Provided by: groff_1.22.3-7_amd64 
NAME
groff_mm - groff mm macros
SYNOPSIS
groff -mm [ options... ] [ files... ]
DESCRIPTION
The groff mm macros are intended to be compatible with the DWB mm macros with the
following limitations:
• No Bell Labs localisms are implemented.
• The macros OK and PM are not implemented.
• groff mm does not support cut marks.
mm is intended to support easy localization. Use mmse as an example how to adapt the
output format to a national standard. Localized strings are collected in the file
‘/usr/share/groff/1.22.3/tmac/xx.tmac’, where xx denotes the two-letter code for the
language, as defined in the ISO 639 standard. For Swedish, this is ‘sv.tmac’ – not ‘se’,
which is the ISO 3166 two-letter code for the country (as used for the output format
localization).
A file called locale or country_locale is read after the initialization of the global
variables. It is therefore possible to localize the macros with a different company name
and so on.
In this manual, square brackets are used to show optional arguments.
Number registers and strings
Many macros can be controlled by number registers and strings. A number register is
assigned with the nr command:
.nr XXX [±]n [i]
XXX is the name of the register, n is the value to be assigned, and i is the increment
value for auto-increment. n can have a plus or minus sign as a prefix if an increment or
decrement of the current value is wanted. (Auto-increment or auto-decrement occurs if the
number register is used with a plus or minus sign, \n+[XXX] or \n-[XXX].)
Strings are defined with ds.
.ds YYY string
The string is assigned everything to the end of the line, even blanks. Initial blanks in
string should be prefixed with a double-quote. (Strings are used in the text as \*[YYY].)
Special formatting of number registers
A number register is printed with normal digits if no format has been given. Set the
format with af:
.af R c
R is the name of the register, c is the format.
Form Sequence
1 0, 1, 2, 3, ...
001 000, 001, 002, 003, ...
i 0, i, ii, iii, iv, ...
I 0, I, II, III, IV, ...
a 0, a, b, c, ..., z, aa, ab, ...
A 0, A, B, C, ..., Z, AA, AB, ...
Fonts
In mm, the fonts (or rather, font styles) R (normal), I (italic), and B (bold) are
hardwired to font positions 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Internally, font positions are
used for backwards compatibility. From a practical point of view it doesn't make a big
difference – a different font family can still be selected with a call to the .fam request
or using groff's -f command line option. On the other hand, if you want to replace just,
say, font B, you have to replace the font at position 2 (with a call to ‘.fp 2 ...’).
Macros
)E level text
Add heading text text to the table of contents with level, which is either 0 or in
the range 1 to 7. See also .H. This macro is used for customized tables of
contents.
1C [1] Begin one-column processing. A 1 as an argument disables the page break. Use wide
footnotes, small footnotes may be overprinted.
2C Begin two-column processing. Splits the page in two columns. It is a special case
of MC. See also 1C.
AE Abstract end, see AS.
AF [name-of-firm]
Author's firm, should be called before AU, see also COVER.
AL [type [text-indent [1]]]
Start auto-increment list. Items are numbered beginning with one. The type
argument controls the format of numbers.
Arg Description
1 Arabic (the default)
A Upper-case letters (A–Z)
a Lower-case letters (a–z)
I Upper-case roman
i Lower-case roman
text-indent sets the indentation and overrides Li. A third argument prohibits
printing of a blank line before each item.
APP name text
Begin an appendix with name name. Automatic naming occurs if name is "". The
appendices start with A if automatic naming is used. A new page is ejected, and a
header is also produced if the number variable Aph is non-zero. This is the
default. The appendix always appears in the ‘List of contents’ with correct page
numbers. The name ‘APPENDIX’ can be changed by setting the string App to the
desired text. The string Apptxt contains the current appendix text.
APPSK name pages text
Same as .APP, but the page number is incremented with pages. This is used when
diagrams or other non-formatted documents are included as appendices.
AS [arg [indent]]
Abstract start. Indentation is specified in ‘ens’, but scaling is allowed.
Argument arg controls where the abstract is printed.
Arg Placement
0 Abstract is printed on page 1 and on the cover sheet if used in the released-
paper style (MT 4), otherwise it is printed on page 1 without a cover sheet.
1 Abstract is only printed on the cover sheet (MT 4 only).
2 Abstract is printed only on the cover sheet (other than MT 4 only). The
cover sheet is printed without a need for CS.
An abstract is not printed at all in external letters (MT 5). The indent parameter
controls the indentation of both margins, otherwise normal text indentation is
used.
AST [title]
Abstract title. Default is ‘ABSTRACT’. Sets the text above the abstract text.
AT title1 [title2 [...]]
Author's title. AT must appear just after each AU. The title shows up after the
name in the signature block.
AU [name [initials [loc [dept [ext [room [arg [arg [arg]]]]]]]]]
Author information. Specifies the author of the memo or paper, and is printed on
the cover sheet and on other similar places. AU must not appear before TL. The
author information can contain initials, location, department, telephone extension,
room number or name and up to three extra arguments.
AV [name [1]]
Approval signature. Generates an approval line with place for signature and date.
The string ‘APPROVED:’ can be changed with variable Letapp; it is replaced with an
empty lin if there is a second argument. The string ‘Date’ can be changed with
variable Letdate.
AVL [name]
Letter signature. Generates a line with place for signature.
B [bold-text [prev-font-text [bold [...]]]]
Begin boldface. No limit on the number of arguments. All arguments are
concatenated to one word; the first, third and so on is printed in boldface.
B1 Begin box (as the ms macro). Draws a box around the text. The text is indented
one character, and the right margin is one character shorter.
B2 End box. Finishes the box started with B1.
BE End bottom block, see BS.
BI [bold-text [italic-text [bold-text [...]]]]
Bold-italic. No limit on the number of arguments, see B.
BL [text-indent [1]]
Start bullet list. Initializes a list with a bullet and a space in the beginning
of each list item (see LI). text-indent overrides the default indentation of the
list items set by number register Pi. A third argument prohibits printing of a
blank line before each item.
BR [bold-text [roman-text [bold-text [...]]]]
Bold-roman. No limit on the number of arguments.
BS Bottom block start. Begins the definition of a text block which is printed at the
bottom of each page. The block ends with BE.
BVL text-indent [mark-indent [1]]
Start of broken variable-item list. Broken variable-item list has no fixed mark,
it assumes that every LI has a mark instead. The text always begins at the next
line after the mark. text-indent sets the indentation to the text, and mark-indent
the distance from the current indentation to the mark. A third argument prohibits
printing of a blank line before each item.
COVER [arg]
Begin a coversheet definition. It is important that .COVER appears before any
normal text. This macro uses arg to build the filename
‘/usr/share/groff/1.22.3/tmac/mm/arg.cov’. Therefore it is possible to create
unlimited types of cover sheets. ‘ms.cov’ is supposed to look like the ms cover
sheet. .COVER requires a .COVEND at the end of the cover definition. Always use
this order of the cover macros:
.COVER
.TL
.AF
.AU
.AT
.AS
.AE
.COVEND
However, only .TL and .AU are required.
COVEND Finish the cover description and print the cover page. It is defined in the cover
file.
DE Display end. Ends a block of text or display that begins with DS or DF.
DF [format [fill [rindent]]]
Begin floating display (no nesting allowed). A floating display is saved in a
queue and is printed in the order entered. Format, fill, and rindent are the same
as in DS. Floating displays are controlled by the two number registers De and Df.
De register
0 Nothing special, this is the default.
1 A page eject occurs after each printed display, giving only one display
per page and no text following it.
Df register
0 Displays are printed at the end of each section (when section-page
numbering is active) or at the end of the document.
1 A new display is printed on the current page if there is enough space,
otherwise it is printed at the end of the document.
2 One display is printed at the top of each page or column (in multi-
column mode).
3 Print one display if there is enough space for it, otherwise it is
printed at the top of the next page or column.
4 Print as many displays as possible in a new page or column. A page
break occurs between each display if De is not zero.
5 Fill the current page with displays and the rest beginning at a new page
or column. (This is the default.) A page break occurs between each
display if De is not zero.
DL [text-indent [1 [1]]]
Dash list start. Begins a list where each item is printed after a dash. text-
indent changes the default indentation of the list items set by number register Pi.
A second argument prevents an empty line between each list item. See LI. A third
argument prohibits printing of a blank line before each item.
DS [format [fill [rindent]]]
Static display start. Begins collection of text until DE. The text is printed
together on the same page, unless it is longer than the height of the page. DS can
be nested arbitrarily.
format
"" No indentation.
none No indentation.
L No indentation.
I Indent text with the value of number register Si.
C Center each line.
CB Center the whole display as a block.
R Right-adjust the lines.
RB Right-adjust the whole display as a block.
The values ‘L’, ‘I’, ‘C’, and ‘CB’ can also be specified as ‘0’, ‘1’, ‘2’, and ‘3’,
respectively, for compatibility reasons.
fill
"" Line-filling turned off.
none Line-filling turned off.
N Line-filling turned off.
F Line-filling turned on.
‘N’ and ‘F’ can also be specified as ‘0’ and ‘1’, respectively.
By default, an empty line is printed before and after the display. Setting number
register Ds to 0 prevents this. rindent shortens the line length by that amount.
EC [title [override [flag [refname]]]]
Equation title. Sets a title for an equation. The override argument changes the
numbering.
flag
none override is a prefix to the number.
0 override is a prefix to the number.
1 override is a suffix to the number.
2 override replaces the number.
EC uses the number register Ec as a counter. It is possible to use .af to change
the format of the number. If number register Of is 1, the format of title uses a
dash instead of a dot after the number.
The string Le controls the title of the List of Equations; default is ‘LIST OF
EQUATIONS’. The List of Equations is only printed if number register Le is 1. The
default is 0. The string Liec contains the word ‘Equation’, which is printed
before the number. If refname is used, then the equation number is saved with
.SETR, and can be retrieved with ‘.GETST refname’.
Special handling of the title occurs if EC is used inside DS/DE; it is not affected
by the format of DS.
EF [arg]
Even-page footer, printed just above the normal page footer on even pages. See PF.
This macro defines string EOPef.
EH [arg]
Even-page header, printed just below the normal page header on even pages. See PH.
This macro defines string TPeh.
EN Equation end, see EQ.
EOP End-of-page user-defined macro. This macro is called instead of the normal
printing of the footer. The macro is executed in a separate environment, without
any trap active. See TP.
Strings available to EOP
EOPf argument of PF
EOPef argument of EF
EOPof argument of OF
EPIC [-L] width height [name]
Draw a box with the given width and height. It also prints the text name or a
default string if name is not specified. This is used to include external
pictures; just give the size of the picture. -L left-adjusts the picture; the
default is to center. See PIC.
EQ [label]
Equation start. EQ/EN are the delimiters for equations written for eqn(1). EQ/EN
must be inside of a DS/DE pair, except if EQ is used to set options for eqn only.
The label argument appears at the right margin of the equation, centered vertically
within the DS/DE block, unless number register Eq is 1. Then the label appears at
the left margin.
If there are multiple EQ/EN blocks within a single DS/DE pair, only the last
equation label (if any) is printed.
EX [title [override [flag [refname]]]]
Exhibit title. The arguments are the same as for EC. EX uses the number register
Ex as a counter. The string Lx controls the title of the List of Exhibits; default
is ‘LIST OF EXHIBITS’. The List of Exhibits is only printed if number register Lx
is 1, which is the default. The string Liex contains the word ‘Exhibit’, which is
printed before the number. If refname is used, the exhibit number is saved with
.SETR, and can be retrieved with ‘.GETST refname’.
Special handling of the title occurs if EX is used inside DS/DE; it is not affected
by the format of DS.
FC [closing]
Print ‘Yours very truly,’ as a formal closing of a letter or memorandum. The
argument replaces the default string. The default is stored in string variable
Letfc.
FD [arg [1]]
Footnote default format. Controls the hyphenation (hyphen), right margin
justification (adjust), and indentation of footnote text (indent). It can also
change the label justification (ljust).
arg hyphen adjust indent ljust
0 no yes yes left
1 yes yes yes left
2 no no yes left
3 yes no yes left
4 no yes no left
5 yes yes no left
6 no no no left
7 yes no no left
8 no yes yes right
9 yes yes yes right
10 no no yes right
11 yes no yes right
An argument greater than or equal to 11 is considered as value 0. Default for mm
is 10.
FE Footnote end.
FG [title [override [flag [refname]]]]
Figure title. The arguments are the same as for EC. FG uses the number register
Fg as a counter. The string Lf controls the title of the List of Figures; default
is ‘LIST OF FIGURES’. The List of Figures is only printed if number register Lf
is 1, which is the default. The string Lifg contains the word ‘Figure’, which is
printed before the number. If refname is used, then the figure number is saved
with .SETR, and can be retrieved with ‘.GETST refname’.
Special handling of the title occurs if FG is used inside DS/DE, it is not affected
by the format of DS.
FS [label]
Footnote start. The footnote is ended by FE. By default, footnotes are
automatically numbered; the number is available in string F. Just add \*F in the
text. By adding label, it is possible to have other number or names on the
footnotes. Footnotes in displays are now possible. An empty line separates
footnotes; the height of the line is controlled by number register Fs, default
value is 1.
GETHN refname [varname]
Include the header number where the corresponding ‘SETR refname’ was placed. This
is displayed as ‘X.X.X.’ in pass 1. See INITR. If varname is used, GETHN sets the
string variable varname to the header number.
GETPN refname [varname]
Include the page number where the corresponding ‘SETR refname’ was placed. This is
displayed as ‘9999’ in pass 1. See INITR. If varname is used, GETPN sets the
stringvariable varname to the page number.
GETR refname
Combine GETHN and GETPN with the text ‘chapter’ and ‘, page’. The string Qrf
contains the text for the cross reference:
.ds Qrf See chapter \\*[Qrfh], page \\*[Qrfp].
Qrf may be changed to support other languages. Strings Qrfh and Qrfp are set by
GETR and contain the page and header number, respectively.
GETST refname [varname]
Include the string saved with the second argument to .SETR. This is a dummy string
in pass 1. If varname is used, GETST sets it to the saved string. See INITR.
H level [heading-text [heading-suffix]]
Numbered section heading. Section headers can have a level between 1 and 14;
level 1 is the top level. The text is given in heading-text, and must be
surrounded by double quotes if it contains spaces. heading-suffix is added to the
header in the text but not in the table of contents. This is normally used for
footnote marks and similar things. Don't use \*F in heading-suffix, it doesn't
work. A manual label must be used, see FS.
A call to the paragraph macro P directly after H is ignored. H takes care of
spacing and indentation.
Page ejection before heading
Number register Ej controls page ejection before the heading. By default, a
level-one heading gets two blank lines before it; higher levels only get
one. A new page is ejected before each first-level heading if number
register Ej is 1. All levels below or equal the value of Ej get a new page.
Default value for Ej is 0.
Heading break level
A line break occurs after the heading if the heading level is less or equal
to number register Hb. Default value is 2.
Heading space level
A blank line is inserted after the heading if the heading level is less or
equal to number register Hs. Default value is 2.
Text follows the heading on the same line if the level is greater than both
Hb and Hs.
Post-heading indent
Indentation of the text after the heading is controlled by number register
Hi. Default value is 0.
Hi
0 The text is left-justified.
1 Indentation of the text follows the value of number register Pt , see P.
2 The text is lined up with the first word of the heading.
Centered section headings
All headings whose level is equal or below number register Hc and also less
than or equal to Hb or Hs are centered.
Font control of the heading
The font of each heading level is controlled by string HF. It contains a
font number or font name for each level. Default value is
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(all headings in italic). This could also be written as
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Note that some other implementations use 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 as the default value.
All omitted values are presumed to have value 1.
Point size control
String HP controls the point size of each heading, in the same way as HF
controls the font. A value of 0 selects the default point size. Default
value is
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Beware that only the point size changes, not the vertical size. The latter
can be controlled by the user-specified macros HX and/or HZ.
Heading counters
Fourteen number registers named H1 up to H14 contain the counter for each
heading level. The values are printed using Arabic numerals; this can be
changed with the macro HM (see below). All marks are concatenated before
printing. To avoid this, set number register Ht to 1. This only prints the
current heading counter at each heading.
Automatic table of contents
All headings whose level is equal or below number register Cl are saved to
be printed in the table of contents. Default value is 2.
Special control of the heading, user-defined macros
The following macros can be defined by the user to get a finer control of
vertical spacing, fonts, or other features. Argument level is the level-
argument to H, but 0 for unnumbered headings (see HU). Argument rlevel is
the real level; it is set to number register Hu for unnumbered headings.
Argument heading-text is the text argument to H and HU.
HX level rlevel heading-text
This macro is called just before the printing of the heading. The
following registers are available for HX. Note that HX may alter }0,
}2, and ;3.
}0 (string)
Contains the heading mark plus two spaces if rlevel is non-
zero, otherwise empty.
;0 (register)
Contains the position of the text after the heading. 0 means
that the text should follow the heading on the same line,
1 means that a line break should occur before the text, and
2 means that a blank line should separate the heading and the
text.
}2 (string)
Contains two spaces if register ;0 is 0. It is used to
separate the heading from the text. The string is empty if ;0
is non-zero.
;3 (register)
Contains the needed space in units after the heading. Default
is 2v. Can be used to change things like numbering (}0),
vertical spacing (}2), and the needed space after the heading.
HY dlevel rlevel heading-text
This macro is called after size and font calculations and might be
used to change indentation.
HZ dlevel rlevel heading-text
This macro is called after the printing of the heading, just before H
or HU exits. Can be used to change the page header according to the
section heading.
HC [hyphenation-character]
Set hyphenation character. Default value is ‘\%’. Resets to the default if called
without argument. Hyphenation can be turned off by setting number register Hy to 0
at the beginning of the file.
HM [arg1 [arg2 [... [arg14]]]]
Heading mark style. Controls the type of marking for printing of the heading
counters. Default is 1 for all levels.
Argument
1 Arabic numerals.
0001 Arabic numerals with leading zeroes, one or more.
A upper-case alphabetic
a lower-case alphabetic
I upper-case roman numerals
i lower-case roman numerals
"" Arabic numerals.
HU heading-text
Unnumbered section header. HU behaves like H at the level in number register Hu.
See H.
HX dlevel rlevel heading-text
User-defined heading exit. Called just before printing the header. See H.
HY dlevel rlevel heading-text
User-defined heading exit. Called just before printing the header. See H.
HZ dlevel rlevel heading-text
User-defined heading exit. Called just after printing the header. See H.
I [italic-text [prev-font-text [italic-text [...]]]]
Italic. Changes the font to italic if called without arguments. With one argument
it sets the word in italic. With two arguments it concatenates them and sets the
first word in italic and the second in the previous font. There is no limit on the
number of argument; all are concatenated.
IA [addressee-name [title]]
Begin specification of the addressee and addressee's address in letter style.
Several names can be specified with empty IA/IE-pairs, but only one address. See
LT.
IB [italic-text [bold-text [italic-text [...]]]]
Italic-bold. Even arguments are printed in italic, odd in boldface. See I.
IE End the address specification after IA.
INITI type filename [macro]
Initialize the new index system and set the filename to collect index lines in with
IND. Argument type selects the type of index: page number, header marks or both.
The default is page numbers.
It is also possible to create a macro that is responsible for formatting each row;
just add the name of the macro as a third argument. The macro is then called with
the index as argument(s).
type
N Page numbers
H Header marks
B Both page numbers and header marks, separated with a tab character.
INITR filename
Initialize the cross reference macros. Cross references are written to stderr and
are supposed to be redirected into file ‘filename.qrf’. Requires two passes with
groff; this is handled by a separate program called mmroff(1). This program exists
because groff(1) by default deactivates the unsafe operations that are required by
INITR. The first pass looks for cross references, and the second one includes
them. INITR can be used several times, but it is only the first occurrence of
INITR that is active.
See also SETR, GETPN, and GETHN.
IND arg1 [arg2 [...]]
Write a line in the index file selected by INITI with all arguments and the page
number or header mark separated by tabs.
Examples
arg1\tpage number
arg1\targ2\tpage number
arg1\theader mark
arg1\tpage number\theader mark
INDP Print the index by running the command specified by string variable Indcmd, which
has ‘sort -t\t’ as the default value. INDP reads the output from the command to
form the index, by default in two columns (this can be changed by defining TYIND).
The index is printed with string variable Index as header, default is ‘INDEX’.
One-column processing is reactivated after the list. INDP calls the user-defined
macros TXIND, TYIND, and TZIND if defined. TXIND is called before printing the
string ‘INDEX’, TYIND is called instead of printing ‘INDEX’, and TZIND is called
after the printing and should take care of restoring to normal operation again.
ISODATE [0]
Change the predefined date string in DT to ISO-format, this is, ‘YYYY-MM-DD’. This
can also be done by adding -rIso=1 on the command line. Reverts to old date format
if argument is 0.
IR [italic-text [roman-text [italic-text [...]]]]
Italic-roman. Even arguments are printed in italic, odd in roman. See I.
LB text-indent mark-indent pad type [mark [LI-space [LB-space]]]
List-begin macro. This is the common macro used for all lists. text-indent is the
number of spaces to indent the text from the current indentation.
pad and mark-indent control where to put the mark. The mark is placed within the
mark area, and mark-indent sets the number of spaces before this area. By default
it is 0. The mark area ends where the text begins. The start of the text is still
controlled by text-indent.
The mark is left-justified within the mark area if pad is 0. If pad is greater
than 0, mark-indent is ignored, and the mark is placed pad spaces before the text.
This right-justifies the mark.
If type is 0 the list either has a hanging indentation or, if argument mark is
given, the string mark as a mark.
If type is greater than 0 automatic numbering occurs, using arabic numbers if mark
is empty. mark can then be any of ‘1’, ‘A’, ‘a’, ‘I’, or ‘i’.
type selects one of six possible ways to display the mark.
type
1 x.
2 x)
3 (x)
4 [x]
5 <x>
6 {x}
Every item in the list gets LI-space number of blank lines before them. Default
is 1.
LB itself prints LB-space blank lines. Default is 0.
LC [list-level]
List-status clear. Terminates all current active lists down to list-level, or 0 if
no argument is given. This is used by H to clear any active list.
LE [1] List end. Terminates the current list. LE outputs a blank line if an argument is
given.
LI [mark [1|2]]
List item preceding every item in a list. Without argument, LI prints the mark
determined by the current list type. By giving LI one argument, it uses that as
the mark instead. Two arguments to LI makes mark a prefix to the current mark.
There is no separating space between the prefix and the mark if the second argument
is ‘2’ instead of ‘1’. This behaviour can also be achieved by setting number
register Limsp to zero. A zero length mark makes a hanging indentation instead.
A blank line is printed before the list item by default. This behaviour can be
controlled by number register Ls. Pre-spacing occurs for each list level less than
or equal to Ls. Default value is 99. There is no nesting limit.
The indentation can be changed through number register Li. Default is 6.
All lists begin with a list initialization macro, LB. There are, however, seven
predefined list types to make lists easier to use. They all call LB with different
default values.
AL Automatically Incremented List
ML Marked List
VL Variable-Item List
BL Bullet List
DL Dash List
RL Reference List
BVL Broken Variable List.
These lists are described at other places in this manual. See also LB.
LT [arg]
Format a letter in one of four different styles depending on the argument. See
also section INTERNALS.
Arg Style
BL Blocked. Date line, return address, writer's address and closing
begins at the center of the line. All other lines begin at the left
margin.
SB Semi-blocked. Same as blocked, except that the first line in every
paragraph is indented five spaces.
FB Full-blocked. All lines begin at the left margin.
SP Simplified. Almost the same as the full-blocked style. Subject and
the writer's identification are printed in all-capital.
LO type [arg]
Specify options in letter (see .LT). This is a list of the standard options:
CN Confidential notation. Prints ‘CONFIDENTIAL’ on the second line below
the date line. Any argument replaces ‘CONFIDENTIAL’. See also string
variable LetCN.
RN Reference notation. Prints ‘In reference to:’ and the argument two
lines below the date line. See also string variable LetRN.
AT Attention. Prints ‘ATTENTION:’ and the argument below the inside
address. See also string variable LetAT.
SA Salutation. Prints ’To Whom It May Concern:’ or the argument if it was
present. The salutation is printed two lines below the inside address.
See also string variable LetSA.
SJ Subject line. Prints the argument as subject prefixed with ‘SUBJECT:’
two lines below the inside address, except in letter type ‘SP’, where
the subject is printed in all-capital without any prefix. See also
string variable LetSJ.
MC column-size [column-separation]
Begin multiple columns. Return to normal with 1C. MC creates as many columns as
the current line length permits. column-size is the width of each column, and
column-separation is the space between two columns. Default separation is column-
size/15. See also 1C.
ML mark [text-indent [1]]
Marked list start. The mark argument is printed before each list item. text-
indent sets the indent and overrides Li. A third argument prohibits printing of a
blank line before each item.
MT [arg [addressee]]
Memorandum type. The argument arg is part of a filename in
‘/usr/share/groff/1.22.3/tmac/mm/*.MT’. Memorandum types 0 to 5 are supported,
including type ‘string’ (which gets internally mapped to type 6). addressee just
sets a variable, used in the AT&T macros.
arg
0 Normal memorandum, no type printed.
1 Memorandum with ‘MEMORANDUM FOR FILE’ printed.
2 Memorandum with ‘PROGRAMMER'S NOTES’ printed.
3 Memorandum with ‘ENGINEER'S NOTES’ printed.
4 Released paper style.
5 External letter style.
See also COVER/COVEND, a more flexible type of front page.
MOVE y-pos [x-pos [line-length]]
Move to a position, setting page offset to x-pos. If line-length is not given, the
difference between current and new page offset is used. Use PGFORM without
arguments to return to normal.
MULB cw1 space1 [cw2 space2 [cw3 ...]]
Begin a special multi-column mode. All columns widths must be specified. The
space between the columns must be specified also. The last column does not need
any space definition. MULB starts a diversion, and MULE ends the diversion and
prints the columns. The unit for the width and space arguments is ‘n’, but MULB
accepts all normal unit specifications like ‘c’ and ‘i’. MULB operates in a
separate environment.
MULN Begin the next column. This is the only way to switch the column.
MULE End the multi-column mode and print the columns.
nP [type]
Print numbered paragraph with header level two. See .P.
NCOL Force printing to the next column. Don't use this together with the MUL* macros,
see 2C.
NS [arg [1]]
Print different types of notations. The argument selects between the predefined
type of notations. If the second argument is available, then the argument becomes
the entire notation. If the argument doesn't select a predefined type, it is
printed as ‘Copy (arg) to’. It is possible to add more standard notations, see the
string variables Letns and Letnsdef.
Arg Notation
none Copy To
"" Copy To
1 Copy To (with att.) to
2 Copy To (without att.) to
3 Att.
4 Atts.
5 Enc.
6 Encs.
7 Under separate cover
8 Letter to
9 Memorandum to
10 Copy (with atts.) to
11 Copy (without atts.) to
12 Abstract Only to
13 Complete Memorandum to
14 CC
ND new-date
New date. Overrides the current date. Date is not printed if new-date is an empty
string.
OF [arg]
Odd-page footer, a line printed just above the normal footer. See EF and PF.
This macro defines string EOPof.
OH [arg]
Odd-page header, a line printed just below the normal header. See EH and PH.
This macro defines string TPoh.
OP Make sure that the following text is printed at the top of an odd-numbered page.
Does not output an empty page if currently at the top of an odd page.
P [type]
Begin new paragraph. P without argument produces left-justified text, even the
first line of the paragraph. This is the same as setting type to 0. If the
argument is 1, the first line of text following P is indented by the number of
spaces in number register Pi, by default 5.
Instead of giving an argument to P it is possible to set the paragraph type in
number register Pt. Using 0 and 1 is the same as adding that value to P. A value
of 2 indents all paragraphs, except after headings, lists, and displays (this value
can't be used as an argument to P itself).
The space between two paragraphs is controlled by number register Ps, and is 1 by
default (one blank line).
PGFORM [linelength [pagelength [pageoffset [1]]]]
Set line length, page length, and/or page offset. This macro can be used for
special formatting, like letter heads and other. It is normally the first command
in a file, though it is not necessary. PGFORM can be used without arguments to
reset everything after a MOVE call. A line break is done unless the fourth
argument is given. This can be used to avoid the page number on the first page
while setting new width and length. (It seems as if this macro sometimes doesn't
work too well. Use the command line arguments to change line length, page length,
and page offset instead.)
PGNH No header is printed on the next page. Used to get rid of the header in letters or
other special texts. This macro must be used before any text to inhibit the page
header on the first page.
PIC [-B] [-L] [-C] [-R] [-I n] filename [width [height]]
Include a PostScript file in the document. The macro depends on mmroff(1) and
INITR. The arguments -L, -C, -R, and -I n adjust the picture or indent it. With
no flag the picture is adjusted to the left. Adding -B draws a box around the
picture. The optional width and height can also be given to resize the picture.
PE Picture end. Ends a picture for pic(@MAN1EXT).
PF [arg]
Page footer. PF sets the line to be printed at the bottom of each page. Empty by
default. See PH for the argument specification.
This macro defines string EOPf.
PH [arg]
Page header, a line printed at the top of each page. The argument should be
specified as
"'left-part'center-part'right-part'"
where left-part, center-part, and right-part are printed left-justified, centered,
and right justified, respectively. Within the argument to PH, the character ‘%’ is
changed to the current page number. The default argument is
"''- % -''"
which gives the page number between two dashes.
This macro defines string TPh.
PS Picture start (from pic). Begins a picture for pic(1).
PX Page header user-defined exit. This macro is called just after the printing of the
page header in no-space mode.
R Roman. Return to roman font, see also I.
RB [roman-text [bold-text [roman-text [...]]]]
Roman-bold. Even arguments are printed in roman, odd in boldface. See I.
RD [prompt [diversion [string]]]
Read from standard input to diversion and/or string. The text is saved in a
diversion named diversion. Recall the text by writing the name of the diversion
after a dot on an empty line. A string is also defined if string is given.
Diversion and/or prompt can be empty ("").
RF Reference end. Ends a reference definition and returns to normal processing. See
RS.
RI [roman-text [italic-text [roman-text [...]]]]
Print even arguments in roman, odd in italic. See I.
RL [text-indent[1]]
Reference list start. Begins a list where each item is preceded with an
automatically incremented number between square brackets. text-indent changes the
default indentation.
RP [arg1 [arg2]]
Produce reference page. This macro can be used if a reference page is wanted
somewhere in the document. It is not needed if TC is used to produce a table of
contents. The reference page is then printed automatically.
The reference counter is not reset if arg1 is 1.
arg2 tells RP whether to eject a page or not.
arg2
0 The reference page is printed on a separate page.
1 Do not eject page after the list.
2 Do not eject page before the list.
3 Do not eject page before and after the list.
The reference items are separated by a blank line. Setting number register Ls to 0
suppresses the line.
The string Rp contains the reference page title and is set to ‘REFERENCES’ by
default. The number register Rpe holds the default value for the second argument
of RP; it is initially set to 0.
RS [string-name]
Begin an automatically numbered reference definition. Put the string \*(Rf where
the reference mark should be and write the reference between RS/RF at next new line
after the reference mark. The reference number is stored in number register :R.
If string-name is given, a string with that name is defined and contains the
current reference mark. The string can be referenced as \*[string-name] later in
the text.
S [size [spacing]]
Set point size and vertical spacing. If any argument is equal to ‘P’, the previous
value is used. A ‘C’ means current value, and ‘D’ the default value. If ‘+’ or
‘-’ is used before the value, the current value is incremented or decremented,
respectively.
SA [arg]
Set right-margin justification. Justification is turned on by default. No
argument or value ‘0’ turns off justification, and ‘1’ turns on justification.
SETR refname [string]
Remember the current header and page number as refname. Saves string if string is
defined. string is retrieved with .GETST. See INITR.
SG [arg [1]]
Signature line. Prints the authors name(s) after the formal closing. The argument
is appended to the reference data, printed at either the first or last author. The
reference data is the location, department, and initials specified with .AU. It is
printed at the first author if the second argument is given, otherwise at the last.
No reference data is printed if the author(s) is specified through .WA/.WE. See
section INTERNALS.
SK [pages]
Skip pages. If pages is 0 or omitted, a skip to the next page occurs unless it is
already at the top of a page. Otherwise it skips pages pages.
SM string1 [string2 [string3]]
Make a string smaller. If string2 is given, string1 is made smaller and string2
stays at normal size, concatenated with string1. With three arguments, everything
is concatenated, but only string2 is made smaller.
SP [lines]
Space vertically. lines can have any scaling factor, like ‘3i’ or ‘8v’. Several
SP calls in a line only produces the maximum number of lines, not the sum. SP is
ignored also until the first text line in a page. Add \& before a call to SP to
avoid this.
TAB Reset tabs to every 5n. Normally used to reset any previous tab positions.
TB [title [override [flag [refname]]]]
Table title. The arguments are the same as for EC. TB uses the number register Tb
as a counter. The string Lt controls the title of the List of Tables; default
value is ‘LIST OF TABLES’. The List of Tables is only printed if number register
Lt is 1, which is the default. The string Litb contains the word ‘TABLE’, which is
printed before the number.
Special handling of the title occurs if TB is used inside DS/DE, it is not affected
by the format of DS.
TC [slevel [spacing [tlevel [tab [h1 [h2 [h3 [h4 [h5]]]]]]]]]
Table of contents. This macro is normally used as the last line of the document.
It generates a table of contents with headings up to the level controlled by number
register Cl. Note that Cl controls the saving of headings, it has nothing to do
with TC. Headings with a level less than or equal to slevel get spacing number of
lines before them. Headings with a level less than or equal to tlevel have their
page numbers right-justified with dots or spaces separating the text and the page
number. Spaces are used if tab is greater than zero, dots otherwise. Other
headings have the page number directly at the end of the heading text (ragged-
right).
The rest of the arguments is printed, centered, before the table of contents.
The user-defined macros TX and TY are used if TC is called with at most four
arguments. TX is called before the printing of the string ‘CONTENTS’, and TY is
called instead of printing ‘CONTENTS’.
Equivalent macros can be defined for list of figures, tables, equations and
exhibits by defining TXxx or TYxx, where xx is ‘Fg’, ‘TB’, ‘EC’, or ‘EX’,
respectively.
String Ci can be set to control the indentations for each heading-level. It must
be scaled, like
.ds Ci .25i .5i .75i 1i 1i
By default, the indentation is controlled by the maximum length of headings in each
level.
The string variables Lifg, Litb, Liex, Liec, and Licon contain ‘Figure’, ‘TABLE’,
‘Exhibit’, ‘Equation’, and ‘CONTENTS’, respectively. These can be redefined to
other languages.
TE Table end. See TS.
TH [N] Table header. See TS. TH ends the header of the table. This header is printed
again if a page break occurs. Argument ‘N’ isn't implemented yet.
TL [charging-case-number [filing-case-number]]
Begin title of memorandum. All text up to the next AU is included in the title.
charging-case-number and filing-case-number are saved for use in the front page
processing.
TM [num1 [num2 [...]]]
Technical memorandum numbers used in .MT. An unlimited number of arguments may be
given.
TP Top-of-page user-defined macro. This macro is called instead of the normal page
header. It is possible to get complete control over the header. Note that the
header and the footer are printed in a separate environment. Line length is
preserved, though. See EOP.
strings available to TP
TPh argument of PH
TPeh argument of EH
TPoh argument of OH
TS [H] Table start. This is the start of a table specification to tbl(1). TS ends with
TE. Argument ‘H’ tells mm that the table has a header. See TH.
TX User-defined table of contents exit. This macro is called just before TC prints
the word ‘CONTENTS’. See TC.
TY User-defined table of contents exit. This macro is called instead of printing
‘CONTENTS’. See TC.
VERBON [flag [point-size [font]]]
Begin verbatim output using Courier font. Usually for printing programs. All
characters have equal width. The point size can be changed with the second
argument. By specifying a third argument it is possible to use another font
instead of Courier. flag controls several special features. Its value is the sum
of all wanted features.
Arg Description
1 Disable the escape character (\). This is normally turned on during
verbose output.
2 Add an empty line before the verbose text.
4 Add an empty line after the verbose text.
8 Print the verbose text with numbered lines. This adds four digit-
sized spaces in the beginning of each line. Finer control is
available with the string variable Verbnm. It contains all arguments
to the troff(1) command .nm, normally ‘1’.
16 Indent the verbose text by ‘5n’. This is controlled by the number-
variable Verbin (in units).
VERBOFF
End verbatim output.
VL text-indent [mark-indent [1]]
Variable-item list. It has no fixed mark, it assumes that every LI has a mark
instead. text-indent sets the indent to the text, and mark-indent the distance
from the current indentation to the mark. A third argument prohibits printing of a
blank line before each item.
VM [-T] [top [bottom]]
Vertical margin. Increase the top and bottom margin by top and bottom,
respectively. If option -T is specified, set those margins to top and bottom. If
no argument is given, reset the margin to zero, or to the default (‘7v 5v’) if -T
is used. It is highly recommended that macros TP and/or EOP are defined if using
-T and setting top and/or bottom margin to less than the default.
WA [writer-name [title]]
Begin specification of the writer and writer's address. Several names can be
specified with empty WA/WE pairs, but only one address.
WE End the address specification after .WA.
WC [format1] [format2] [...]
Footnote and display width control.
N Set default mode which is equal to using the options -WF, -FF, -WD, and FB.
WF Wide footnotes, wide also in two-column mode.
-WF Normal footnote width, follow column mode.
FF All footnotes gets the same width as the first footnote encountered.
-FF Normal footnotes, width follows WF and -WF.
WD Wide displays, wide also in two-column mode.
-WD Normal display width, follow column mode.
FB Floating displays generates a line break when printed on the current page.
-FB Floating displays does not generate line break.
Strings used in mm
App A string containing the word ‘APPENDIX’.
Apptxt The current appendix text.
EM Em dash string
H1txt Updated by .H and .HU to the current heading text. Also updated in table of
contents & friends.
HF Font list for headings, ‘2 2 2 2 2 2 2’ by default. Non-numeric font names may
also be used.
HP Point size list for headings. By default, this is ’0 0 0 0 0 0 0’ which is the
same as ‘10 10 10 10 10 10 10’.
Index Contains the string ‘INDEX’.
Indcmd Contains the index command. Default value is ‘sort -t\t’.
Lifg String containing ‘Figure’.
Litb String containing ‘TABLE’.
Liex String containing ‘Exhibit’.
Liec String containing ‘Equation’.
Licon String containing ‘CONTENTS’.
Lf Contains the string ‘LIST OF FIGURES’.
Lt Contains the string ‘LIST OF TABLES’.
Lx Contains the string ‘LIST OF EXHIBITS’.
Le Contains the string ‘LIST OF EQUATIONS’.
Letfc Contains the string ‘Yours very truly,’, used in .FC.
Letapp Contains the string ‘APPROVED:’, used in .AV.
Letdate
Contains the string ‘Date’, used in .AV.
LetCN Contains the string ‘CONFIDENTIAL’, used in .LO CN.
LetSA Contains the string ‘To Whom It May Concern:’, used in .LO SA.
LetAT Contains the string ‘ATTENTION:’, used in .LO AT.
LetSJ Contains the string ‘SUBJECT:’, used in .LO SJ.
LetRN Contains the string ‘In reference to:’, used in .LO RN.
Letns is an array containing the different strings used in .NS. It is really a number of
string variables prefixed with Letns!. If the argument doesn't exist, it is
included between () with Letns!copy as a prefix and Letns!to as a suffix. Observe
the space after ‘Copy’ and before ‘to’.
Name Value
Letns!0 Copy to
Letns!1 Copy (with att.) to
Letns!2 Copy (without att.) to
Letns!3 Att.
Letns!4 Atts.
Letns!5 Enc.
Letns!6 Encs.
Letns!7 Under separate cover
Letns!8 Letter to
Letns!9 Memorandum to
Letns!10 Copy (with atts.) to
Letns!11 Copy (without atts.) to
Letns!12 Abstract Only to
Letns!13 Complete Memorandum to
Letns!14 CC
Letns!copy Copy \"
Letns!to " to
Letnsdef
Define the standard notation used when no argument is given to .NS. Default is 0.
MO1 – MO12
Strings containing the month names ‘January’ through ‘December’.
Qrf String containing ‘See chapter \\*[Qrfh], page \\n[Qrfp].’.
Rp Contains the string ‘REFERENCES’.
Tcst Contains the current status of the table of contents and list of figures, etc.
Empty outside of .TC. Useful in user-defined macros like .TP.
Value Meaning
co Table of contents
fg List of figures
tb List of tables
ec List of equations
ex List of exhibits
ap Appendix
Tm Contains the string ‘\(tm’, the trade mark symbol.
Verbnm Argument to .nm in the .VERBON command. Default is 1.
Number variables used in mm
Aph Print an appendix page for every new appendix if this number variable is non-zero.
No output occurs if Aph is zero, but there is always an appendix entry in the ‘List
of contents’.
Cl Contents level (in the range 0 to 14). The contents is saved if a heading level is
lower than or equal to the value of Cl. Default is 2.
Cp Eject page between list of table, list of figure, etc., if the value of Cp is zero.
Default is 0.
D Debug flag. Values greater than zero produce debug information of increasing
verbosity. A value of 1 gives information about the progress of formatting.
Default is 0.
De If set to 1, eject after floating display is output. Default is 0.
Dsp If defined, it controls the space output before and after static displays.
Otherwise the value of Lsp is used.
Df Control floating keep output. This is a number in the range 0 to 5, with a default
value of 5. See .DF.
Ds If set to 1, use the amount of space stored in register Lsp before and after
display. Default is 1.
Ej If set to 1, eject page before each first-level heading. Default is 0.
Eq Equation labels are left-adjusted if set to 0 and right-adjusted if set to 1.
Default is 0.
Fs Footnote spacing. Default is 1.
H1 – H7
Heading counters
H1dot Append a dot after the level-one heading number if value is greater than zero.
Default is 1.
H1h A copy of number register H1, but it is incremented just before the page break.
Useful in user-defined header macros.
Hb Heading break level. A number in the range 0 to 14, with a default value of 2.
See .H.
Hc Heading centering level. A number in the range 0 to 14, with a default value value
of 0. See .H.
Hi Heading temporary indent. A number in the range 0 to 2, with a default value of 1.
0 no indentation, left margin
1 indent to the right, similar to ‘.P 1’
2 indent to line up with text part of preceding heading
Hps Heading pre-space level. If the heading level is less than or equal to Hps, two
lines precede the section heading instead of one. Default is first level only.
The real amount of lines is controlled by the variables Hps1 and Hps2.
Hps1 Number of lines preceding .H if the heading level is greater than Hps. Value is in
units, default is 0.5.
Hps2 Number of lines preceding .H if the heading level is less than or equal to Hps.
Value is in units, default is 1.
Hs Heading space level. A number in the range 0 to 14, with a default value of 2.
See .H.
Hss Number of lines following .H if the heading level is less than or equal to Hs.
Value is in units, default is 1.
Ht Heading numbering type.
0 multiple levels (1.1.1, 1.1.2, etc.)
1 single level
Default is 0.
Hu Unnumbered heading level. Default is 2.
Hy Hyphenation status of text body.
0 no hyphenation
1 hyphenation on, set to value 14
Default is 0.
Iso Set this variable to 1 on the command line to get an ISO-formatted date string
(-rIso=1). Useless inside of a document.
L Page length, only for command line settings.
Letwam Maximum lines in return-address, used in .WA/.WE. Default is 14.
Lf, Lt, Lx, Le
Enable (1) or disable (0) the printing of List of figures, List of tables, List of
exhibits and List of equations, respectively. Default values are Lf=1, Lt=1, Lx=1,
and Le=0.
Li List indentation, used by .AL. Default is 6.
Limsp A flag controlling the insertion of space between prefix and mark in automatic
lists (.AL).
0 no space
1 emit space
Ls List space threshold. If current list level is greater than Ls no spacing occurs
around lists. Default is 99.
Lsp The vertical space used by an empty line. The default is 0.5v in troff mode and 1v
in nroff mode.
N Page numbering style.
0 normal header for all pages.
1 header replaces footer on first page, header is empty.
2 page header is removed on the first page.
3 ‘section-page’ numbering style enabled.
4 page header is removed on the first page.
5 ‘section-page’ and ‘section-figure’ numbering style enabled.
Default is 0. See also the number registers Sectf and Sectp.
Np A flag to control whether paragraphs are numbered.
0 not numbered
1 numbered in first-level headings.
Default is 0.
O Page offset, only for command line settings.
Of Format of figure, table, exhibit, and equation titles.
0 ". "
1 " - "
Default is 0.
P Current page-number, normally the same as ‘%’ unless ‘section-page’ numbering style
is enabled.
Pi Paragraph indentation. Default is 5.
Pgps A flag to control whether header and footer point size should follow the current
settings or just change when the header and footer are defined.
0 Point size only changes to the current setting when .PH, .PF, .OH, .EH,
.OF, or .OE is executed.
1 Point size changes after every .S. This is the default.
Ps Paragraph spacing. Default is 1.
Pt Paragraph type.
0 left-justified
1 indented paragraphs
2 indented paragraphs except after .H, .DE, or .LE.
Default is 0.
Rpe Set default value for second argument of .RP. Default is 0.
Sectf A flag controlling ‘section-figures’ numbering style. A non-zero value enables
this. See also register N.
Sectp A flag controlling ’section-page’ numbering style. A non-zero value enables this.
See also register N.
Si Display indentation. Default is 5.
Verbin Indentation for .VERBON. Default is 5n.
W Line length, only for command line settings.
.mgm Always 1.
INTERNALS
The letter macros are using different submacros depending on the letter type. The name of
the submacro has the letter type as suffix. It is therefore possible to define other
letter types, either in the national macro-file, or as local additions. .LT sets the
number variables Pt and Pi to 0 and 5, respectively. The following strings and macros
must be defined for a new letter type.
let@init_type
This macro is called directly by .LT. It is supposed to initialize variables and
other stuff.
let@head_type
This macro prints the letter head, and is called instead of the normal page header.
It is supposed to remove the alias let@header, otherwise it is called for all
pages.
let@sg_type name title n flag [arg1 [arg2 [...]]]
.SG is calling this macro only for letters; memorandums have its own processing.
name and title are specified through .WA/.WB. n is the counter, 1-max, and flag is
true for the last name. Any other argument to .SG is appended.
let@fc_type closing
This macro is called by .FC, and has the formal closing as the argument.
.LO is implemented as a general option-macro. It demands that a string named Lettype is
defined, where type is the letter type. .LO then assigns the argument to the string
variable let*lo-type.
FILES
/usr/share/groff/1.22.3/tmac/m.tmac
/usr/share/groff/1.22.3/tmac/mm/*.cov
/usr/share/groff/1.22.3/tmac/mm/*.MT
/usr/share/groff/1.22.3/tmac/mm/locale
SEE ALSO
groff(1), troff(1), tbl(1), pic(1), eqn(1)
groff_mmse(7) (only in Swedish locales)
COPYING
Copyright © 1989-2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the
copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the
conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting derived work is
distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another
language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that this permission
notice may be included in translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of
in the original English.
AUTHOR
Jörgen Hägg, Lund, Sweden ⟨jh@axis.se⟩.