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NAME
npm-faq - Frequently Asked Questions
Where can I find these docs in HTML?
https://docs.npmjs.com/, or run:
npm config set viewer browser
This command will set the npm docs to open in your default web browser rather than man.
It didn´t work.
Please provide a little more detail, search for the error via Google https://google.com or StackOverflow
npm http://stackoverflow.com/search?q=npm to see if another developer has encountered a similar problem.
Why didn´t it work?
I don´t know yet.
Try reading the error output first, ensure this is a true npm issue and not a package issue. If you are
having an issue with a package dependency, please submit your error to that particular package
maintainer.
For any npm issues, try following the instructions, or even retracing your steps. If the issue continues
to persist, submit a bug with the steps to reproduce, please include the operating system you are working
on, along with the error you recieve.
Where does npm put stuff?
See npm help 5 npm-folders
tl;dr:
• Use the npm root command to see where modules go, and the npm bin command to see where executables go
• Global installs are different from local installs. If you install something with the -g flag, then
its executables go in npm bin -g and its modules go in npm root -g.
How do I install something on my computer in a central location?
Install it globally by tacking -g or --global to the command. (This is especially important for command
line utilities that need to add their bins to the global system PATH.)
I installed something globally, but I can´t <code>require()</code> it
Install it locally.
The global install location is a place for command-line utilities to put their bins in the system PATH.
It´s not for use with require().
If you require() a module in your code, then that means it´s a dependency, and a part of your program.
You need to install it locally in your program.
Why can´t npm just put everything in one place, like other package managers?
Not every change is an improvement, but every improvement is a change. This would be like asking git to
do network IO for every commit. It´s not going to happen, because it´s a terrible idea that causes more
problems than it solves.
It is much harder to avoid dependency conflicts without nesting dependencies. This is fundamental to the
way that npm works, and has proven to be an extremely successful approach. See npm help 5 npm-folders for
more details.
If you want a package to be installed in one place, and have all your programs reference the same copy of
it, then use the npm link command. That´s what it´s for. Install it globally, then link it into each
program that uses it.
Whatever, I really want the old style ´everything global´ style.
Write your own package manager. You could probably even wrap up npm in a shell script if you really
wanted to.
npm will not help you do something that is known to be a bad idea.
Should I check my <code>node_modules</code> folder into git?
Usually, no. Allow npm to resolve dependencies for your packages.
For packages you deploy, such as websites and apps, you should use npm shrinkwrap to lock down your full
dependency tree:
https://docs.npmjs.com/cli/shrinkwrap
If you are paranoid about depending on the npm ecosystem, you should run a private npm mirror or a
private cache.
If you want 100% confidence in being able to reproduce the specific bytes included in a deployment, you
should use an additional mechanism that can verify contents rather than versions. For example, Amazon
machine images, DigitalOcean snapshots, Heroku slugs, or simple tarballs.
Is it ´npm´ or ´NPM´ or ´Npm´?
npm should never be capitalized unless it is being displayed in a location that is customarily all-caps
(such as the title of man pages.)
If ´npm´ is an acronym, why is it never capitalized?
Contrary to the belief of many, "npm" is not in fact an abbreviation for "Node Package Manager". It is a
recursive bacronymic abbreviation for "npm is not an acronym". (If it was "ninaa", then it would be an
acronym, and thus incorrectly named.)
"NPM", however, is an acronym (more precisely, a capitonym) for the National Association of Pastoral
Musicians. You can learn more about them at http://npm.org/.
In software, "NPM" is a Non-Parametric Mapping utility written by Chris Rorden. You can analyze pictures
of brains with it. Learn more about the (capitalized) NPM program at http://www.cabiatl.com/mricro/npm/.
The first seed that eventually grew into this flower was a bash utility named "pm", which was a shortened
descendent of "pkgmakeinst", a bash function that was used to install various different things on
different platforms, most often using Yahoo´s yinst. If npm was ever an acronym for anything, it was node
pm or maybe new pm.
So, in all seriousness, the "npm" project is named after its command-line utility, which was organically
selected to be easily typed by a right-handed programmer using a US QWERTY keyboard layout, ending with
the right-ring-finger in a postition to type the - key for flags and other command-line arguments. That
command-line utility is always lower-case, though it starts most sentences it is a part of.
How do I list installed packages?
npm ls
How do I search for packages?
npm search
Arguments are greps. npm search jsdom shows jsdom packages.
How do I update npm?
npm install npm -g
You can also update all outdated local packages by doing npm update without any arguments, or global
packages by doing npm update -g.
Occasionally, the version of npm will progress such that the current version cannot be properly installed
with the version that you have installed already. (Consider, if there is ever a bug in the update
command.)
In those cases, you can do this:
curl https://www.npmjs.com/install.sh | sh
What is a <code>package</code>?
A package is any of:
• a) a folder containing a program described by a package.json file
• b) a gzipped tarball containing (a)
• c) a url that resolves to (b)
• d) a <name>@<version> that is published on the registry with (c)
• e) a <name>@<tag> that points to (d)
• f) a <name> that has a "latest" tag satisfying (e)
• g) a git url that, when cloned, results in (a).
Even if you never publish your package, you can still get a lot of benefits of using npm if you just want
to write a node program (a), and perhaps if you also want to be able to easily install it elsewhere after
packing it up into a tarball (b).
Git urls can be of the form:
git://github.com/user/project.git#commit-ish
git+ssh://user@hostname:project.git#commit-ish
git+http://user@hostname/project/blah.git#commit-ish
git+https://user@hostname/project/blah.git#commit-ish
The commit-ish can be any tag, sha, or branch which can be supplied as an argument to git checkout. The
default is master.
What is a <code>module</code>?
A module is anything that can be loaded with require() in a Node.js program. The following things are all
examples of things that can be loaded as modules:
• A folder with a package.json file containing a main field.
• A folder with an index.js file in it.
• A JavaScript file.
Most npm packages are modules, because they are libraries that you load with require. However, there´s no
requirement that an npm package be a module! Some only contain an executable command-line interface, and
don´t provide a main field for use in Node programs.
Almost all npm packages (at least, those that are Node programs) contain many modules within them
(because every file they load with require() is a module).
In the context of a Node program, the module is also the thing that was loaded from a file. For example,
in the following program:
var req = require(´request´)
we might say that "The variable req refers to the request module".
So, why is it the
The package.json file defines the package. (See "What is a package?" above.)
The node_modules folder is the place Node.js looks for modules. (See "What is a module?" above.)
For example, if you create a file at node_modules/foo.js and then had a program that did var f =
require(´foo.js´) then it would load the module. However, foo.js is not a "package" in this case, because
it does not have a package.json.
Alternatively, if you create a package which does not have an index.js or a "main" field in the
package.json file, then it is not a module. Even if it´s installed in node_modules, it can´t be an
argument to require().
<code>
No. This will never happen. This question comes up sometimes, because it seems silly from the outside
that npm couldn´t just be configured to put stuff somewhere else, and then npm could load them from
there. It´s an arbitrary spelling choice, right? What´s the big deal?
At the time of this writing, the string ´node_modules´ appears 151 times in 53 separate files in npm and
node core (excluding tests and documentation).
Some of these references are in node´s built-in module loader. Since npm is not involved at all at
run-time, node itself would have to be configured to know where you´ve decided to stick stuff. Complexity
hurdle #1. Since the Node module system is locked, this cannot be changed, and is enough to kill this
request. But I´ll continue, in deference to your deity´s delicate feelings regarding spelling.
Many of the others are in dependencies that npm uses, which are not necessarily tightly coupled to npm
(in the sense that they do not read npm´s configuration files, etc.) Each of these would have to be
configured to take the name of the node_modules folder as a parameter. Complexity hurdle #2.
Furthermore, npm has the ability to "bundle" dependencies by adding the dep names to the
"bundledDependencies" list in package.json, which causes the folder to be included in the package
tarball. What if the author of a module bundles its dependencies, and they use a different spelling for
node_modules? npm would have to rename the folder at publish time, and then be smart enough to unpack it
using your locally configured name. Complexity hurdle #3.
Furthermore, what happens when you change this name? Fine, it´s easy enough the first time, just rename
the node_modules folders to ./blergyblerp/ or whatever name you choose. But what about when you change it
again? npm doesn´t currently track any state about past configuration settings, so this would be rather
difficult to do properly. It would have to track every previous value for this config, and always accept
any of them, or else yesterday´s install may be broken tomorrow. Complexity hurdle #4.
Never going to happen. The folder is named node_modules. It is written indelibly in the Node Way, handed
down from the ancient times of Node 0.3.
How do I install node with npm?
You don´t. Try one of these node version managers:
Unix:
• http://github.com/isaacs/nave
• http://github.com/visionmedia/n
• http://github.com/creationix/nvm
Windows:
• http://github.com/marcelklehr/nodist
• https://github.com/coreybutler/nvm-windows
• https://github.com/hakobera/nvmw
• https://github.com/nanjingboy/nvmw
How can I use npm for development?
See npm help 7 npm-developers and npm help 5 package.json.
You´ll most likely want to npm link your development folder. That´s awesomely handy.
To set up your own private registry, check out npm help 7 npm-registry.
Can I list a url as a dependency?
Yes. It should be a url to a gzipped tarball containing a single folder that has a package.json in its
root, or a git url. (See "what is a package?" above.)
How do I symlink to a dev folder so I don´t have to keep re-installing?
See npm help npm-link
The package registry website. What is that exactly?
See npm help 7 npm-registry.
I forgot my password, and can´t publish. How do I reset it?
Go to https://npmjs.com/forgot.
I get ECONNREFUSED a lot. What´s up?
Either the registry is down, or node´s DNS isn´t able to reach out.
To check if the registry is down, open up https://registry.npmjs.org/ in a web browser. This will also
tell you if you are just unable to access the internet for some reason.
If the registry IS down, let us know by emailing support@npmjs.com or posting an issue at
https://github.com/npm/npm/issues. If it´s down for the world (and not just on your local network) then
we´re probably already being pinged about it.
You can also often get a faster response by visiting the #npm channel on Freenode IRC.
Why no namespaces?
npm has only one global namespace. If you want to namespace your own packages, you may: simply use the -
character to separate the names or use scoped packages. npm is a mostly anarchic system. There is not
sufficient need to impose namespace rules on everyone.
As of 2.0, npm supports scoped packages, which allow you to publish a group of related modules without
worrying about name collisions.
Every npm user owns the scope associated with their username. For example, the user named npm owns the
scope @npm. Scoped packages are published inside a scope by naming them as if they were files under the
scope directory, e.g., by setting name in package.json to @npm/npm.
Scoped packages are supported by the public npm registry. The npm client is backwards-compatible with
un-scoped registries, so it can be used to work with scoped and un-scoped registries at the same time.
Unscoped packages can only depend on other unscoped packages. Scoped packages can depend on packages from
their own scope, a different scope, or the public registry (unscoped).
For the current documentation of scoped packages, see https://docs.npmjs.com/misc/scope
References:
1. For the reasoning behind the "one global namespace", please see this discussion:
https://github.com/npm/npm/issues/798 (TL;DR: It doesn´t actually make things better, and can make
them worse.)
2. For the pre-implementation discussion of the scoped package feature, see this discussion:
https://github.com/npm/npm/issues/5239
Who does npm?
npm was originally written by Isaac Z. Schlueter, and many others have contributed to it, some of them
quite substantially.
The npm open source project, The npm Registry, and the community website https://www.npmjs.com are
maintained and operated by the good folks at npm, Inc. http://www.npmjs.com
I have a question or request not addressed here. Where should I put it?
Post an issue on the github project:
• https://github.com/npm/npm/issues
Why does npm hate me?
npm is not capable of hatred. It loves everyone, especially you.
SEE ALSO
• npm help npm
• npm help 7 developers
• npm help 5 package.json
• npm help config
• npm help 7 config
• npm help 5 npmrc
• npm help 7 config
• npm help 5 folders
December 2015 NPM-FAQ(7)