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NAME
cp — copy files
SYNOPSIS
cp [−Pfip] source_file target_file
cp [−Pfip] source_file... target
cp −R [−H|−L|−P] [−fip] source_file... target
DESCRIPTION
The first synopsis form is denoted by two operands, neither of which are existing files of type
directory. The cp utility shall copy the contents of source_file (or, if source_file is a file of type
symbolic link, the contents of the file referenced by source_file) to the destination path named by
target_file.
The second synopsis form is denoted by two or more operands where the −R option is not specified and the
first synopsis form is not applicable. It shall be an error if any source_file is a file of type
directory, if target does not exist, or if target does not name a directory. The cp utility shall copy
the contents of each source_file (or, if source_file is a file of type symbolic link, the contents of the
file referenced by source_file) to the destination path named by the concatenation of target, a single
<slash> character if target did not end in a <slash>, and the last component of source_file.
The third synopsis form is denoted by two or more operands where the −R option is specified. The cp
utility shall copy each file in the file hierarchy rooted in each source_file to a destination path named
as follows:
* If target exists and names an existing directory, the name of the corresponding destination path for
each file in the file hierarchy shall be the concatenation of target, a single <slash> character if
target did not end in a <slash>, and the pathname of the file relative to the directory containing
source_file.
* If target does not exist and two operands are specified, the name of the corresponding destination
path for source_file shall be target; the name of the corresponding destination path for all other
files in the file hierarchy shall be the concatenation of target, a <slash> character, and the
pathname of the file relative to source_file.
It shall be an error if target does not exist and more than two operands are specified, or if target
exists and does not name a directory.
In the following description, the term dest_file refers to the file named by the destination path. The
term source_file refers to the file that is being copied, whether specified as an operand or a file in a
file hierarchy rooted in a source_file operand. If source_file is a file of type symbolic link:
* If the −R option was not specified, cp shall take actions based on the type and contents of the file
referenced by the symbolic link, and not by the symbolic link itself, unless the −P option was
specified.
* If the −R option was specified:
-- If none of the options −H, −L, nor −P were specified, it is unspecified which of −H, −L, or −P
will be used as a default.
-- If the −H option was specified, cp shall take actions based on the type and contents of the file
referenced by any symbolic link specified as a source_file operand.
-- If the −L option was specified, cp shall take actions based on the type and contents of the file
referenced by any symbolic link specified as a source_file operand or any symbolic links
encountered during traversal of a file hierarchy.
-- If the −P option was specified, cp shall copy any symbolic link specified as a source_file
operand and any symbolic links encountered during traversal of a file hierarchy, and shall not
follow any symbolic links.
For each source_file, the following steps shall be taken:
1. If source_file references the same file as dest_file, cp may write a diagnostic message to standard
error; it shall do nothing more with source_file and shall go on to any remaining files.
2. If source_file is of type directory, the following steps shall be taken:
a. If the −R option was not specified, cp shall write a diagnostic message to standard error, do
nothing more with source_file, and go on to any remaining files.
b. If source_file was not specified as an operand and source_file is dot or dot-dot, cp shall do
nothing more with source_file and go on to any remaining files.
c. If dest_file exists and it is a file type not specified by the System Interfaces volume of
POSIX.1‐2008, the behavior is implementation-defined.
d. If dest_file exists and it is not of type directory, cp shall write a diagnostic message to
standard error, do nothing more with source_file or any files below source_file in the file
hierarchy, and go on to any remaining files.
e. If the directory dest_file does not exist, it shall be created with file permission bits set to
the same value as those of source_file, modified by the file creation mask of the user if the −p
option was not specified, and then bitwise-inclusively OR'ed with S_IRWXU. If dest_file cannot be
created, cp shall write a diagnostic message to standard error, do nothing more with source_file,
and go on to any remaining files. It is unspecified if cp attempts to copy files in the file
hierarchy rooted in source_file.
f. The files in the directory source_file shall be copied to the directory dest_file, taking the
four steps (1 to 4) listed here with the files as source_files.
g. If dest_file was created, its file permission bits shall be changed (if necessary) to be the same
as those of source_file, modified by the file creation mask of the user if the −p option was not
specified.
h. The cp utility shall do nothing more with source_file and go on to any remaining files.
3. If source_file is of type regular file, the following steps shall be taken:
a. The behavior is unspecified if dest_file exists and was written by a previous step. Otherwise, if
dest_file exists, the following steps shall be taken:
i. If the −i option is in effect, the cp utility shall write a prompt to the standard error and
read a line from the standard input. If the response is not affirmative, cp shall do nothing
more with source_file and go on to any remaining files.
ii. A file descriptor for dest_file shall be obtained by performing actions equivalent to the
open() function defined in the System Interfaces volume of POSIX.1‐2008 called using
dest_file as the path argument, and the bitwise-inclusive OR of O_WRONLY and O_TRUNC as the
oflag argument.
iii. If the attempt to obtain a file descriptor fails and the −f option is in effect, cp shall
attempt to remove the file by performing actions equivalent to the unlink() function defined
in the System Interfaces volume of POSIX.1‐2008 called using dest_file as the path argument.
If this attempt succeeds, cp shall continue with step 3b.
b. If dest_file does not exist, a file descriptor shall be obtained by performing actions equivalent
to the open() function defined in the System Interfaces volume of POSIX.1‐2008 called using
dest_file as the path argument, and the bitwise-inclusive OR of O_WRONLY and O_CREAT as the oflag
argument. The file permission bits of source_file shall be the mode argument.
c. If the attempt to obtain a file descriptor fails, cp shall write a diagnostic message to standard
error, do nothing more with source_file, and go on to any remaining files.
d. The contents of source_file shall be written to the file descriptor. Any write errors shall cause
cp to write a diagnostic message to standard error and continue to step 3e.
e. The file descriptor shall be closed.
f. The cp utility shall do nothing more with source_file. If a write error occurred in step 3d, it
is unspecified if cp continues with any remaining files. If no write error occurred in step 3d,
cp shall go on to any remaining files.
4. Otherwise, the −R option was specified, and the following steps shall be taken:
a. The dest_file shall be created with the same file type as source_file.
b. If source_file is a file of type FIFO, the file permission bits shall be the same as those of
source_file, modified by the file creation mask of the user if the −p option was not specified.
Otherwise, the permissions, owner ID, and group ID of dest_file are implementation-defined.
If this creation fails for any reason, cp shall write a diagnostic message to standard error, do
nothing more with source_file, and go on to any remaining files.
c. If source_file is a file of type symbolic link, and the options require the symbolic link itself
to be acted upon, the pathname contained in dest_file shall be the same as the pathname contained
in source_file.
If this fails for any reason, cp shall write a diagnostic message to standard error, do nothing
more with source_file, and go on to any remaining files.
If the implementation provides additional or alternate access control mechanisms (see the Base
Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2008, Section 4.4, File Access Permissions), their effect on copies of
files is implementation-defined.
OPTIONS
The cp utility shall conform to the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2008, Section 12.2, Utility Syntax
Guidelines.
The following options shall be supported:
−f If a file descriptor for a destination file cannot be obtained, as described in step 3.a.ii.,
attempt to unlink the destination file and proceed.
−H Take actions based on the type and contents of the file referenced by any symbolic link
specified as a source_file operand.
−i Write a prompt to standard error before copying to any existing non-directory destination file.
If the response from the standard input is affirmative, the copy shall be attempted; otherwise,
it shall not.
−L Take actions based on the type and contents of the file referenced by any symbolic link
specified as a source_file operand or any symbolic links encountered during traversal of a file
hierarchy.
−P Take actions on any symbolic link specified as a source_file operand or any symbolic link
encountered during traversal of a file hierarchy.
−p Duplicate the following characteristics of each source file in the corresponding destination
file:
1. The time of last data modification and time of last access. If this duplication fails for
any reason, cp shall write a diagnostic message to standard error.
2. The user ID and group ID. If this duplication fails for any reason, it is unspecified
whether cp writes a diagnostic message to standard error.
3. The file permission bits and the S_ISUID and S_ISGID bits. Other, implementation-defined,
bits may be duplicated as well. If this duplication fails for any reason, cp shall write a
diagnostic message to standard error.
If the user ID or the group ID cannot be duplicated, the file permission bits S_ISUID and
S_ISGID shall be cleared. If these bits are present in the source file but are not duplicated
in the destination file, it is unspecified whether cp writes a diagnostic message to standard
error.
The order in which the preceding characteristics are duplicated is unspecified. The dest_file
shall not be deleted if these characteristics cannot be preserved.
−R Copy file hierarchies.
Specifying more than one of the mutually-exclusive options −H, −L, and −P shall not be considered an
error. The last option specified shall determine the behavior of the utility.
OPERANDS
The following operands shall be supported:
source_file
A pathname of a file to be copied. If a source_file operand is '−', it shall refer to a file
named −; implementations shall not treat it as meaning standard input.
target_file
A pathname of an existing or nonexistent file, used for the output when a single file is
copied. If a target_file operand is '−', it shall refer to a file named −; implementations
shall not treat it as meaning standard output.
target A pathname of a directory to contain the copied files.
STDIN
The standard input shall be used to read an input line in response to each prompt specified in the STDERR
section. Otherwise, the standard input shall not be used.
INPUT FILES
The input files specified as operands may be of any file type.
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
The following environment variables shall affect the execution of cp:
LANG Provide a default value for the internationalization variables that are unset or null. (See the
Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2008, Section 8.2, Internationalization Variables for the
precedence of internationalization variables used to determine the values of locale
categories.)
LC_ALL If set to a non-empty string value, override the values of all the other internationalization
variables.
LC_COLLATE
Determine the locale for the behavior of ranges, equivalence classes, and multi-character
collating elements used in the extended regular expression defined for the yesexpr locale
keyword in the LC_MESSAGES category.
LC_CTYPE Determine the locale for the interpretation of sequences of bytes of text data as characters
(for example, single-byte as opposed to multi-byte characters in arguments and input files) and
the behavior of character classes used in the extended regular expression defined for the
yesexpr locale keyword in the LC_MESSAGES category.
LC_MESSAGES
Determine the locale used to process affirmative responses, and the locale used to affect the
format and contents of diagnostic messages and prompts written to standard error.
NLSPATH Determine the location of message catalogs for the processing of LC_MESSAGES.
ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS
Default.
STDOUT
Not used.
STDERR
A prompt shall be written to standard error under the conditions specified in the DESCRIPTION section.
The prompt shall contain the destination pathname, but its format is otherwise unspecified. Otherwise,
the standard error shall be used only for diagnostic messages.
OUTPUT FILES
The output files may be of any type.
EXTENDED DESCRIPTION
None.
EXIT STATUS
The following exit values shall be returned:
0 All files were copied successfully.
>0 An error occurred.
CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS
If cp is prematurely terminated by a signal or error, files or file hierarchies may be only partially
copied and files and directories may have incorrect permissions or access and modification times.
The following sections are informative.
APPLICATION USAGE
The set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits are explicitly cleared when files are created. This is to prevent
users from creating programs that are set-user-ID or set-group-ID to them when copying files or to make
set-user-ID or set-group-ID files accessible to new groups of users. For example, if a file is set-user-
ID and the copy has a different group ID than the source, a new group of users has execute permission to
a set-user-ID program than did previously. In particular, this is a problem for superusers copying users'
trees.
EXAMPLES
None.
RATIONALE
The −i option exists on BSD systems, giving applications and users a way to avoid accidentally removing
files when copying. Although the 4.3 BSD version does not prompt if the standard input is not a terminal,
the standard developers decided that use of −i is a request for interaction, so when the destination path
exists, the utility takes instructions from whatever responds on standard input.
The exact format of the interactive prompts is unspecified. Only the general nature of the contents of
prompts are specified because implementations may desire more descriptive prompts than those used on
historical implementations. Therefore, an application using the −i option relies on the system to provide
the most suitable dialog directly with the user, based on the behavior specified.
The −p option is historical practice on BSD systems, duplicating the time of last data modification and
time of last access. This volume of POSIX.1‐2008 extends it to preserve the user and group IDs, as well
as the file permissions. This requirement has obvious problems in that the directories are almost
certainly modified after being copied. This volume of POSIX.1‐2008 requires that the modification times
be preserved. The statement that the order in which the characteristics are duplicated is unspecified is
to permit implementations to provide the maximum amount of security for the user. Implementations should
take into account the obvious security issues involved in setting the owner, group, and mode in the wrong
order or creating files with an owner, group, or mode different from the final value.
It is unspecified whether cp writes diagnostic messages when the user and group IDs cannot be set due to
the widespread practice of users using −p to duplicate some portion of the file characteristics,
indifferent to the duplication of others. Historic implementations only write diagnostic messages on
errors other than [EPERM].
Earlier versions of this standard included support for the −r option to copy file hierarchies. The −r
option is historical practice on BSD and BSD-derived systems. This option is no longer specified by
POSIX.1‐2008 but may be present in some implementations. The −R option was added as a close synonym to
the −r option, selected for consistency with all other options in this volume of POSIX.1‐2008 that do
recursive directory descent.
The difference between −R and the removed −r option is in the treatment by cp of file types other than
regular and directory. It was implementation-defined how the − option treated special files to allow both
historical implementations and those that chose to support −r with the same abilities as −R defined by
this volume of POSIX.1‐2008. The original −r flag, for historic reasons, did not handle special files any
differently from regular files, but always read the file and copied its contents. This had obvious
problems in the presence of special file types; for example, character devices, FIFOs, and sockets.
When a failure occurs during the copying of a file hierarchy, cp is required to attempt to copy files
that are on the same level in the hierarchy or above the file where the failure occurred. It is
unspecified if cp shall attempt to copy files below the file where the failure occurred (which cannot
succeed in any case).
Permissions, owners, and groups of created special file types have been deliberately left as
implementation-defined. This is to allow systems to satisfy special requirements (for example, allowing
users to create character special devices, but requiring them to be owned by a certain group). In
general, it is strongly suggested that the permissions, owner, and group be the same as if the user had
run the historical mknod, ln, or other utility to create the file. It is also probable that additional
privileges are required to create block, character, or other implementation-defined special file types.
Additionally, the −p option explicitly requires that all set-user-ID and set-group-ID permissions be
discarded if any of the owner or group IDs cannot be set. This is to keep users from unintentionally
giving away special privilege when copying programs.
When creating regular files, historical versions of cp use the mode of the source file as modified by the
file mode creation mask. Other choices would have been to use the mode of the source file unmodified by
the creation mask or to use the same mode as would be given to a new file created by the user (plus the
execution bits of the source file) and then modify it by the file mode creation mask. In the absence of
any strong reason to change historic practice, it was in large part retained.
When creating directories, historical versions of cp use the mode of the source directory, plus read,
write, and search bits for the owner, as modified by the file mode creation mask. This is done so that cp
can copy trees where the user has read permission, but the owner does not. A side-effect is that if the
file creation mask denies the owner permissions, cp fails. Also, once the copy is done, historical
versions of cp set the permissions on the created directory to be the same as the source directory,
unmodified by the file creation mask.
This behavior has been modified so that cp is always able to create the contents of the directory,
regardless of the file creation mask. After the copy is done, the permissions are set to be the same as
the source directory, as modified by the file creation mask. This latter change from historical behavior
is to prevent users from accidentally creating directories with permissions beyond those they would
normally set and for consistency with the behavior of cp in creating files.
It is not a requirement that cp detect attempts to copy a file to itself; however, implementations are
strongly encouraged to do so. Historical implementations have detected the attempt in most cases.
There are two methods of copying subtrees in this volume of POSIX.1‐2008. The other method is described
as part of the pax utility (see pax). Both methods are historical practice. The cp utility provides a
simpler, more intuitive interface, while pax offers a finer granularity of control. Each provides
additional functionality to the other; in particular, pax maintains the hard-link structure of the
hierarchy, while cp does not. It is the intention of the standard developers that the results be similar
(using appropriate option combinations in both utilities). The results are not required to be identical;
there seemed insufficient gain to applications to balance the difficulty of implementations having to
guarantee that the results would be exactly identical.
The wording allowing cp to copy a directory to implementation-defined file types not specified by the
System Interfaces volume of POSIX.1‐2008 is provided so that implementations supporting symbolic links
are not required to prohibit copying directories to symbolic links. Other extensions to the System
Interfaces volume of POSIX.1‐2008 file types may need to use this loophole as well.
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
None.
SEE ALSO
mv, find, ln, pax
The Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2008, Section 4.4, File Access Permissions, Chapter 8, Environment
Variables, Section 12.2, Utility Syntax Guidelines
The System Interfaces volume of POSIX.1‐2008, open(), unlink()
COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2013 Edition,
Standard for Information Technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 7, Copyright (C) 2013 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc
and The Open Group. (This is POSIX.1-2008 with the 2013 Technical Corrigendum 1 applied.) In the event
of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard, the original
IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.unix.org/online.html .
Any typographical or formatting errors that appear in this page are most likely to have been introduced
during the conversion of the source files to man page format. To report such errors, see
https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/reporting_bugs.html .