Provided by: libinline-c-perl_0.76-1_all 
NAME
Inline::C::Cookbook - A Cornucopia of Inline C Recipes
DESCRIPTION
It's a lot easier for most of us to cook a meal from a recipe, rather than just throwing things into a
pot until something edible forms. So it is with programming as well. "Inline.pm" makes C programming for
Perl as easy as possible. Having a set of easy to understand samples, makes it simpler yet.
This Cookbook is intended to be an evergrowing repository of small yet complete coding examples; each
showing how to accomplish a particular task with Inline. Each example is followed by a short discussion,
explaining in detail the particular features that are being demonstrated.
Many of these recipes are adapted from email discussions I have had with Inline users around the world.
It has been my experience so far, that Inline provides an elegant solution to almost all problems
involving Perl and C.
Bon Appetit!
APPETIZERS
Hello, world
Problem
It seems that the first thing any programmer wants to do when he learns a new programming technique is to
use it to greet the Earth. How can I do this using Inline?
Solution
use Inline C => <<'...';
void greet() {
printf("Hello, world\n");
}
...
greet;
Discussion
Nothing too fancy here. We define a single C function "greet()" which prints a message to STDOUT. One
thing to note is that since the Inline code comes before the function call to "greet", we can call it
as a bareword (no parentheses).
See Also
See Inline and Inline::C for basic info about "Inline.pm".
Credits
• Brian Kernigan
• Dennis Ritchie
One Liner
Problem
A concept is valid in Perl only if it can be shown to work in one line. Can Inline reduce the
complexities of Perl/C interaction to a one-liner?
Solution
perl -e 'use Inline C=>q{void greet(){printf("Hello, world\n");}};greet'
Discussion
Try doing that in XS :-)
See Also
My email signature of late is:
perl -le 'use Inline C=>q{SV*JAxH(char*x){return newSVpvf("Just Another %s Hacker",x);}};print JAxH+Perl'
A bit fancier but a few bytes too long to qualify as a true one liner :-(
Credits
"Eli the Bearded" <elijah@workspot.net> gave me the idea that I should have an Inline one-liner as a
signature.
MEAT & POTATOES
Data Types
Problem
How do I pass different types of data to and from Inline C functions; like strings, numbers and
integers?
Solution
# vowels.pl
use Inline C;
$filename = $ARGV[0];
die "Usage: perl vowels.pl filename\n" unless -f $filename;
$text = join '', <>; # slurp input file
$vp = vowel_scan($text); # call our function
$vp = sprintf("%03.1f", $vp * 100); # format for printing
print "The letters in $filename are $vp% vowels.\n";
__END__
__C__
/* Find percentage of vowels to letters */
double vowel_scan(char* str) {
int letters = 0;
int vowels = 0;
int i = 0;
char c;
char normalize = 'a' ^ 'A';
/* normalize forces lower case in ASCII; upper in EBCDIC */
char A = normalize | 'a';
char E = normalize | 'e';
char I = normalize | 'i';
char O = normalize | 'o';
char U = normalize | 'u';
char Z = normalize | 'z';
while(c = str[i++]) {
c |= normalize;
if (c >= A && c <= Z) {
letters++;
if (c == A || c == E || c == I || c == O || c == U)
vowels++;
}
}
return letters ? ((double) vowels / letters) : 0.0;
}
Discussion
This script takes a file name from the command line and prints the ratio of vowels to letters in that
file. "vowels.pl" uses an Inline C function called "vowel_scan", that takes a string argument, and
returns the percentage of vowels as a floating point number between 0 and 1. It handles upper and
lower case letters, and works with ASCII and EBCDIC. It is also quite fast.
Running this script produces:
> perl vowels.pl /usr/share/dict/words
The letters in /usr/share/dict/words are 37.5% vowels.
It is very important to note that the examples in this cookbook use "char *" to mean a string.
Internally Perl has various mechanisms to deal with strings that contain characters with code points
above 255, using Unicode. This means that naively treating strings as "char *", an array of 8-bit
characters, can lead to problems. You need to be aware of this and consider using a UTF-8 library to
deal with strings.
See Also
The Perl Journal vol #19 has an article about Inline which uses this example.
Credits
This example was reprinted by permission of The Perl Journal. It was edited to work with Inline v0.30
and higher.
Variable Argument Lists
Problem
How do I pass a variable-sized list of arguments to an Inline C function?
Solution
greet(qw(Sarathy Jan Sparky Murray Mike));
use Inline C => <<'END_OF_C_CODE';
void greet(SV* name1, ...) {
Inline_Stack_Vars;
int i;
for (i = 0; i < Inline_Stack_Items; i++)
printf("Hello %s!\n", SvPV(Inline_Stack_Item(i), PL_na));
Inline_Stack_Void;
}
END_OF_C_CODE
Discussion
This little program greets a group of people, such as my coworkers. We use the "C" ellipsis syntax:
""..."", since the list can be of any size.
Since there are no types or names associated with each argument, we can't expect XS to handle the
conversions for us. We'll need to pop them off the Stack ourselves. Luckily there are two functions
(macros) that make this a very easy task.
First, we need to begin our function with a ""Inline_Stack_Vars"" statement. This defines a few
internal variables that we need to access the Stack. Now we can use ""Inline_Stack_Items"", which
returns an integer containing the number of arguments passed to us from Perl.
NOTE: It is important to only use ""Inline_Stack_"" macros when there is an ellipsis ("...") in the
argument list, or the function has a return type of void.
Second, we use the Inline_Stack_Item(x) function to access each argument where "0 <= x < items".
NOTE: When using a variable length argument list, you have to specify at least one argument before
the ellipsis. (On my compiler, anyway.) When XS does it's argument checking, it will complain if you
pass in less than the number of defined arguments. Therefore, there is currently no way to pass an
empty list when a variable length list is expected.
See Also
Credits
Multiple Return Values
Problem
How do I return a list of values from a C function?
Solution
print map {"$_\n"} get_localtime(time);
use Inline C => <<'END_OF_C_CODE';
#include <time.h>
void get_localtime(SV * utc) {
const time_t utc_ = (time_t)SvIV(utc);
struct tm *ltime = localtime(&utc_);
Inline_Stack_Vars;
Inline_Stack_Reset;
Inline_Stack_Push(sv_2mortal(newSViv(ltime->tm_year)));
Inline_Stack_Push(sv_2mortal(newSViv(ltime->tm_mon)));
Inline_Stack_Push(sv_2mortal(newSViv(ltime->tm_mday)));
Inline_Stack_Push(sv_2mortal(newSViv(ltime->tm_hour)));
Inline_Stack_Push(sv_2mortal(newSViv(ltime->tm_min)));
Inline_Stack_Push(sv_2mortal(newSViv(ltime->tm_sec)));
Inline_Stack_Push(sv_2mortal(newSViv(ltime->tm_isdst)));
Inline_Stack_Done;
}
END_OF_C_CODE
Discussion
Perl is a language where it is common to return a list of values from a subroutine call instead of
just a single value. C is not such a language. In order to accomplish this in C we need to manipulate
the Perl call stack by hand. Luckily, Inline provides macros to make this easy.
This example calls the system "localtime", and returns each of the parts of the time struct; much
like the perl builtin "localtime()". On each stack push, we are creating a new Perl integer (SVIV)
and mortalizing it. The sv_2mortal() call makes sure that the reference count is set properly.
Without it, the program would leak memory.
NOTE: The "#include" statement is not really needed, because Inline
automatically includes the Perl headers which include almost all
standard system calls.
See Also
For more information on the Inline stack macros, see Inline::C.
Credits
Richard Anderson <starfire@zipcon.net> contributed the original idea for this snippet.
Multiple Return Values (Another Way)
Problem
How can I pass back more than one value without using the Perl Stack?
Solution
use Inline::Files;
use Inline C;
my ($foo, $bar);
change($foo, $bar);
print "\$foo = $foo\n";
print "\$bar = $bar\n";
__C__
int change(SV* var1, SV* var2) {
sv_setpvn(var1, "Perl Rocks!", 11);
sv_setpvn(var2, "Inline Rules!", 13);
return 1;
}
Discussion
Most perl function interfaces return values as a list of one or more scalars. Very few like "chomp",
will modify an input scalar in place. On the other hand, in C you do this quite often. Values are
passed in by reference and modified in place by the called function.
It turns out that we can do that with Inline as well. The secret is to use a type of '"SV*"' for each
argument that is to be modified. This ensures passing by reference, because no typemapping is needed.
The function can then use the Perl5 API to operate on that argument. When control returns to Perl,
the argument will retain the value set by the C function. In this example we passed in 2 empty
scalars and assigned values directly to them.
See Also
Credits
Ned Konz <ned@bike-nomad.com> brought this behavior to my attention. He also pointed out that he is
not the world famous computer cyclist Steve Roberts (<http://www.microship.com),> but he is close
(<http://bike-nomad.com).> Thanks Ned.
Using Memory
Problem
How should I allocate buffers in my Inline C code?
Solution
print greeting('Ingy');
use Inline C => <<'END_OF_C_CODE';
SV* greeting(SV* sv_name) {
return (newSVpvf("Hello %s!\n", SvPV(sv_name, PL_na)));
}
END_OF_C_CODE
Discussion
In this example we will return the greeting to the caller, rather than printing it. This would seem
mighty easy, except for the fact that we need to allocate a small buffer to create the greeting.
I would urge you to stay away from "malloc"ing your own buffer. Just use Perl's built in memory
management. In other words, just create a new Perl string scalar. The function "newSVpv" does just
that. And "newSVpvf" includes "sprintf" functionality.
The other problem is getting rid of this new scalar. How will the ref count get decremented after we
pass the scalar back? Perl also provides a function called "sv_2mortal". Mortal variables die when
the context goes out of scope. In other words, Perl will wait until the new scalar gets passed back
and then decrement the ref count for you, thereby making it eligible for garbage collection. See
"perldoc perlguts".
In this example the "sv_2mortal" call gets done under the hood by XS, because we declared the return
type to be "SV*".
To view the generated XS code, run the command ""perl - MInline=INFO,FORCE,NOCLEAN example004.pl"".
This will leave the build directory intact and tell you where to find it.
See Also
Credits
FAST FOOD
Inline CGI
Problem
How do I use Inline securely in a CGI environment?
Solution
#!/usr/bin/perl
use CGI qw(:standard);
use Inline Config =>
DIRECTORY => '/usr/local/apache/Inline';
print
header,
start_html('Inline CGI Example'),
h1(JAxH('Inline')),
end_html;
use Inline C => <<END;
SV* JAxH(char* x) {
return newSVpvf("Just Another %s Hacker", x);
}
END
Discussion
The problem with running Inline code from a CGI script is that Inline writes to a build area on your
disk whenever it compiles code. Most CGI scripts don't (and shouldn't) be able to create a directory
and write into it.
The solution is to explicitly tell Inline which directory to use with the 'use Inline Config =>
DIRECTORY => ...' line. Then you need to give write access to that directory from the web server (CGI
script).
If you see this as a security hole, then there is another option. Give write access to yourself, but
read-only access to the CGI script. Then run the script once by hand (from the command line). This
will cause Inline to precompile the C code. That way the CGI will only need read access to the build
directory (to load in the shared library from there).
Just remember that whenever you change the C code, you need to precompile it again.
See Also
See CGI for more information on using the "CGI.pm" module.
Credits
mod_perl
Problem
How do I use Inline with mod_perl?
Solution
package Factorial;
use strict;
use Inline Config =>
DIRECTORY => '/usr/local/apache/Inline',
enable => 'UNTAINT';
use Inline 'C';
Inline->init;
sub handler {
my $r = shift;
$r->send_http_header('text/plain');
printf "%3d! = %10d\n", $_, factorial($_) for 1..100;
return Apache::Constants::OK;
}
1;
__DATA__
__C__
double factorial(double x) {
if (x < 2) return 1;
return x * factorial(x - 1)
}
Discussion
This is a fully functional mod_perl handler that prints out the factorial values for the numbers 1 to
100. Since we are using Inline under mod_perl, there are a few considerations to , um, consider.
First, mod_perl handlers are usually run with "-T" taint detection. Therefore, we need to enable the
UNTAINT option. The next thing to deal with is the fact that this handler will most likely be loaded
after Perl's compile time. Since we are using the DATA section, we need to use the special "init()"
call. And of course we need to specify a DIRECTORY that mod_perl can compile into. See the above CGI
example for more info.
Other than that, this is a pretty straightforward mod_perl handler, tuned for even more speed!
See Also
See Stas Bekman's upcoming O'Reilly book on mod_perl to which this example was contributed.
Object Oriented Inline
Problem
How do I implement Object Oriented programming in Perl using C objects?
Solution
my $obj1 = Soldier->new('Benjamin', 'Private', 11111);
my $obj2 = Soldier->new('Sanders', 'Colonel', 22222);
my $obj3 = Soldier->new('Matt', 'Sergeant', 33333);
for my $obj ($obj1, $obj2, $obj3) {
print $obj->get_serial, ") ",
$obj->get_name, " is a ",
$obj->get_rank, "\n";
}
#---------------------------------------------------------
package Soldier;
use Inline C => <<'END';
/*
Allocate memory with Newx if it's
available - if it's an older perl
that doesn't have Newx then we
resort to using New.
*/
#ifndef Newx
# define Newx(v,n,t) New(0,v,n,t)
#endif
typedef struct {
char* name;
char* rank;
long serial;
} Soldier;
SV* new(const char * classname, const char * name,
const char * rank, long serial) {
Soldier * soldier;
SV * obj;
SV * obj_ref;
Newx(soldier, 1, Soldier);
soldier->name = savepv(name);
soldier->rank = savepv(rank);
soldier->serial = serial;
obj = newSViv((IV)soldier);
obj_ref = newRV_noinc(obj);
sv_bless(obj_ref, gv_stashpv(classname, GV_ADD));
SvREADONLY_on(obj);
return obj_ref;
}
char* get_name(SV* obj) {
return ((Soldier*)SvIV(SvRV(obj)))->name;
}
char* get_rank(SV* obj) {
return ((Soldier*)SvIV(SvRV(obj)))->rank;
}
long get_serial(SV* obj) {
return ((Soldier*)SvIV(SvRV(obj)))->serial;
}
void DESTROY(SV* obj) {
Soldier* soldier = (Soldier*)SvIV(SvRV(obj));
Safefree(soldier->name);
Safefree(soldier->rank);
Safefree(soldier);
}
END
Discussion
Damian Conway has given us myriad ways of implementing OOP in Perl. This is one he might not have thought
of.
The interesting thing about this example is that it uses Perl for all the OO bindings while using C for
the attributes and methods.
If you examine the Perl code everything looks exactly like a regular OO example. There is a "new" method
and several accessor methods. The familiar 'arrow syntax' is used to invoke them.
In the class definition (second part) the Perl "package" statement is used to name the object class or
namespace. But that's where the similarities end Inline takes over.
The idea is that we call a C subroutine called "new()" which returns a blessed scalar. The scalar
contains a readonly integer which is a C pointer to a Soldier struct. This is our object.
The "new()" function needs to malloc the memory for the struct and then copy the initial values into it
using "savepv()". This also allocates more memory (which we have to keep track of).
The accessor methods are pretty straightforward. They return the current value of their attribute.
The last method "DESTROY()" is called automatically by Perl whenever an object goes out of scope. This is
where we can free all the memory used by the object.
That's it. It's a very simplistic example. It doesn't show off any advanced OO features, but it is pretty
cool to see how easy the implementation can be. The important Perl call is "newSVrv()" which creates a
blessed scalar.
See Also
Read "Object Oriented Perl" by Damian Conway, for more useful ways of doing OOP in Perl.
You can learn more Perl calls in perlapi. If you don't have Perl 5.6.0 or higher, visit
<http://www.perldoc.com/perl5.6/pod/perlapi.html>
THE MAIN COURSE
Exposing Shared Libraries
Problem
You have this great C library and you want to be able to access parts of it with Perl.
Solution
print get('http://www.axkit.org');
use Inline C => Config =>
LIBS => '-lghttp';
use Inline C => <<'END_OF_C_CODE';
#include <ghttp.h>
char *get(SV* uri) {
SV* buffer;
ghttp_request* request;
buffer = NEWSV(0,0);
request = ghttp_request_new();
ghttp_set_uri(request, SvPV(uri, PL_na));
ghttp_set_header(request, http_hdr_Connection, "close");
ghttp_prepare(request);
ghttp_process(request);
sv_catpv(buffer, ghttp_get_body(request));
ghttp_request_destroy(request);
return SvPV(buffer, PL_na);
}
END_OF_C_CODE
Discussion
This example fetches and prints the HTML from <http://www.axkit.org> It requires the GNOME http
libraries. <http://www.gnome.org>
One of the most common questions I get is "How can I use Inline to make use of some shared library?".
Although it has always been possible to do so, the configuration was ugly, and there were no specific
examples.
With version 0.30 and higher, you can specify the use of shared libraries easily with something like
this:
use Inline C => Config => LIBS => '-lghttp';
use Inline C => "code ...";
or
use Inline C => "code ...", LIBS => '-lghttp';
To specify a specific library path, use:
use Inline C => "code ...", LIBS => '-L/your/lib/path -lyourlib';
To specify an include path use:
use Inline C => "code ...",
LIBS => '-lghttp',
INC => '-I/your/inc/path';
See Also
The "LIBS" and "INC" configuration options are formatted and passed into MakeMaker. For more info see
ExtUtils::MakeMaker. For more options see Inline::C.
Credits
This code was written by Matt Sergeant <matt@sergeant.org>, author of many CPAN modules. The
configuration syntax has been modified for use with Inline v0.30.
Automatic Function Wrappers
Problem
You have some functions in a C library that you want to access from Perl exactly as you would from C.
Solution
The error function "erf()" is probably defined in your standard math library. Annoyingly, Perl does
not let you access it. To print out a small table of its values, just say:
perl -le 'use Inline C => q{ double erf(double); }, enable => "autowrap"; print "$_ @{[erf($_)]}" for (0..10)'
The excellent "Term::ReadLine::Gnu" implements Term::ReadLine using the GNU ReadLine library. Here is
an easy way to access just "readline()" from that library:
package MyTerm;
use Inline C => Config =>
enable => autowrap =>
LIBS => "-lreadline -lncurses -lterminfo -ltermcap ";
use Inline C => q{ char * readline(char *); };
package main;
my $x = MyTerm::readline("xyz: ");
Note however that it fails to "free()" the memory returned by readline, and that
"Term::ReadLine::Gnu" offers a much richer interface.
Discussion
We access existing functions by merely showing Inline their declarations, rather than a full
definition. Of course the function declared must exist, either in a library already linked to Perl or
in a library specified using the "LIBS" option.
The first example wraps a function from the standard math library, so Inline requires no additional
"LIBS" directive. The second uses the Config option to specify the libraries that contain the actual
compiled C code.
This behavior is always disabled by default. You must enable the "autowrap" option to make it work.
See Also
• "readline"
• "Term::ReadLine::Gnu"
Credits
GNU ReadLine was written by Brian Fox <bfox@ai.mit.edu> and Chet Ramey <chet@ins.cwru.edu>.
Term::ReadLine::Gnu was written by Hiroo Hayashi <hiroo.hayashi@computer.org>. Both are far richer
than the slim interface given here!
The idea of producing wrapper code given only a function declaration is taken from Swig by David M.
Beazley <beazley@cs.uchicago.edu>.
Ingy's inline editorial insight:
This entire entry was contributed by Ariel Scolnicov <ariels@compugen.co.il>. Ariel also first
suggested the idea for Inline to support function declaration processing.
Replacing h2xs
Problem
You have a complete C library that you want to access from Perl exactly as you would from C.
Solution
Just say:
use IO::All;
use Inline C => sub { io('allheaders.h')->all =~ s/LEPT_DLL extern//gr },
enable => "autowrap",
libs => '-lleptonica';
Discussion
In principle, you can use h2xs to wrap a C library into an XS module. One problem with this is that
the C parser code is a little out of date. Also, since it works by generating a number of files,
maintaining it when the C library changes is a certain amount of work. Using Inline to do the work is
much easier.
If the header file needs some processing, like removing some text that a full C compiler can deal
with, but the Inline::C parser cannot, as in the example above? Well, Perl is good at text-
processing.
Complex Data
Problem
How do I deal with complex data types like hashes in Inline C?
Solution
use Inline C => <<'END_OF_C_CODE';
void dump_hash(SV* hash_ref) {
HV* hash;
HE* hash_entry;
int num_keys, i;
SV* sv_key;
SV* sv_val;
if (! SvROK(hash_ref))
croak("hash_ref is not a reference");
hash = (HV*)SvRV(hash_ref);
num_keys = hv_iterinit(hash);
for (i = 0; i < num_keys; i++) {
hash_entry = hv_iternext(hash);
sv_key = hv_iterkeysv(hash_entry);
sv_val = hv_iterval(hash, hash_entry);
printf("%s => %s\n", SvPV(sv_key, PL_na), SvPV(sv_val, PL_na));
}
return;
}
END_OF_C_CODE
my %hash = (
Author => "Ingy doet Net",
Nickname => "INGY",
Module => "Inline.pm",
Version => "0.30",
Language => "C",
);
dump_hash(\%hash);
Discussion
The world is not made of scalars alone, although they are definitely the easiest creatures to deal
with, when doing Inline stuff. Sometimes we need to deal with arrays, hashes, and code references,
among other things.
Since Perl subroutine calls only pass scalars as arguments, we'll need to use the argument type "SV*"
and pass references to more complex types.
The above program dumps the key/value pairs of a hash. To figure it out, just curl up with perlapi
for a couple hours. Actually, its fairly straight forward once you are familiar with the calls.
Note the "croak" function call. This is the proper way to die from your C extensions.
See Also
See perlapi for information about the Perl5 internal API.
Credits
Hash of Lists
Problem
How do I create a Hash of Lists from C?
Solution
use Inline C;
use Data::Dumper;
$hash_ref = load_data("./cartoon.txt");
print Dumper $hash_ref;
__END__
__C__
static int next_word(char**, char*);
SV* load_data(char* file_name) {
char buffer[100], word[100], * pos;
AV* array;
HV* hash = newHV();
FILE* fh = fopen(file_name, "r");
while (fgets(pos = buffer, sizeof(buffer), fh)) {
if (next_word(&pos, word)) {
array = newAV();
hv_store(hash, word, strlen(word),
newRV_noinc((SV*)array), 0);
while (next_word(&pos, word))
av_push(array, newSVpvf("%s", word));
}
}
fclose(fh);
return newRV_noinc((SV*) hash);
}
static int next_word(char** text_ptr, char* word) {
char* text = *text_ptr;
while(*text != '\0' &&
*text <= ' ')
text++;
if (*text <= ' ')
return 0;
while(*text != '\0' &&
*text > ' ') {
*word++ = *text++;
}
*word = '\0';
*text_ptr = text;
return 1;
}
Discussion
This is one of the larger recipes. But when you consider the number of calories it has, it's not so
bad. The function "load_data" takes the name of a file as it's input. The file "cartoon.text" might
look like:
flintstones fred barney
jetsons george jane elroy
simpsons homer marge bart
The function will read the file, parsing each line into words. Then it will create a new hash,
whereby the first word in a line becomes a hash key and the remaining words are put into an array
whose reference becomes the hash value. The output looks like this:
$VAR1 = {
'flintstones' => [
'fred',
'barney'
],
'simpsons' => [
'homer',
'marge',
'bart'
],
'jetsons' => [
'george',
'jane',
'elroy'
]
};
See Also
See perlapi for information about the Perl5 internal API.
Credits
Al Danial <alnd@pacbell.net> requested a solution to this on comp.lang.perl.misc. He borrowed the
idea from the "Hash of Lists" example in the Camel book.
JUST DESSERTS
Win32
Problem
How do I access Win32 DLL-s using Inline?
Solution
use Inline C => DATA =>
LIBS => '-luser32';
$text = "@ARGV" || 'Inline.pm works with MSWin32. Scary...';
WinBox('Inline Text Box', $text);
__END__
__C__
#include <windows.h>
int WinBox(char* Caption, char* Text) {
return MessageBoxA(0, Text, Caption, 0);
}
Discussion
This example runs on MS Windows. It makes a text box appear on the screen which contains a message of
your choice.
The important thing is that its proof that you can use Inline to interact with Windows DLL-s. Very
scary indeed. 8-o
To use Inline on Windows with ActivePerl ( <http://www.ActiveState.com> ) you'll need MS Visual
Studio. You can also use the Cygwin environment, available at <http://www.cygwin.com> .
See Also
See Inline-Support for more info on MSWin32 programming with Inline.
Credits
This example was adapted from some sample code written by Garrett Goebel <garrett@scriptpro.com>
Embedding Perl in C
Problem
How do I use Perl from a regular C program?
Solution
#!/usr/bin/cpr
int main(void) {
printf("Using Perl version %s from a C program!\n\n",
CPR_eval("use Config; $Config{version};"));
CPR_eval("use Data::Dumper;");
CPR_eval("print Dumper \\%INC;");
return 0;
}
Discussion
By using CPR. (C Perl Run)
This example uses another Inline module, "Inline::CPR", available separately on CPAN. When you
install this module it also installs a binary interpreter called "/usr/bin/cpr". (The path may be
different on your system)
When you feed a C program to the CPR interpreter, it automatically compiles and runs your code using
Inline. This gives you full access to the Perl internals. CPR also provides a set of easy to use C
macros for calling Perl internals.
This means that you can effectively "run" C source code by putting a CPR hashbang as the first line
of your C program.
See Also
See Inline::CPR for more information on using CPR.
"Inline::CPR" can be obtained from "/search.cpan.org/search?dist=Inline- CPR" in http:
Credits
Randal Schwartz <merlyn@stonehenge.com>, Randolph Bentson <bentson@grieg.holmsjoen.com>, Richard
Anderson <starfire@zipcon.net>, and Tim Maher <tim@consultix-inc.com> helped me figure out how to
write a program that would work as a hashbang.
ENTERTAINING GUESTS
As of version 0.30, Inline has the ability to work in cooperation with other modules that want to expose
a C API of their own. The general syntax for doing this is:
use Inline with => 'Module';
use Inline C => ... ;
This tells "Module" to pass configuration options to Inline. Options like typemaps, include paths, and
external libraries, are all resolved automatically so you can just concentrate on writing the functions.
Event handling with Event.pm
Problem
You need to write a C callback for the "Event.pm" module. Can this be done more easily with Inline?
Solution
use Inline with => 'Event';
Event->timer(desc => 'Timer #1',
interval => 2,
cb => \&my_callback,
);
Event->timer(desc => 'Timer #2',
interval => 3,
cb => \&my_callback,
);
print "Starting...\n";
Event::loop;
use Inline C => <<'END';
void my_callback(pe_event* event) {
pe_timer * watcher = event->up;
printf("%s\n\tEvent priority = %d\n\tWatcher priority = %d\n\n",
SvPVX(watcher->base.desc),
event->prio,
watcher->base.prio
);
}
END
Discussion
The first line tells Inline to load the "Event.pm" module. Inline then queries "Event" for
configuration information. It gets the name and location of Event's header files, typemaps and shared
objects. The parameters that "Event" returns look like:
INC => "-I $path/Event",
TYPEMAPS => "$path/Event/typemap",
MYEXTLIB => "$path/auto/Event/Event.$so",
AUTO_INCLUDE => '#include "EventAPI.h"',
BOOT => 'I_EVENT_API("Inline");',
Doing all of this automatically allows you, the programmer, to simply write a function that receives
a pointer of type 'pe_event*'. This gives you access to the "Event" structure that was passed to you.
In this example, I simply print values out of the structure. The Perl code defines 2 timer events
which each invoke the same callback. The first one, every two seconds, and the second one, every
three seconds.
As of this writing, "Event.pm" is the only CPAN module that works in cooperation with Inline.
See Also
Read the "Event.pm" documentation for more information. It contains a tutorial showing several
examples of using Inline with "Event".
Credits
Jochen Stenzel <perl@jochen-stenzel.de> originally came up with the idea of mixing Inline and
"Event". He also authored the "Event" tutorial.
Joshua Pritikin <joshua.pritikin@db.com> is the author of "Event.pm".
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
Calling C from both Perl and C
Problem
I'd like to be able to call the same C function from both Perl and C. Also I like to define a C
function that doesn't get bound to Perl. How do I do that?
Solution
print "9 + 5 = ", add(9, 5), "\n";
print "SQRT(9^2 + 5^2) = ", pyth(9, 5), "\n";
print "9 * 5 = ", mult(9, 5), "\n";
use Inline C => <<'END_C';
int add(int x, int y) {
return x + y;
}
static int mult(int x, int y) {
return x * y;
}
double pyth(int x, int y) {
return sqrt(add(mult(x, x), mult(y, y)));
}
END_C
Discussion
The program produces:
9 + 5 = 14
SQRT(9^2 + 5^2) = 10.295630140987
Can't locate auto/main/mult.al in @INC ...
Every Inline function that is bound to Perl is also callable by C. You don't have to do anything
special. Inline arranges it so that all the typemap code gets done by XS and is out of sight. By the
time the C function receives control, everything has been converted from Perl to C.
Of course if your function manipulates the Perl Stack, you probably don't want to call it from C
(unless you really know what you're doing).
If you declare a function as "static", Inline won't bind it to Perl. That's why we were able to call
"mult()" from C but the call failed from Perl.
Calling Perl from C
Problem
So now that I can call C from Perl, how do I call a Perl subroutine from an Inline C function.
Solution
use Inline C;
for(1..5) {
c_func_1('This is the first line');
c_func_2('This is the second line');
print "\n";
}
sub perl_sub_1 {
print map "$_\n", @_;
}
__DATA__
__C__
void c_func_2(SV* text) {
dSP;
ENTER;
SAVETMPS;
XPUSHs(sv_2mortal(newSVpvf("Plus an extra line")));
PUTBACK;
call_pv("perl_sub_1", G_DISCARD);
FREETMPS;
LEAVE;
}
void c_func_1(SV* text) {
c_func_2(text);
}
Discussion
This demo previously made use of Inline Stack macros only - but that's not the correct way to do it.
Instead, base the callbacks on the perlcall documentation (as we're now doing).
Actually, this program demonstrates calling a C function which calls another C function which in turn
calls a Perl subroutine.
The nice thing about Inline C functions is that you can call them from both Perl-space and C-space.
That's because Inline creates a wrapper function around each C function. When you use Perl to call C
you're actually calling that function's wrapper. The wrapper handles typemapping and Stack
management, and then calls your C function.
The first time we call "c_func_1" which calls "c_func_2". The second time we call "c_func_2"
directly. "c_func_2" calls the Perl subroutine ("perl_sub_1") using the internal "perl_call_pv"
function. It has to put arguments on the stack by hand. Since there is already one argument on the
stack when we enter the function, the "XPUSHs" ( which is equivalent to an "Inline_Stack_Push" ) adds
a second argument.
We iterate through a 'for' loop 5 times just to demonstrate that things still work correctly when we
do that. (This was where the previous rendition, making use solely of Inline Stack macros, fell
down.)
See Also
See Inline::C for more information about Stack macros.
See perlapi for more information about the Perl5 internal API.
Evaling C
Problem
I've totally lost my marbles and I want to generate C code at run time, and "eval" it into Perl. How
do I do this?
Solution
use Inline;
use Code::Generator;
my $c_code = generate('foo_function');
Inline->bind(C => $c_code);
foo_function(1, 2, 3);
Discussion
I can't think of a real life application where you would want to generate C code on the fly, but at
least I know how I would do it. :)
The "bind()" function of Inline let's you bind (compileloadexecute) C functions at run time. It takes
all of the same arguments as "use Inline C => ...".
The nice thing is that once a particular snippet is compiled, it remains cached so that it doesn't
need to be compiled again. I can imagine that someday a mad scientist will dream up a self generating
modeling system that would run faster and faster over time.
If you know such a person, have them drop me a line.
Providing a pure perl alternative
Problem
I want to write a script that will use a C subroutine if Inline::C is installed, but will otherwise
use an equivalent pure perl subroutine if Inline::C is not already installed. How do I do this?
Solution
use strict;
use warnings;
eval {
require Inline;
Inline->import (C => Config =>
BUILD_NOISY => 1);
Inline->import (C =><<'EOC');
int foo() {
warn("Using Inline\n");
return 42;
}
EOC
};
if ($@) {
*foo =\&bar;
}
sub bar {
warn("Using Pure Perl Implementation\n");
return 42;
}
my $x = foo();
print "$x\n";
Discussion
If Inline::C is installed and functioning properly, the C sub foo is called by the perl code.
Otherwise, $@ gets set, and the equivalent pure perl function bar is instead called.
Note, too, that the pure perl sub bar can still be explicitly called even if Inline::C is available.
Accessing Fortran subs using Inline::C
Problem
I've been given a neat little sub written in fortran that takes, as its args, two integers and
returns their product. And I would like to use that sub as is from Inline::C. By way of example,
let's say that the fortran source file is named 'prod.f', and that it looks like this:
integer function sqarea(r,s)
integer r, s
sqarea = r*s
return
end
Solution
We can't access that code directly, but we can compile it into a library which we can then access
from Inline::C. Using gcc we could run:
gfortran -c prod.f -o prod.o
ar cru libprod.a prod.o
The function is then accessible as follows:
use warnings;
use Inline C => Config =>
LIBS => '-L/full/path/to/libprod_location -lprod -lgfortran';
use Inline C => <<' EOC';
int wrap_sqarea(int a, int b) {
return sqarea_(&a, &b);
}
EOC
$x = 15;
$y = $x + 3;
$ret = wrap_sqarea($x, $y);
print "Product of $x and $y is $ret\n";
Discussion
Note firstly that, although the function is specified as 'sqarea' in the source file, gfortran
appends an underscore to the name when the source is compiled. (I don't know if all fortran compilers
do this.) Therefore Inline::C needs to call the function as 'sqarea_'.
Secondly, because fortran subs pass args by reference, we need to pass the addresses of the two
integer args to sqarea() when we call it from our Inline::C sub.
If using g77 instead of gfortran, the only necessary change is that we specify '-lg2c' instead of
'-lgfortran' in our 'LIBS' setting.
SEE ALSO
For generic information about Inline, see Inline.
For information about using Inline with C see Inline::C.
For information on supported languages and platforms see Inline-Support.
For information on writing your own Inline language support module, see Inline-API.
Inline's mailing list is inline@perl.org
To subscribe, send email to inline-subscribe@perl.org
AUTHORS
Ingy doet Net <ingy@cpan.org>
Sisyphus <sisyphus@cpan.org>
COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE
Copyright 2000-2015. Ingy doet Net.
Copyright 2008, 2010-2014. Sisyphus.
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl
itself.
See <http://www.perl.com/perl/misc/Artistic.html>