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NAME

       ber_get_next,    ber_skip_tag,   ber_peek_tag,   ber_scanf,   ber_get_int,   ber_get_enum,
       ber_get_stringb,  ber_get_stringa,   ber_get_stringal,   ber_get_stringbv,   ber_get_null,
       ber_get_boolean,  ber_get_bitstring,  ber_first_element,  ber_next_element - OpenLDAP LBER
       simplified Basic Encoding Rules library routines for decoding

LIBRARY

       OpenLDAP LBER (liblber, -llber)

SYNOPSIS

       #include <lber.h>

       ber_tag_t ber_get_next(Sockbuf *sb, ber_len_t *len, BerElement *ber);

       ber_tag_t ber_skip_tag(BerElement *ber, ber_len_t *len);

       ber_tag_t ber_peek_tag(BerElement *ber, ber_len_t *len);

       ber_tag_t ber_scanf(BerElement *ber, const char *fmt, ...);

       ber_tag_t ber_get_int(BerElement *ber, ber_int_t *num);

       ber_tag_t ber_get_enum(BerElement *ber, ber_int_t *num);

       ber_tag_t ber_get_stringb(BerElement *ber, char *buf, ber_len_t *len);

       ber_tag_t ber_get_stringa(BerElement *ber, char **buf);

       ber_tag_t ber_get_stringal(BerElement *ber, struct berval **bv);

       ber_tag_t ber_get_stringbv(BerElement *ber, struct berval *bv, int alloc);

       ber_tag_t ber_get_null(BerElement *ber);

       ber_tag_t ber_get_boolean(BerElement *ber, ber_int_t *bool);

       ber_tag_t ber_get_bitstringa(BerElement *ber, char **buf, ber_len_t *blen);

       ber_tag_t ber_first_element(BerElement *ber, ber_len_t *len, char **cookie);

       ber_tag_t ber_next_element(BerElement *ber, ber_len_t *len, const char *cookie);

DESCRIPTION

       These routines provide a subroutine interface to a simplified implementation of the  Basic
       Encoding Rules of ASN.1.  The version of BER these routines support is the one defined for
       the LDAP protocol.  The encoding rules are the same as BER, except that only definite form
       lengths  are  used, and bitstrings and octet strings are always encoded in primitive form.
       This man page describes the decoding routines in the lber library.  See lber-encode(3) for
       details  on  the  corresponding  encoding routines.  Consult lber-types(3) for information
       about types, allocators, and deallocators.

       Normally, the only routines that need to be called by an application are ber_get_next() to
       get  the  next  BER  element  and  ber_scanf()  to do the actual decoding.  In some cases,
       ber_peek_tag() may also need to be  called  in  normal  usage.   The  other  routines  are
       provided  for  those  applications  that  need more control than ber_scanf() provides.  In
       general, these routines return the tag of the element decoded, or LBER_ERROR if  an  error
       occurred.

       The  ber_get_next()  routine  is used to read the next BER element from the given Sockbuf,
       sb.  It strips off and returns the leading tag, strips off and returns the length  of  the
       entire element in len, and sets up ber for subsequent calls to ber_scanf() et al to decode
       the element. See lber-sockbuf(3) for details of  the  Sockbuf  implementation  of  the  sb
       parameter.

       The ber_scanf() routine is used to decode a BER element in much the same way that scanf(3)
       works.  It reads from ber, a pointer to a BerElement such as returned  by  ber_get_next(),
       interprets  the  bytes  according  to the format string fmt, and stores the results in its
       additional arguments.  The format string contains conversion specifications which are used
       to  direct  the  interpretation  of  the  BER  element.  The format string can contain the
       following characters.

              a  Octet string.  A char ** should be supplied.  Memory is allocated,  filled  with
                 the  contents  of  the  octet  string,  null-terminated,  and  returned  in  the
                 parameter.  The caller should free the returned string using ber_memfree().

              A  Octet string.  A variant of "a".  A char  **  should  be  supplied.   Memory  is
                 allocated,  filled  with  the contents of the octet string, null-terminated, and
                 returned in the parameter, unless a zero-length string  would  result;  in  that
                 case,  the arg is set to NULL.  The caller should free the returned string using
                 ber_memfree().

              s  Octet string.  A char * buffer should be supplied, followed by a  pointer  to  a
                 ber_len_t  initialized  to  the  size  of  the  buffer.   Upon return, the null-
                 terminated octet string is put into the buffer, and the ber_len_t is set to  the
                 actual size of the octet string.

              O  Octet  string.  A struct ber_val ** should be supplied, which upon return points
                 to a dynamically allocated struct berval containing the  octet  string  and  its
                 length.  The caller should free the returned structure using ber_bvfree().

              o  Octet string.  A struct ber_val * should be supplied, which upon return contains
                 the dynamically allocated octet string and its length.  The caller  should  free
                 the returned octet string using ber_memfree().

              m  Octet string.  A struct ber_val * should be supplied, which upon return contains
                 the octet string and its length.  The string resides in memory assigned  to  the
                 BerElement, and must not be freed by the caller.

              b  Boolean.  A pointer to a ber_int_t should be supplied.

              e  Enumeration.  A pointer to a ber_int_t should be supplied.

              i  Integer.  A pointer to a ber_int_t should be supplied.

              B  Bitstring.   A  char  **  should be supplied which will point to the dynamically
                 allocated bits, followed by a ber_len_t *, which will point to  the  length  (in
                 bits) of the bitstring returned.

              n  Null.   No  parameter  is  required.   The  element  is  simply skipped if it is
                 recognized.

              v  Sequence of octet strings.  A char *** should be  supplied,  which  upon  return
                 points  to  a dynamically allocated null-terminated array of char *'s containing
                 the octet strings.  NULL is returned if  the  sequence  is  empty.   The  caller
                 should free the returned array and octet strings using ber_memvfree().

              V  Sequence of octet strings with lengths.  A struct berval *** should be supplied,
                 which upon return points to a dynamically  allocated  null-terminated  array  of
                 struct  berval  *'s  containing  the  octet  strings and their lengths.  NULL is
                 returned if the  sequence  is  empty.   The  caller  should  free  the  returned
                 structures using ber_bvecfree().

              W  Sequence of octet strings with lengths.  A BerVarray * should be supplied, which
                 upon  return  points  to  a  dynamically  allocated  array  of  struct  berval's
                 containing  the  octet  strings  and their lengths. The array is terminated by a
                 struct berval with a NULL bv_val  string  pointer.   NULL  is  returned  if  the
                 sequence  is  empty.   The  caller  should  free  the  returned structures using
                 ber_bvarray_free().

              M  Sequence of octet strings with lengths.  This  is  a  generalized  form  of  the
                 previous  three  formats.   A  void  **  (ptr) should be supplied, followed by a
                 ber_len_t * (len) and a ber_len_t (off).  Upon return  (ptr)  will  point  to  a
                 dynamically  allocated  array  whose  elements are all of size (*len).  A struct
                 berval will be filled starting at offset (off) in each element.  The strings  in
                 each  struct  berval reside in memory assigned to the BerElement and must not be
                 freed by the caller.  The array is terminated by a struct  berval  with  a  NULL
                 bv_val  string  pointer.  NULL is returned if the sequence is empty.  The number
                 of elements in the array is also stored in (*len) on return.  The caller  should
                 free the returned array using ber_memfree().

              l  Length of the next element.  A pointer to a ber_len_t should be supplied.

              t  Tag of the next element.  A pointer to a ber_tag_t should be supplied.

              T  Skip element and return its tag.  A pointer to a ber_tag_t should be supplied.

              x  Skip element.  The next element is skipped.

              {  Begin  sequence.  No parameter is required.  The initial sequence tag and length
                 are skipped.

              }  End sequence.  No parameter is required and no action is taken.

              [  Begin set.  No parameter is required.   The  initial  set  tag  and  length  are
                 skipped.

              ]  End set.  No parameter is required and no action is taken.

       The ber_get_int() routine tries to interpret the next element as an integer, returning the
       result in num.  The tag of whatever it finds is returned on success,  LBER_ERROR  (-1)  on
       failure.

       The  ber_get_stringb() routine is used to read an octet string into a preallocated buffer.
       The len parameter should be initialized to the size of the buffer, and  will  contain  the
       length  of the octet string read upon return.  The buffer should be big enough to take the
       octet string value plus a terminating NULL byte.

       The ber_get_stringa() routine is used to dynamically allocate space into  which  an  octet
       string is read.  The caller should free the returned string using ber_memfree().

       The  ber_get_stringal()  routine is used to dynamically allocate space into which an octet
       string and its length are read.  It takes a struct berval **, and returns  the  result  in
       this parameter.  The caller should free the returned structure using ber_bvfree().

       The  ber_get_stringbv()  routine  is  used to read an octet string and its length into the
       provided struct berval *. If the alloc parameter is zero, the string will reside in memory
       assigned to the BerElement, and must not be freed by the caller. If the alloc parameter is
       non-zero, the string will be copied into  dynamically  allocated  space  which  should  be
       returned using ber_memfree().

       The  ber_get_null()  routine  is  used  to read a NULL element.  It returns the tag of the
       element it skips over.

       The ber_get_boolean() routine is used to read a boolean value.  It is called the same  way
       that ber_get_int() is called.

       The ber_get_enum() routine is used to read a enumeration value.  It is called the same way
       that ber_get_int() is called.

       The ber_get_bitstringa() routine is used to read a bitstring value.  It takes  a  char  **
       which  will  hold  the  dynamically allocated bits, followed by an ber_len_t *, which will
       point to the length (in bits) of the bitstring  returned.   The  caller  should  free  the
       returned string using ber_memfree().

       The  ber_first_element() routine is used to return the tag and length of the first element
       in a set or sequence.  It also returns in cookie a magic cookie parameter that  should  be
       passed to subsequent calls to ber_next_element(), which returns similar information.

EXAMPLES

       Assume the variable ber contains a lightweight BER encoding of the following ASN.1 object:

             AlmostASearchRequest := SEQUENCE {
                 baseObject      DistinguishedName,
                 scope           ENUMERATED {
                     baseObject    (0),
                     singleLevel   (1),
                     wholeSubtree  (2)
                 },
                 derefAliases    ENUMERATED {
                     neverDerefaliases   (0),
                     derefInSearching    (1),
                     derefFindingBaseObj (2),
                     alwaysDerefAliases  (3)
                 },
                 sizelimit       INTEGER (0 .. 65535),
                 timelimit       INTEGER (0 .. 65535),
                 attrsOnly       BOOLEAN,
                 attributes      SEQUENCE OF AttributeType
             }

       The element can be decoded using ber_scanf() as follows.

             ber_int_t    scope, deref, size, time, attrsonly;
             char   *dn, **attrs;
             ber_tag_t tag;

             tag = ber_scanf( ber, "{aeeiib{v}}",
                 &dn, &scope, &deref,
                 &size, &time, &attrsonly, &attrs );

             if( tag == LBER_ERROR ) {
                     /* error */
             } else {
                     /* success */
             }

             ber_memfree( dn );
             ber_memvfree( attrs );

ERRORS

       If   an   error  occurs  during  decoding,  generally  these  routines  return  LBER_ERROR
       ((ber_tag_t)-1).

NOTES

       The return values for all of these functions are declared in  the  <lber.h>  header  file.
       Some  routines  may  dynamically  allocate  memory which must be freed by the caller using
       supplied deallocation routines.

SEE ALSO

       lber-encode(3), lber-memory(3), lber-sockbuf(3), lber-types(3)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

       OpenLDAP   Software   is   developed   and   maintained   by    The    OpenLDAP    Project
       <http://www.openldap.org/>.  OpenLDAP Software is derived from University of Michigan LDAP
       3.3 Release.