit
zle-line-init
Executed every time the line editor is started to read a new line of input. The following example
puts the line editor into vi command mode when it starts up.
zle-line-init() { zle -K vicmd; }
zle -N zle-line-init
(The command inside the function sets the keymap directly; it is equivalent to zle vi-cmd-mode.)
zle-line-finish
This is similar to zle-line-init but is executed every time the line editor has finished reading a
line of input.
zle-history-line-set
Executed when the history line changes.
zle-keymap-select
Executed every time the keymap changes, i.e. the special parameter KEYMAP is set to a different
value, while the line editor is active. Initialising the keymap when the line editor starts does
not cause the widget to be called.
The value $KEYMAP within the function reflects the new keymap. The old keymap is passed as the
sole argument.
This can be used for detecting switches between the vi command (vicmd) and insert (usually main)
keymaps.
STANDARD WIDGETS
The following is a list of all the standard widgets, and their default bindings in emacs mode, vi command
mode and vi insert mode (the `emacs', `vicmd' and `viins' keymaps, respectively).
Note that cursor keys are bound to movement keys in all three keymaps; the shell assumes that the cursor
keys send the key sequences reported by the terminal-handling library (termcap or terminfo). The key
sequences shown in the list are those based on the VT100, common on many modern terminals, but in fact
these are not necessarily bound. In the case of the viins keymap, the initial escape character of the
sequences serves also to return to the vicmd keymap: whether this happens is determined by the KEYTIMEOUT
parameter, see zshparam(1).
Movement
vi-backward-blank-word (unbound) (B) (unbound)
Move backward one word, where a word is defined as a series of non-blank characters.
vi-backward-blank-word-end (unbound) (gE) (unbound)
Move to the end of the previous word, where a word is defined as a series of non-blank characters.
backward-char (^B ESC-[D) (unbound) (unbound)
Move backward one character.
vi-backward-char (unbound) (^H h ^?) (ESC-[D)
Move backward one character, without changing lines.
backward-word (ESC-B ESC-b) (unbound) (unbound)
Move to the beginning of the previous word.
emacs-backward-word
Move to the beginning of the previous word.
vi-backward-word (unbound) (b) (unbound)
Move to the beginning of the previous word, vi-style.
vi-backward-word-end (unbound) (ge) (unbound)
Move to the end of the previous word, vi-style.
beginning-of-line (^A) (unbound) (unbound)
Move to the beginning of the line. If already at the beginning of the line, move to the beginning
of the previous line, if any.
vi-beginning-of-line
Move to the beginning of the line, without changing lines.
down-line (unbound) (unbound) (unbound)
Move down a line in the buffer.
end-of-line (^E) (unbound) (unbound)
Move to the end of the line. If already at the end of the line, move to the end of the next line,
if any.
vi-end-of-line (unbound) ($) (unbound)
Move to the end of the line. If an argument is given to this command, the cursor will be moved to
the end of the line (argument - 1) lines down.
vi-forward-blank-word (unbound) (W) (unbound)
Move forward one word, where a word is defined as a series of non-blank characters.
vi-forward-blank-word-end (unbound) (E) (unbound)
Move to the end of the current word, or, if at the end of the current word, to the end of the next
word, where a word is defined as a series of non-blank characters.
forward-char (^F ESC-[C) (unbound) (unbound)
Move forward one character.
vi-forward-char (unbound) (space l) (ESC-[C)
Move forward one character.
vi-find-next-char (^X^F) (f) (unbound)
Read a character from the keyboard, and move to the next occurrence of it in the line.
vi-find-next-char-skip (unbound) (t) (unbound)
Read a character from the keyboard, and move to the position just before the next occurrence of it
in the line.
vi-find-prev-char (unbound) (F) (unbound)
Read a character from the keyboard, and move to the previous occurrence of it in the line.
vi-find-prev-char-skip (unbound) (T) (unbound)
Read a character from the keyboard, and move to the position just after the previous occurrence of
it in the line.
vi-first-non-blank (unbound) (^) (unbound)
Move to the first non-blank character in the line.
vi-forward-word (unbound) (w) (unbound)
Move forward one word, vi-style.
forward-word (ESC-F ESC-f) (unbound) (unbound)
Move to the beginning of the next word. The editor's idea of a word is specified with the
WORDCHARS parameter.
emacs-forward-word
Move to the end of the next word.
vi-forward-word-end (unbound) (e) (unbound)
Move to the end of the next word.
vi-goto-column (ESC-|) (|) (unbound)
Move to the column specified by the numeric argument.
vi-goto-mark (unbound) (`) (unbound)
Move to the specified mark.
vi-goto-mark-line (unbound) (') (unbound)
Move to beginning of the line containing the specified mark.
vi-repeat-find (unbound) (;) (unbound)
Repeat the last vi-find command.
vi-rev-repeat-find (unbound) (,) (unbound)
Repeat the last vi-find command in the opposite direction.
up-line (unbound) (unbound) (unbound)
Move up a line in the buffer.
History Control
beginning-of-buffer-or-history (ESC-<) (gg) (unbound)
Move to the beginning of the buffer, or if already there, move to the first event in the history
list.
beginning-of-line-hist
Move to the beginning of the line. If already at the beginning of the buffer, move to the
previous history line.
beginning-of-history
Move to the first event in the history list.
down-line-or-history (^N ESC-[B) (j) (ESC-[B)
Move down a line in the buffer, or if already at the bottom line, move to the next event in the
history list.
vi-down-line-or-history (unbound) (+) (unbound)
Move down a line in the buffer, or if already at the bottom line, move to the next event in the
history list. Then move to the first non-blank character on the line.
down-line-or-search
Move down a line in the buffer, or if already at the bottom line, search forward in the history
for a line beginning with the first word in the buffer.
If called from a function by the zle command with arguments, the first argument is taken as the
string for which to search, rather than the first word in the buffer.
down-history (unbound) (^N) (unbound)
Move to the next event in the history list.
history-beginning-search-backward
Search backward in the history for a line beginning with the current line up to the cursor. This
leaves the cursor in its original position.
end-of-buffer-or-history (ESC->) (unbound) (unbound)
Move to the end of the buffer, or if already there, move to the last event in the history list.
end-of-line-hist
Move to the end of the line. If already at the end of the buffer, move to the next history line.
end-of-history
Move to the last event in the history list.
vi-fetch-history (unbound) (G) (unbound)
Fetch the history line specified by the numeric argument. This defaults to the current history
line (i.e. the one that isn't history yet).
history-incremental-search-backward (^R ^Xr) (unbound) (unbound)
Search backward incrementally for a specified string. The search is case-insensitive if the
search string does not have uppercase letters and no numeric argument was given. The string may
begin with `^' to anchor the search to the beginning of the line. When called from a user-defined
function returns the following statuses: 0, if the search succeeded; 1, if the search failed; 2,
if the search term was a bad pattern; 3, if the search was aborted by the send-break command.
A restricted set of editing functions is available in the mini-buffer. Keys are looked up in the
special isearch keymap, and if not found there in the main keymap (note that by default the
isearch keymap is empty). An interrupt signal, as defined by the stty setting, will stop the
search and go back to the original line. An undefined key will have the same effect. Note that
the following always perform the same task within incremental searches and cannot be replaced by
user defined widgets, nor can the set of functions be extended. The supported functions are:
accept-and-hold
accept-and-infer-next-history
accept-line
accept-line-and-down-history
Perform the usual function after exiting incremental search. The command line displayed is
executed.
backward-delete-char
vi-backward-delete-char
Back up one place in the search history. If the search has been repeated this does not
immediately erase a character in the minibuffer.
accept-search
Exit incremental search, retaining the command line but performing no further action. Note
that this function is not bound by default and has no effect outside incremental search.
backward-delete-word
backward-kill-word
vi-backward-kill-word
Back up one character in the minibuffer; if multiple searches have been performed since the
character was inserted the search history is rewound to the point just before the character
was entered. Hence this has the effect of repeating backward-delete-char.
clear-screen
Clear the screen, remaining in incremental search mode.
history-incremental-search-backward
Find the next occurrence of the contents of the mini-buffer. If the mini-buffer is empty,
the most recent previously used search string is reinstated.
history-incremental-search-forward
Invert the sense of the search.
magic-space
Inserts a non-magical space.
quoted-insert
vi-quoted-insert
Quote the character to insert into the minibuffer.
redisplay
Redisplay the command line, remaining in incremental search mode.
vi-cmd-mode
Select the `vicmd' keymap; the `main' keymap (insert mode) will be selected initially.
In addition, the modifications that were made while in vi insert mode are merged to form a
single undo event.
vi-repeat-search
vi-rev-repeat-search
Repeat the search. The direction of the search is indicated in the mini-buffer.
Any character that is not bound to one of the above functions, or self-insert or
self-insert-unmeta, will cause the mode to be exited. The character is then looked up and
executed in the keymap in effect at that point.
When called from a widget function by the zle command, the incremental search commands can take a
string argument. This will be treated as a string of keys, as for arguments to the bindkey
command, and used as initial input for the command. Any characters in the string which are unused
by the incremental search will be silently ignored. For example,
zle history-incremental-search-backward forceps
will search backwards for forceps, leaving the minibuffer containing the string `forceps'.
history-incremental-search-forward (^S ^Xs) (unbound) (unbound)
Search forward incrementally for a specified string. The search is case-insensitive if the search
string does not have uppercase letters and no numeric argument was given. The string may begin
with `^' to anchor the search to the beginning of the line. The functions available in the
mini-buffer are the same as for history-incremental-search-backward.
history-incremental-pattern-search-backward
history-incremental-pattern-search-forward
These widgets behave similarly to the corresponding widgets with no -pattern, but the search
string typed by the user is treated as a pattern, respecting the current settings of the various
options affecting pattern matching. See FILENAME GENERATION in zshexpn(1) for a description of
patterns. If no numeric argument was given lowercase letters in the search string may match
uppercase letters in the history. The string may begin with `^' to anchor the search to the
beginning of the line.
The prompt changes to indicate an invalid pattern; this may simply indicate the pattern is not yet
complete.
Note that only non-overlapping matches are reported, so an expression with wildcards may return
fewer matches on a line than are visible by inspection.
history-search-backward (ESC-P ESC-p) (unbound) (unbound)
Search backward in the history for a line beginning with the first word in the buffer.
If called from a function by the zle command with arguments, the first argument is taken as the
string for which to search, rather than the first word in the buffer.
vi-history-search-backward (unbound) (/) (unbound)
Search backward in the history for a specified string. The string may begin with `^' to anchor
the search to the beginning of the line.
A restricted set of editing functions is available in the mini-buffer. An interrupt signal, as
defined by the stty setting, will stop the search. The functions available in the mini-buffer
are: accept-line, backward-delete-char, vi-backward-delete-char, backward-kill-word,
vi-backward-kill-word, clear-screen, redisplay, quoted-insert and vi-quoted-insert.
vi-cmd-mode is treated the same as accept-line, and magic-space is treated as a space. Any other
character that is not bound to self-insert or self-insert-unmeta will beep and be ignored. If the
function is called from vi command mode, the bindings of the current insert mode will be used.
If called from a function by the zle command with arguments, the first argument is taken as the
string for which to search, rather than the first word in the buffer.
history-search-forward (ESC-N ESC-n) (unbound) (unbound)
Search forward in the history for a line beginning with the first word in the buffer.
If called from a function by the zle command with arguments, the first argument is taken as the
string for which to search, rather than the first word in the buffer.
vi-history-search-forward (unbound) (?) (unbound)
Search forward in the history for a specified string. The string may begin with `^' to anchor the
search to the beginning of the line. The functions available in the mini-buffer are the same as
for vi-history-search-backward. Argument handling is also the same as for that command.
infer-next-history (^X^N) (unbound) (unbound)
Search in the history list for a line matching the current one and fetch the event following it.
insert-last-word (ESC-_ ESC-.) (unbound) (unbound)
Insert the last word from the previous history event at the cursor position. If a positive
numeric argument is given, insert that word from the end of the previous history event. If the
argument is zero or negative insert that word from the left (zero inserts the previous command
word). Repeating this command replaces the word just inserted with the last word from the history
event prior to the one just used; numeric arguments can be used in the same way to pick a word
from that event.
When called from a shell function invoked from a user-defined widget, the command can take one to
three arguments. The first argument specifies a history offset which applies to successive calls
to this widget: if it is -1, the default behaviour is used, while if it is 1, successive calls
will move forwards through the history. The value 0 can be used to indicate that the history line
examined by the previous execution of the command will be reexamined. Note that negative numbers
should be preceded by a `--' argument to avoid confusing them with options.
If two arguments are given, the second specifies the word on the command line in normal array
index notation (as a more natural alternative to the numeric argument). Hence 1 is the first
word, and -1 (the default) is the last word.
If a third argument is given, its value is ignored, but it is used to signify that the history
offset is relative to the current history line, rather than the one remembered after the previous
invocations of insert-last-word.
For example, the default behaviour of the command corresponds to
zle insert-last-word -- -1 -1
while the command
zle insert-last-word -- -1 1 -
always copies the first word of the line in the history immediately before the line being edited.
This has the side effect that later invocations of the widget will be relative to that line.
vi-repeat-search (unbound) (n) (unbound)
Repeat the last vi history search.
vi-rev-repeat-search (unbound) (N) (unbound)
Repeat the last vi history search, but in reverse.
up-line-or-history (^P ESC-[A) (k) (ESC-[A)
Move up a line in the buffer, or if already at the top line, move to the previous event in the
history list.
vi-up-line-or-history (unbound) (-) (unbound)
Move up a line in the buffer, or if already at the top line, move to the previous event in the
history list. Then move to the first non-blank character on the line.
up-line-or-search
Move up a line in the buffer, or if already at the top line, search backward in the history for a
line beginning with the first word in the buffer.
If called from a function by the zle command with arguments, the first argument is taken as the
string for which to search, rather than the first word in the buffer.
up-history (unbound) (^P) (unbound)
Move to the previous event in the history list.
history-beginning-search-forward
Search forward in the history for a line beginning with the current line up to the cursor. This
leaves the cursor in its original position.
set-local-history
By default, history movement commands visit the imported lines as well as the local lines. This
widget lets you toggle this on and off, or set it with the numeric argument. Zero for both local
and imported lines and nonzero for only local lines.
Modifying Text
vi-add-eol (unbound) (A) (unbound)
Move to the end of the line and enter insert mode.
vi-add-next (unbound) (a) (unbound)
Enter insert mode after the current cursor position, without changing lines.
backward-delete-char (^H ^?) (unbound) (unbound)
Delete the character behind the cursor.
vi-backward-delete-char (unbound) (X) (^H)
Delete the character behind the cursor, without changing lines. If in insert mode, this won't
delete past the point where insert mode was last entered.
backward-delete-word
Delete the word behind the cursor.
backward-kill-line
Kill from the beginning of the line to the cursor position.
backward-kill-word (^W ESC-^H ESC-^?) (unbound) (unbound)
Kill the word behind the cursor.
vi-backward-kill-word (unbound) (unbound) (^W)
Kill the word behind the cursor, without going past the point where insert mode was last entered.
capitalize-word (ESC-C ESC-c) (unbound) (unbound)
Capitalize the current word and move past it.
vi-change (unbound) (c) (unbound)
Read a movement command from the keyboard, and kill from the cursor position to the endpoint of
the movement. Then enter insert mode. If the command is vi-change, change the current line.
For compatibility with vi, if the command is vi-forward-word or vi-forward-blank-word, the
whitespace after the word is not included. If you prefer the more consistent behaviour with the
whitespace included use the following key binding:
bindkey -a -s cw dwi
vi-change-eol (unbound) (C) (unbound)
Kill to the end of the line and enter insert mode.
vi-change-whole-line (unbound) (S) (unbound)
Kill the current line and enter insert mode.
copy-region-as-kill (ESC-W ESC-w) (unbound) (unbound)
Copy the area from the cursor to the mark to the kill buffer.
If called from a ZLE widget function in the form `zle copy-region-as-kill string' then string will
be taken as the text to copy to the kill buffer. The cursor, the mark and the text on the command
line are not used in this case.
copy-prev-word (ESC-^_) (unbound) (unbound)
Duplicate the word to the left of the cursor.
copy-prev-shell-word
Like copy-prev-word, but the word is found by using shell parsing, whereas copy-prev-word looks
for blanks. This makes a difference when the word is quoted and contains spaces.
vi-delete (unbound) (d) (unbound)
Read a movement command from the keyboard, and kill from the cursor position to the endpoint of
the movement. If the command is vi-delete, kill the current line.
delete-char
Delete the character under the cursor.
vi-delete-char (unbound) (x) (unbound)
Delete the character under the cursor, without going past the end of the line.
delete-word
Delete the current word.
down-case-word (ESC-L ESC-l) (unbound) (unbound)
Convert the current word to all lowercase and move past it.
kill-word (ESC-D ESC-d) (unbound) (unbound)
Kill the current word.
gosmacs-transpose-chars
Exchange the two characters behind the cursor.
vi-indent (unbound) (>) (unbound)
Indent a number of lines.
vi-insert (unbound) (i) (unbound)
Enter insert mode.
vi-insert-bol (unbound) (I) (unbound)
Move to the first non-blank character on the line and enter insert mode.
vi-join (^X^J) (J) (unbound)
Join the current line with the next one.
kill-line (^K) (unbound) (unbound)
Kill from the cursor to the end of the line. If already on the end of the line, kill the newline
character.
vi-kill-line (unbound) (unbound) (^U)
Kill from the cursor back to wherever insert mode was last entered.
vi-kill-eol (unbound) (D) (unbound)
Kill from the cursor to the end of the line.
kill-region
Kill from the cursor to the mark.
kill-buffer (^X^K) (unbound) (unbound)
Kill the entire buffer.
kill-whole-line (^U) (unbound) (unbound)
Kill the current line.
vi-match-bracket (^X^B) (%) (unbound)
Move to the bracket character (one of {}, () or []) that matches the one under the cursor. If the
cursor is not on a bracket character, move forward without going past the end of the line to find
one, and then go to the matching bracket.
vi-open-line-above (unbound) (O) (unbound)
Open a line above the cursor and enter insert mode.
vi-open-line-below (unbound) (o) (unbound)
Open a line below the cursor and enter insert mode.
vi-oper-swap-case (unbound) (g~) (unbound)
Read a movement command from the keyboard, and swap the case of all characters from the cursor
position to the endpoint of the movement. If the movement command is vi-oper-swap-case, swap the
case of all characters on the current line.
overwrite-mode (^X^O) (unbound) (unbound)
Toggle between overwrite mode and insert mode.
vi-put-before (unbound) (P) (unbound)
Insert the contents of the kill buffer before the cursor. If the kill buffer contains a sequence
of lines (as opposed to characters), paste it above the current line.
vi-put-after (unbound) (p) (unbound)
Insert the contents of the kill buffer after the cursor. If the kill buffer contains a sequence
of lines (as opposed to characters), paste it below the current line.
put-replace-selection (unbound) (unbound) (unbound)
Replace the contents of the current region or selection with the contents of the kill buffer. If
the kill buffer contains a sequence of lines (as opposed to characters), the current line will be
split by the pasted lines.
quoted-insert (^V) (unbound) (unbound)
Insert the next character typed into the buffer literally. An interrupt character will not be
inserted.
vi-quoted-insert (unbound) (unbound) (^Q ^V)
Display a `^' at the cursor position, and insert the next character typed into the buffer
literally. An interrupt character will not be inserted.
quote-line (ESC-') (unbound) (unbound)
Quote the current line; that is, put a `'' character at the beginning and the end, and convert all
`'' characters to `'\'''.
quote-region (ESC-") (unbound) (unbound)
Quote the region from the cursor to the mark.
vi-replace (unbound) (R) (unbound)
Enter overwrite mode.
vi-repeat-change (unbound) (.) (unbound)
Repeat the last vi mode text modification. If a count was used with the modification, it is
remembered. If a count is given to this command, it overrides the remembered count, and is
remembered for future uses of this command. The cut buffer specification is similarly remembered.
vi-replace-chars (unbound) (r) (unbound)
Replace the character under the cursor with a character read from the keyboard.
self-insert (printable characters) (unbound) (printable characters and some control characters)
Insert a character into the buffer at the cursor position.
self-insert-unmeta (ESC-^I ESC-^J ESC-^M) (unbound) (unbound)
Insert a character into the buffer after stripping the meta bit and converting ^M to ^J.
vi-substitute (unbound) (s) (unbound)
Substitute the next character(s).
vi-swap-case (unbound) (~) (unbound)
Swap the case of the character under the cursor and move past it.
transpose-chars (^T) (unbound) (unbound)
Exchange the two characters to the left of the cursor if at end of line, else exchange the
character under the cursor with the character to the left.
transpose-words (ESC-T ESC-t) (unbound) (unbound)
Exchange the current word with the one before it.
vi-unindent (unbound) (<) (unbound)
Unindent a number of lines.
up-case-word (ESC-U ESC-u) (unbound) (unbound)
Convert the current word to all caps and move past it.
yank (^Y) (unbound) (unbound)
Insert the contents of the kill buffer at the cursor position.
yank-pop (ESC-y) (unbound) (unbound)
Remove the text just yanked, rotate the kill-ring (the history of previously killed text) and yank
the new top. Only works following yank, vi-put-before, vi-put-after or yank-pop.
vi-yank (unbound) (y) (unbound)
Read a movement command from the keyboard, and copy the region from the cursor position to the
endpoint of the movement into the kill buffer. If the command is vi-yank, copy the current line.
vi-yank-whole-line (unbound) (Y) (unbound)
Copy the current line into the kill buffer.
vi-yank-eol
Copy the region from the cursor position to the end of the line into the kill buffer. Arguably,
this is what Y should do in vi, but it isn't what it actually does.
Arguments
digit-argument (ESC-0..ESC-9) (1-9) (unbound)
Start a new numeric argument, or add to the current one. See also vi-digit-or-beginning-of-line.
This only works if bound to a key sequence ending in a decimal digit.
Inside a widget function, a call to this function treats the last key of the key sequence which
called the widget as the digit.
neg-argument (ESC--) (unbound) (unbound)
Changes the sign of the following argument.
universal-argument
Multiply the argument of the next command by 4. Alternatively, if this command is followed by an
integer (positive or negative), use that as the argument for the next command. Thus digits cannot
be repeated using this command. For example, if this command occurs twice, followed immediately
by forward-char, move forward sixteen spaces; if instead it is followed by -2, then forward-char,
move backward two spaces.
Inside a widget function, if passed an argument, i.e. `zle universal-argument num', the numeric
argument will be set to num; this is equivalent to `NUMERIC=num'.
argument-base
Use the existing numeric argument as a numeric base, which must be in the range 2 to 36 inclusive.
Subsequent use of digit-argument and universal-argument will input a new numeric argument in the
given base. The usual hexadecimal convention is used: the letter a or A corresponds to 10, and so
on. Arguments in bases requiring digits from 10 upwards are more conveniently input with
universal-argument, since ESC-a etc. are not usually bound to digit-argument.
The function can be used with a command argument inside a user-defined widget. The following code
sets the base to 16 and lets the user input a hexadecimal argument until a key out of the digit
range is typed:
zle argument-base 16
zle universal-argument
Completion
accept-and-menu-complete
In a menu completion, insert the current completion into the buffer, and advance to the next
possible completion.
complete-word
Attempt completion on the current word.
delete-char-or-list (^D) (unbound) (unbound)
Delete the character under the cursor. If the cursor is at the end of the line, list possible
completions for the current word.
expand-cmd-path
Expand the current command to its full pathname.
expand-or-complete (TAB) (unbound) (TAB)
Attempt shell expansion on the current word. If that fails, attempt completion.
expand-or-complete-prefix
Attempt shell expansion on the current word up to cursor.
expand-history (ESC-space ESC-!) (unbound) (unbound)
Perform history expansion on the edit buffer.
expand-word (^X*) (unbound) (unbound)
Attempt shell expansion on the current word.
list-choices (ESC-^D) (^D =) (^D)
List possible completions for the current word.
list-expand (^Xg ^XG) (^G) (^G)
List the expansion of the current word.
magic-space
Perform history expansion and insert a space into the buffer. This is intended to be bound to
space.
menu-complete
Like complete-word, except that menu completion is used. See the MENU_COMPLETE option.
menu-expand-or-complete
Like expand-or-complete, except that menu completion is used.
reverse-menu-complete
Perform menu completion, like menu-complete, except that if a menu completion is already in
progress, move to the previous completion rather than the next.
end-of-list
When a previous completion displayed a list below the prompt, this widget can be used to move the
prompt below the list.
Miscellaneous
accept-and-hold (ESC-A ESC-a) (unbound) (unbound)
Push the contents of the buffer on the buffer stack and execute it.
accept-and-infer-next-history
Execute the contents of the buffer. Then search the history list for a line matching the current
one and push the event following onto the buffer stack.
accept-line (^J ^M) (^J ^M) (^J ^M)
Finish editing the buffer. Normally this causes the buffer to be executed as a shell command.
accept-line-and-down-history (^O) (unbound) (unbound)
Execute the current line, and push the next history event on the buffer stack.
auto-suffix-remove
If the previous action added a suffix (space, slash, etc.) to the word on the command line, remove
it. Otherwise do nothing. Removing the suffix ends any active menu completion or menu selection.
This widget is intended to be called from user-defined widgets to enforce a desired suffix-removal
behavior.
auto-suffix-retain
If the previous action added a suffix (space, slash, etc.) to the word on the command line, force
it to be preserved. Otherwise do nothing. Retaining the suffix ends any active menu completion
or menu selection.
This widget is intended to be called from user-defined widgets to enforce a desired
suffix-preservation behavior.
beep Beep, unless the BEEP option is unset.
bracketed-paste
This widget is invoked when text is pasted to the terminal emulator. It is not intended to be
bound to actual keys but instead to the special sequence generated by the terminal emulator when
text is pasted. If a numeric argument is given, shell quoting will be applied to the pasted text
before it is inserted. When called from a widget function, an argument can be given to specify a
variable to which pasted text is assigned.
See also the zle_bracketed_paste parameter.
vi-cmd-mode (^X^V) (unbound) (^[)
Enter command mode; that is, select the `vicmd' keymap. Yes, this is bound by default in emacs
mode.
vi-caps-lock-panic
Hang until any lowercase key is pressed. This is for vi users without the mental capacity to keep
track of their caps lock key (like the author).
clear-screen (^L ESC-^L) (^L) (^L)
Clear the screen and redraw the prompt.
deactivate-region
Make the current region inactive. This disables vim-style visual selection mode if it is active.
describe-key-briefly
Reads a key sequence, then prints the function bound to that sequence.
exchange-point-and-mark (^X^X) (unbound) (unbound)
Exchange the cursor position (point) with the position of the mark. Unless a negative numeric
argument is given, the region between point and mark is activated so that it can be highlighted.
If a zero numeric argument is given, the region is activated but point and mark are not swapped.
execute-named-cmd (ESC-x) (:) (unbound)
Read the name of an editor command and execute it. A restricted set of editing functions is
available in the mini-buffer. Keys are looked up in the special command keymap, and if not found
there in the main keymap. An interrupt signal, as defined by the stty setting, will abort the
function. Note that the following always perform the same task within the executed-named-cmd
environment and cannot be replaced by user defined widgets, nor can the set of functions be
extended. The allowed functions are: backward-delete-char, vi-backward-delete-char, clear-screen,
redisplay, quoted-insert, vi-quoted-insert, backward-kill-word, vi-backward-kill-word,
kill-whole-line, vi-kill-line, backward-kill-line, list-choices, delete-char-or-list,
complete-word, accept-line, expand-or-complete and expand-or-complete-prefix.
kill-region kills the last word, and vi-cmd-mode is treated the same as accept-line. The space
and tab characters, if not bound to one of these functions, will complete the name and then list
the possibilities if the AUTO_LIST option is set. Any other character that is not bound to
self-insert or self-insert-unmeta will beep and be ignored. The bindings of the current insert
mode will be used.
Currently this command may not be redefined or called by name.
execute-last-named-cmd (ESC-z) (unbound) (unbound)
Redo the last function executed with execute-named-cmd.
Currently this command may not be redefined or called by name.
get-line (ESC-G ESC-g) (unbound) (unbound)
Pop the top line off the buffer stack and insert it at the cursor position.
pound-insert (unbound) (#) (unbound)
If there is no # character at the beginning of the buffer, add one to the beginning of each line.
If there is one, remove a # from each line that has one. In either case, accept the current line.
The INTERACTIVE_COMMENTS option must be set for this to have any usefulness.
vi-pound-insert
If there is no # character at the beginning of the current line, add one. If there is one, remove
it. The INTERACTIVE_COMMENTS option must be set for this to have any usefulness.
push-input
Push the entire current multiline construct onto the buffer stack and return to the top-level
(PS1) prompt. If the current parser construct is only a single line, this is exactly like
push-line. Next time the editor starts up or is popped with get-line, the construct will be
popped off the top of the buffer stack and loaded into the editing buffer.
push-line (^Q ESC-Q ESC-q) (unbound) (unbound)
Push the current buffer onto the buffer stack and clear the buffer. Next time the editor starts
up, the buffer will be popped off the top of the buffer stack and loaded into the editing buffer.
push-line-or-edit
At the top-level (PS1) prompt, equivalent to push-line. At a secondary (PS2) prompt, move the
entire current multiline construct into the editor buffer. The latter is equivalent to push-input
followed by get-line.
read-command
Only useful from a user-defined widget. A keystroke is read just as in normal operation, but
instead of the command being executed the name of the command that would be executed is stored in
the shell parameter REPLY. This can be used as the argument of a future zle command. If the key
sequence is not bound, status 1 is returned; typically, however, REPLY is set to undefined-key to
indicate a useless key sequence.
recursive-edit
Only useful from a user-defined widget. At this point in the function, the editor regains control
until one of the standard widgets which would normally cause zle to exit (typically an accept-line
caused by hitting the return key) is executed. Instead, control returns to the user-defined
widget. The status returned is non-zero if the return was caused by an error, but the function
still continues executing and hence may tidy up. This makes it safe for the user-defined widget
to alter the command line or key bindings temporarily.
The following widget, caps-lock, serves as an example.
self-insert-ucase() {
LBUFFER+=${(U)KEYS[-1]}
}
integer stat
zle -N self-insert self-insert-ucase
zle -A caps-lock save-caps-lock
zle -A accept-line caps-lock
zle recursive-edit
stat=$?
zle -A .self-insert self-insert
zle -A save-caps-lock caps-lock
zle -D save-caps-lock
(( stat )) && zle send-break
return $stat
This causes typed letters to be inserted capitalised until either accept-line (i.e. typically the
return key) is typed or the caps-lock widget is invoked again; the later is handled by saving the
old definition of caps-lock as save-caps-lock and then rebinding it to invoke accept-line. Note
that an error from the recursive edit is detected as a non-zero return status and propagated by
using the send-break widget.
redisplay (unbound) (^R) (^R)
Redisplays the edit buffer.
reset-prompt (unbound) (unbound) (unbound)
Force the prompts on both the left and right of the screen to be re-expanded, then redisplay the
edit buffer. This reflects changes both to the prompt variables themselves and changes in the
expansion of the values (for example, changes in time or directory, or changes to the value of
variables referred to by the prompt).
Otherwise, the prompt is only expanded each time zle starts, and when the display as been
interrupted by output from another part of the shell (such as a job notification) which causes the
command line to be reprinted.
send-break (^G ESC-^G) (unbound) (unbound)
Abort the current editor function, e.g. execute-named-command, or the editor itself, e.g. if you
are in vared. Otherwise abort the parsing of the current line; in this case the aborted line is
available in the shell variable ZLE_LINE_ABORTED. If the editor is aborted from within vared, the
variable ZLE_VARED_ABORTED is set.
run-help (ESC-H ESC-h) (unbound) (unbound)
Push the buffer onto the buffer stack, and execute the command `run-help cmd', where cmd is the
current command. run-help is normally aliased to man.
vi-set-buffer (unbound) (") (unbound)
Specify a buffer to be used in the following command. There are 37 buffers that can be specified:
the 26 `named' buffers "a to "z, the `yank' buffer "0, the nine `queued' buffers "1 to "9 and the
`black hole' buffer "_. The named buffers can also be specified as "A to "Z.
When a buffer is specified for a cut, change or yank command, the text concerned replaces the
previous contents of the specified buffer. If a named buffer is specified using a capital, the
newly cut text is appended to the buffer instead of overwriting it. When using the "_ buffer,
nothing happens. This can be useful for deleting text without affecting the normal registers.
If no buffer is specified for a cut or change command, "1 is used, and the contents of "1 to "8
are each shifted along one buffer; the contents of "9 is lost. If no buffer is specified for a
yank command, "0 is used. Finally, a paste command without a specified buffer will paste the text
from the most recent command regardless of any buffer that might have been used with that command.
When called from a widget function by the zle command, the buffer can optionally be specified with
an argument. For example,
zle vi-set-buffer A
vi-set-mark (unbound) (m) (unbound)
Set the specified mark at the cursor position.
set-mark-command (^@) (unbound) (unbound)
Set the mark at the cursor position. If called with a negative numeric argument, do not set the
mark but deactivate the region so that it is no longer highlighted (it is still usable for other
purposes). Otherwise the region is marked as active.
spell-word (ESC-$ ESC-S ESC-s) (unbound) (unbound)
Attempt spelling correction on the current word.
split-undo
Breaks the undo sequence at the current change. This is useful in vi mode as changes made in
insert mode are coalesced on entering command mode. Similarly, undo will normally revert as one
all the changes made by a user-defined widget.
undefined-key
This command is executed when a key sequence that is not bound to any command is typed. By
default it beeps.
undo (^_ ^Xu ^X^U) (u) (unbound)
Incrementally undo the last text modification. When called from a user-defined widget, takes an
optional argument indicating a previous state of the undo history as returned by the
UNDO_CHANGE_NO variable; modifications are undone until that state is reached, subject to any
limit imposed by the UNDO_LIMIT_NO variable.
Note that when invoked from vi command mode, the full prior change made in insert mode is
reverted, the changes having been merged when command mode was selected.
redo (unbound) (^R) (unbound)
Incrementally redo undone text modifications.
vi-undo-change (unbound) (unbound) (unbound)
Undo the last text modification. If repeated, redo the modification.
visual-mode (unbound) (v) (unbound)
Toggle vim-style visual selection mode. If line-wise visual mode is currently enabled then it is
changed to being character-wise. If used following an operator, it forces the subsequent movement
command to be treated as a character-wise movement.
visual-line-mode (unbound) (V) (unbound)
Toggle vim-style line-wise visual selection mode. If character-wise visual mode is currently
enabled then it is changed to being line-wise. If used following an operator, it forces the
subsequent movement command to be treated as a line-wise movement.
what-cursor-position (^X=) (ga) (unbound)
Print the character under the cursor, its code as an octal, decimal and hexadecimal number, the
current cursor position within the buffer and the column of the cursor in the current line.
where-is
Read the name of an editor command and print the listing of key sequences that invoke the
specified command. A restricted set of editing functions is available in the mini-buffer. Keys
are looked up in the special command keymap, and if not found there in the main keymap.
which-command (ESC-?) (unbound) (unbound)
Push the buffer onto the buffer stack, and execute the command `which-command cmd'. where cmd is
the current command. which-command is normally aliased to whence.
vi-digit-or-beginning-of-line (unbound) (0) (unbound)
If the last command executed was a digit as part of an argument, continue the argument.
Otherwise, execute vi-beginning-of-line.
Text Objects
Text objects are commands that can be used to select a block of text according to some criteria. They are
a feature of the vim text editor and so are primarily intended for use with vi operators or from visual
selection mode. However, they can also be used from vi-insert or emacs mode. Key bindings listed below
apply to the viopp and visual keymaps.
select-a-blank-word (aW)
Select a word including adjacent blanks, where a word is defined as a series of non-blank
characters. With a numeric argument, multiple words will be selected.
select-a-shell-word (aa)
Select the current command argument applying the normal rules for quoting.
select-a-word (aw)
Select a word including adjacent blanks, using the normal vi-style word definition. With a numeric
argument, multiple words will be selected.
select-in-blank-word (iW)
Select a word, where a word is defined as a series of non-blank characters. With a numeric
argument, multiple words will be selected.
select-in-shell-word (ia)
Select the current command argument applying the normal rules for quoting. If the argument begins
and ends with matching quote characters, these are not included in the selection.
select-in-word (iw)
Select a word, using the normal vi-style word definition. With a numeric argument, multiple words
will be selected.
CHARACTER HIGHLIGHTING
The line editor has the ability to highlight characters or regions of the line that have a particular
significance. This is controlled by the array parameter zle_highlight, if it has been set by the user.
If the parameter contains the single entry none all highlighting is turned off. Note the parameter is
still expected to be an array.
Otherwise each entry of the array should consist of a word indicating a context for highlighting, then a
colon, then a comma-separated list of the types of highlighting to apply in that context.
The contexts available for highlighting are the following:
default
Any text within the command line not affected by any other highlighting. Text outside the
editable area of the command line is not affected.
isearch
When one of the incremental history search widgets is active, the area of the command line matched
by the search string or pattern.
region The region between the cursor (point) and the mark as set with set-mark-command. The region is
only highlighted if it is active, which is the case if set-mark-command or exchange-point-and-mark
has been called and the line has not been subsequently modified. The region can be deactivated by
calling set-mark-command with a negative numeric argument, or reactivated by calling
exchange-point-and-mark with a zero numeric argument. Note that whether or not the region is
active has no effect on its use within widgets, it simply determines whether it is highlighted.
special
Individual characters that have no direct printable representation but are shown in a special
manner by the line editor. These characters are described below.
suffix This context is used in completion for characters that are marked as suffixes that will be removed
if the completion ends at that point, the most obvious example being a slash (/) after a directory
name. Note that suffix removal is configurable; the circumstances under which the suffix will be
removed may differ for different completions.
paste Following a command to paste text, the characters that were inserted.
When region_highlight is set, the contexts that describe a region -- isearch, region, suffix, and paste
-- are applied first, then region_highlight is applied, then the remaining zle_highlight contexts are
applied. If a particular character is affected by multiple specifications, the last specification wins.
zle_highlight may contain additional fields for controlling how terminal sequences to change colours are
output. Each of the following is followed by a colon and a string in the same form as for key bindings.
This will not be necessary for the vast majority of terminals as the defaults shown in parentheses are
widely used.
fg_start_code (\e[3)
The start of the escape sequence for the foreground colour. This is followed by an ASCII digit
representing the colour.
fg_default_code (9)
The number to use instead of the colour to reset the default foreground colour.
fg_end_code (m)
The end of the escape sequence for the foreground colour.
bg_start_code (\e[4)
The start of the escape sequence for the background colour. This is followed by an ASCII digit
representing the colour.
bg_default_code (9)
The number to use instead of the colour to reset the default background colour.
bg_end_code (m)
The end of the escape sequence for the background colour.
The available types of highlighting are the following. Note that not all types of highlighting are
available on all terminals:
none No highlighting is applied to the given context. It is not useful for this to appear with other
types of highlighting; it is used to override a default.
fg=colour
The foreground colour should be set to colour, a decimal integer or the name of one of the eight
most widely-supported colours.
Not all terminals support this and, of those that do, not all provide facilities to test the
support, hence the user should decide based on the terminal type. Most terminals support the
colours black, red, green, yellow, blue, magenta, cyan and white, which can be set by name. In
addition. default may be used to set the terminal's default foreground colour. Abbreviations are
allowed; b or bl selects black. Some terminals may generate additional colours if the bold
attribute is also present.
On recent terminals and on systems with an up-to-date terminal database the number of colours
supported may be tested by the command `echotc Co'; if this succeeds, it indicates a limit on the
number of colours which will be enforced by the line editor. The number of colours is in any case
limited to 256 (i.e. the range 0 to 255).
Colour is also known as color.
bg=colour
The background colour should be set to colour. This works similarly to the foreground colour,
except the background is not usually affected by the bold attribute.
bold The characters in the given context are shown in a bold font. Not all terminals distinguish bold
fonts.
standout
The characters in the given context are shown in the terminal's standout mode. The actual effect
is specific to the terminal; on many terminals it is inverse video. On some such terminals, where
the cursor does not blink it appears with standout mode negated, making it less than clear where
the cursor actually is. On such terminals one of the other effects may be preferable for
highlighting the region and matched search string.
underline
The characters in the given context are shown underlined. Some terminals show the foreground in a
different colour instead; in this case whitespace will not be highlighted.
The characters described above as `special' are as follows. The formatting described here is used
irrespective of whether the characters are highlighted:
ASCII control characters
Control characters in the ASCII range are shown as `^' followed by the base character.
Unprintable multibyte characters
This item applies to control characters not in the ASCII range, plus other characters as follows.
If the MULTIBYTE option is in effect, multibyte characters not in the ASCII character set that are
reported as having zero width are treated as combining characters when the option COMBINING_CHARS
is on. If the option is off, or if a character appears where a combining character is not valid,
the character is treated as unprintable.
Unprintable multibyte characters are shown as a hexadecimal number between angle brackets. The
number is the code point of the character in the wide character set; this may or may not be
Unicode, depending on the operating system.
Invalid multibyte characters
If the MULTIBYTE option is in effect, any sequence of one or more bytes that does not form a valid
character in the current character set is treated as a series of bytes each shown as a special
character. This case can be distinguished from other unprintable characters as the bytes are
represented as two hexadecimal digits between angle brackets, as distinct from the four or eight
digits that are used for unprintable characters that are nonetheless valid in the current
character set.
Not all systems support this: for it to work, the system's representation of wide characters must
be code values from the Universal Character Set, as defined by IS0 10646 (also known as Unicode).
Wrapped double-width characters
When a double-width character appears in the final column of a line, it is instead shown on the
next line. The empty space left in the original position is highlighted as a special character.
If zle_highlight is not set or no value applies to a particular context, the defaults applied are
equivalent to
zle_highlight=(region:standout special:standout
suffix:bold isearch:underline)
i.e. both the region and special characters are shown in standout mode.
Within widgets, arbitrary regions may be highlighted by setting the special array parameter
region_highlight; see above.