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NAME
gb_trees - General Balanced Trees
DESCRIPTION
An efficient implementation of Prof. Arne Andersson's General Balanced Trees. These have no storage
overhead compared to unbalanced binary trees, and their performance is in general better than AVL trees.
This module considers two keys as different if and only if they do not compare equal (==).
DATA STRUCTURE
Data structure:
- {Size, Tree}, where `Tree' is composed of nodes of the form:
- {Key, Value, Smaller, Bigger}, and the "empty tree" node:
- nil.
There is no attempt to balance trees after deletions. Since deletions do not increase the height of a
tree, this should be OK.
Original balance condition h(T) <= ceil(c * log(|T|)) has been changed to the similar (but not quite
equivalent) condition 2 ^ h(T) <= |T| ^ c. This should also be OK.
Performance is comparable to the AVL trees in the Erlang book (and faster in general due to less
overhead); the difference is that deletion works for these trees, but not for the book's trees. Behaviour
is logarithmic (as it should be).
DATA TYPES
tree(Key, Value)
A GB tree.
tree() = tree(term(), term())
iter(Key, Value)
A GB tree iterator.
iter() = iter(term(), term())
EXPORTS
balance(Tree1) -> Tree2
Types:
Tree1 = Tree2 = tree(Key, Value)
Rebalances Tree1. Note that this is rarely necessary, but may be motivated when a large number of
nodes have been deleted from the tree without further insertions. Rebalancing could then be forced
in order to minimise lookup times, since deletion only does not rebalance the tree.
delete(Key, Tree1) -> Tree2
Types:
Tree1 = Tree2 = tree(Key, Value)
Removes the node with key Key from Tree1; returns new tree. Assumes that the key is present in the
tree, crashes otherwise.
delete_any(Key, Tree1) -> Tree2
Types:
Tree1 = Tree2 = tree(Key, Value)
Removes the node with key Key from Tree1 if the key is present in the tree, otherwise does
nothing; returns new tree.
empty() -> tree()
Returns a new empty tree
enter(Key, Value, Tree1) -> Tree2
Types:
Tree1 = Tree2 = tree(Key, Value)
Inserts Key with value Value into Tree1 if the key is not present in the tree, otherwise updates
Key to value Value in Tree1. Returns the new tree.
from_orddict(List) -> Tree
Types:
List = [{Key, Value}]
Tree = tree(Key, Value)
Turns an ordered list List of key-value tuples into a tree. The list must not contain duplicate
keys.
get(Key, Tree) -> Value
Types:
Tree = tree(Key, Value)
Retrieves the value stored with Key in Tree. Assumes that the key is present in the tree, crashes
otherwise.
insert(Key, Value, Tree1) -> Tree2
Types:
Tree1 = Tree2 = tree(Key, Value)
Inserts Key with value Value into Tree1; returns the new tree. Assumes that the key is not present
in the tree, crashes otherwise.
is_defined(Key, Tree) -> boolean()
Types:
Tree = tree(Key, Value :: term())
Returns true if Key is present in Tree, otherwise false.
is_empty(Tree) -> boolean()
Types:
Tree = tree()
Returns true if Tree is an empty tree, and false otherwise.
iterator(Tree) -> Iter
Types:
Tree = tree(Key, Value)
Iter = iter(Key, Value)
Returns an iterator that can be used for traversing the entries of Tree; see next/1. The
implementation of this is very efficient; traversing the whole tree using next/1 is only slightly
slower than getting the list of all elements using to_list/1 and traversing that. The main
advantage of the iterator approach is that it does not require the complete list of all elements
to be built in memory at one time.
iterator_from(Key, Tree) -> Iter
Types:
Tree = tree(Key, Value)
Iter = iter(Key, Value)
Returns an iterator that can be used for traversing the entries of Tree; see next/1. The
difference as compared to the iterator returned by iterator/1 is that the first key greater than
or equal to Key is returned.
keys(Tree) -> [Key]
Types:
Tree = tree(Key, Value :: term())
Returns the keys in Tree as an ordered list.
largest(Tree) -> {Key, Value}
Types:
Tree = tree(Key, Value)
Returns {Key, Value}, where Key is the largest key in Tree, and Value is the value associated with
this key. Assumes that the tree is nonempty.
lookup(Key, Tree) -> none | {value, Value}
Types:
Tree = tree(Key, Value)
Looks up Key in Tree; returns {value, Value}, or none if Key is not present.
map(Function, Tree1) -> Tree2
Types:
Function = fun((K :: Key, V1 :: Value1) -> V2 :: Value2)
Tree1 = tree(Key, Value1)
Tree2 = tree(Key, Value2)
Maps the function F(K, V1) -> V2 to all key-value pairs of the tree Tree1 and returns a new tree
Tree2 with the same set of keys as Tree1 and the new set of values V2.
next(Iter1) -> none | {Key, Value, Iter2}
Types:
Iter1 = Iter2 = iter(Key, Value)
Returns {Key, Value, Iter2} where Key is the smallest key referred to by the iterator Iter1, and
Iter2 is the new iterator to be used for traversing the remaining nodes, or the atom none if no
nodes remain.
size(Tree) -> integer() >= 0
Types:
Tree = tree()
Returns the number of nodes in Tree.
smallest(Tree) -> {Key, Value}
Types:
Tree = tree(Key, Value)
Returns {Key, Value}, where Key is the smallest key in Tree, and Value is the value associated
with this key. Assumes that the tree is nonempty.
take_largest(Tree1) -> {Key, Value, Tree2}
Types:
Tree1 = Tree2 = tree(Key, Value)
Returns {Key, Value, Tree2}, where Key is the largest key in Tree1, Value is the value associated
with this key, and Tree2 is this tree with the corresponding node deleted. Assumes that the tree
is nonempty.
take_smallest(Tree1) -> {Key, Value, Tree2}
Types:
Tree1 = Tree2 = tree(Key, Value)
Returns {Key, Value, Tree2}, where Key is the smallest key in Tree1, Value is the value associated
with this key, and Tree2 is this tree with the corresponding node deleted. Assumes that the tree
is nonempty.
to_list(Tree) -> [{Key, Value}]
Types:
Tree = tree(Key, Value)
Converts a tree into an ordered list of key-value tuples.
update(Key, Value, Tree1) -> Tree2
Types:
Tree1 = Tree2 = tree(Key, Value)
Updates Key to value Value in Tree1; returns the new tree. Assumes that the key is present in the
tree.
values(Tree) -> [Value]
Types:
Tree = tree(Key :: term(), Value)
Returns the values in Tree as an ordered list, sorted by their corresponding keys. Duplicates are
not removed.
SEE ALSO
gb_sets(3erl), dict(3erl)
Ericsson AB stdlib 2.8 gb_trees(3erl)