xenial (1) ctwm.1x.gz

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NAME

       ctwm - Claude's Tab Window Manager for the X Window System

SYNTAX

       ctwm [-display dpy] [-s] [-cfgchk] [-f initfile] [-v] [-n] [-k] [-K m4file] [-w [win-id]]

DESCRIPTION

       ctwm is a window manager for the X Window System.  It provides titlebars, shaped windows, virtual screens
       (workspaces),  several  forms  of  icon  management,  user-defined  macro  functions,  click-to-type  and
       pointer-driven keyboard focus, and user-specified key and pointer button bindings.  It is actually twm(1)
       (Tab Window Manager) from the MIT X11 distribution slightly modified to accommodate the  use  of  several
       virtual  screens  (workspaces).  It is heavily inspired from the Hewlett-Packard vuewm window manager. In
       addition, ctwm can use coloured, shaped icons and background root pixmaps in XPM format [from  Arnaud  Le
       Hors],  any  format  understood  by the imconv package [from the San Diego Supercomputer Center], and xwd
       files. ctwm can be compiled to use both, either or none of the above icon/pixmap formats.

       This program is usually started by the user's session manager or startup script.  When used  from  xdm(1)
       or  xinit(1) without a session manager, ctwm is frequently executed in the foreground as the last client.
       When run this way, exiting ctwm causes the session to be terminated (i.e. logged out).

       By default, application windows are surrounded by a ‘frame’ with a titlebar at  the  top  and  a  special
       border  around  the  window.   The  titlebar contains the window's name, a rectangle that is lit when the
       window is receiving keyboard input, and function boxes known as ‘titlebuttons’  at  the  left  and  right
       edges of the titlebar.

       Pressing  pointer  Button1  (usually  the  left-most button unless it has been changed with xmodmap) on a
       titlebutton will invoke the function associated with the button.  In the default interface,  windows  are
       iconified  by clicking (pressing and then immediately releasing) the left titlebutton (which looks like a
       Dot).  Conversely, windows are deiconified by clicking in the  associated  icon  or  entry  in  the  icon
       manager (see description of the variable ShowIconManager and of the function f.showiconmgr).

       Windows  are  resized  by  pressing  the  right  titlebutton (which resembles a group of nested squares),
       dragging the pointer over edge that is to be moved, and releasing the pointer when  the  outline  of  the
       window  is  the desired size.  Similarly, windows are moved by pressing in the title or highlight region,
       dragging a window outline to the new location, and then releasing when the  outline  is  in  the  desired
       position.  Just clicking in the title or highlight region raises the window without moving it.

       When  new  windows  are  created, ctwm will honor any size and location information requested by the user
       (usually through  -geometry  command  line  argument  or  resources  for  the  individual  applications).
       Otherwise,  an  outline  of the window's default size, its titlebar, and lines dividing the window into a
       3x3 grid that track the pointer are displayed.  Clicking pointer Button1 will position the window at  the
       current  position  and  give  it  the default size.  Pressing pointer Button2 (usually the middle pointer
       button) and dragging the outline will give the window its current position but  allow  the  sides  to  be
       resized  as  described  above.  Clicking pointer Button3 (usually the right pointer button) will give the
       window its current position but attempt to make it long enough to touch the bottom the screen.

OPTIONS

       ctwm accepts the following command line options:

       -display dpy
               This option specifies the X server to use.

       -s      This option indicates that only the default screen (as specified by -display or  by  the  DISPLAY
               environment  variable) should be managed.  By default, ctwm will attempt to manage all screens on
               the display.

       -cfgchk This option causes ctwm to only try to parse the config file, and  indicate  whether  errors  are
               found.

       -f filename
               This  option  specifies  the  name  of  the  startup  file  to  use.  ctwm will first try to load
               filename.num, where num is the screen number.  If it fails, it will try  to  load  filename.   By
               default,  ctwm  will  look  in  the  user's  home directory for files named .ctwmrc.num, .ctwmrc,
               .twmrc.num, or .twmrc (where num is a screen number).

       -v      This option indicates that ctwm should print error messages whenever an unexpected X Error  event
               is  received.   This  can be useful when debugging applications but can be distracting in regular
               use.

       -n      This option indicates that ctwm should not filter the startup file through m4. Available only  if
               ctwm is compiled with the USEM4 flag.

       -k      This option indicates that ctwm should keep the definitions it prepends to your startup file when
               filtering through m4 in /tmp.  Available only if ctwm is compiled with the USEM4 flag.

       -K m4file
               This option indicates that ctwm should keep the result of filtering your startup file through  m4
               in the named file.  Available only if ctwm is compiled with the USEM4 flag.

       -version
               ctwm just prints its version number.

       -info   ctwm prints its detailed version and compile time options.

       -w [win-id]
               If  -w  is specified without a win-id value, ctwm does not take over the whole screen(s), instead
               it creates a new window that becomes its root window.  if  the  win-id  value  is  given,  it  is
               considered to be the id of an existing window, in which case, ctwm will try to use this window as
               root window. You can run any number of instantiation of ctwm at the same time. You can even  have
               embedded  ctwm instantiations. This is totally useless, but I like it. The f.adoptwindow function
               can be used to capture an existing window belonging to another ctwm. A possible use of such  mode
               can be to test new configuration file without restarting ctwm.

       -W      This option tells ctwm not to display any welcome when starting.

CUSTOMIZATION

       Much  of  ctwm's  appearance  and  behavior  can  be controlled by providing a startup file in one of the
       following locations (searched in order for each screen being managed when ctwm begins):

       $HOME/.ctwmrc.screennumber
               The screennumber is a small positive number (e.g. 0, 1, etc.)   representing  the  screen  number
               (e.g.  the  last number in the DISPLAY environment variable host:displaynum.screennum) that would
               be used to contact that screen of the display.  This  is  intended  for  displays  with  multiple
               screens of differing visual types.

       $HOME/.ctwmrc
               This is the usual name for an individual user's startup file.

       $HOME/.twmrc.screennumber

       $HOME/.twmrc
               The users twm startup file.

       /usr/lib/X11/twm/system.ctwmrc
               If  none  of  the  preceding  files  are  found,  ctwm  will  look  in  this  file  for a default
               configuration.  This is often tailored by the site administrator to provide convenient  menus  or
               familiar bindings for novice users.

       If  no  startup  files are found, ctwm will use the built-in defaults described above.  The only resource
       used by ctwm is bitmapFilePath for a colon-separated list of  directories  to  search  when  looking  for
       bitmap files (for more information, see the Athena Widgets manual and xrdb(1)).

       ctwm  startup  files  are  logically  broken up into three types of specifications:  Variables, Bindings,
       Menus.  The Variables section must come first and is used to describe the fonts, colors, cursors,  border
       widths,  icon and window placement, highlighting, autoraising, layout of titles, warping, use of the icon
       manager.  The Bindings section usually comes second and is used to specify the functions that  should  be
       to  be  invoked when keyboard and pointer buttons are pressed in windows, icons, titles, and frames.  The
       Menus section gives any user-defined menus  (containing  functions  to  be  invoked  or  commands  to  be
       executed).

       Variable  names and keywords are case-insensitive.  Strings must be surrounded by double quote characters
       (e.g. ‘blue’) and are case-sensitive.  A pound sign (#) outside of a string causes the remainder  of  the
       line in which the character appears to be treated as a comment.

M4 PREPROCESSING

       ctwm  uses  m4(1)  to  pre-process  its  setup  files.  When ctwm starts up, it opens a file for input as
       described above.  But, it processes that file through m4 before parsing it. So, you can use m4 macros  to
       perform  operations  at  runtime.   This makes it very easy to work when you use many different displays,
       with different characteristics.  For example, If you want to set the lower right section of the screen to
       be  your  IconRegion,  (see  below  for details on the IconRegion variable) you can use m4 directives and
       pre-defined symbols to calculate the region you want.  For example:
       define(IRegion, translit(eval(WIDTH/3)*eval(HEIGHT/2)+eval(WIDTH-WIDTH/3)-0, *, x))
       IconRegion  "IRegion" SOUTH EAST 75 25
       will define the lower half, and right-hand third of the screen.  The above makes use of symbols that  are
       predefined  in  m4  by  ctwm.   The  symbols  WIDTH  and HEIGHT are calculated by ctwm and written into a
       temporary file for m4 to use.  The following symbols are predefined by ctwm:

       SERVERHOST      This variable is set to the name of the machine that is running the X server.

       CLIENTHOST      The machine that is running the clients.  (ie, ctwm)

       HOSTNAME        The  canonical  hostname  running  the  clients.   (ie.  a  fully-qualified  version   of
                       CLIENTHOST)

       USER            The name of the user running the program.  Gotten from the environment.

       HOME            The user's home directory.  Gotten from the environment.

       PIXMAP_DIRECTORY
                       The directory where the ctwm pictures are installed.

       VERSION         The X major protocol version.  As seen by ProtocolVersion(3).

       REVISION        The X minor protocol revision.  As seen by ProtocolRevision(3).

       VENDOR          The vendor of your X server.  For example: MIT X Consortium.

       RELEASE         The release number of your X server.  For MIT X11R5, this is 5.

       WIDTH           The width of your display in pixels.

       HEIGHT          The height of your display in pixels.

       X_RESOLUTION    The X resolution of your display in pixels per meter.

       Y_RESOLUTION    The Y resolution of your display in pixels per meter.

       PLANES          The number of bit planes your display supports in the default root window.

       BITS_PER_RGB    The  number  of  significant bits in an RGB color.  (log base 2 of the number of distinct
                       colors that can be created.  This is often different from the number of colors  that  can
                       be displayed at once.)

       TWM_TYPE        Tells  which twm offshoot is running.  It will always be set to the string ‘ctwm’ in this
                       program.  This is useful for protecting parts of your .twmrc file that ctwm proper  won't
                       understand (like WorkSpaces) so that it is still usable with other twm programs.

       TWM_VERSION     Tells which ctwm version is running in the form of a floating point number.

       CLASS           Your  visual  class.  Will return one of StaticGray, GrayScale, StaticColor, PseudoColor,
                       TrueColor, DirectColor, or, if it cannot determine what you have, NonStandard.

       COLOR           This will be either ‘Yes’ or ‘No’.  This is just a wrapper around the  above  definition.
                       Returns ‘Yes’ on *Color, and ‘No’ on StaticGray and GrayScale.

       XPM             Is defined only if ctwm was compiled with XPM.

       JPEG            Is defined only if ctwm was compiled with JPEG.

       IMCONV          Is defined only if ctwm was compiled with IMCONV.

       GNOME           Is defined only if ctwm was compiled with GNOME.

       SOUNDS          Is defined only if ctwm was compiled with USE_SOUND.

       SESSION         Is defined only if ctwm was compiled with USE_SESSION.

       I18N            Is defined only if ctwm was compiled with I18N.

       TWM_CAPTIVE     This  will  be either ‘Yes’ or ‘No’. ‘Yes’ if the current ctwm is captive (flag -w), ‘No’
                       in the other case.

       TWM_CAPTIVE_NAME
                       Defined only if TWM_CAPTIVE is also defined. Contains the name of the captive ctwm (-name
                       flag);

       You  may  well find that if you research the m4(1) manual well, and understand the power of m4, this will
       be a very useful and powerful tool.  But, if you use any of the symbols which are predefined by  m4,  you
       are in severe danger!  For example, the Sun m4 predefines shift, so if you use that name in your .ctwmrc,
       you are out of luck.

       The availability of the m4 preprocessing is subject to the compilation define USEM4.

VARIABLES

       Many of the aspects of ctwm's user interface are controlled by variables that may be set  in  the  user's
       startup  file.   Some  of  the  options  are  enabled  or disabled simply by the presence of a particular
       keyword.  Other options require keywords, numbers, strings, or lists of all of these.

       Lists are surrounded by braces and are usually separated by whitespace or a newline.  For example:
       AutoRaise { "emacs" "XTerm" "Xmh" }
       or
       AutoRaise
       {
            "emacs"
            "XTerm"
            "Xmh"
       }
       When a variable containing a list of strings representing windows is searched (e.g. to determine  whether
       or  not  to  enable  autoraise  as  shown  above), a string must be an exact, case-sensitive match to the
       window's name (given by the WM_NAME window property), resource name or class  name  (both  given  by  the
       WM_CLASS window property).  The preceding example would enable autoraise on windows named ‘emacs’ as well
       as any xterm (since they are of class ‘XTerm’) or xmh windows (which are of class ‘Xmh’).

       String arguments that are interpreted as filenames (see the Pixmaps, Cursors,  and  IconDirectory  below)
       will  prepend the user's directory (specified by the HOME environment variable) if the first character is
       a tilde (~).  If, instead, the first character is a colon (:), the name is assumed to refer to one of the
       internal  bitmaps  that are used to create the default titlebars symbols:  :xlogo or :iconify (both refer
       to the X used for the iconify button), :resize (the nested  squares  used  by  the  resize  button),  and
       :question (the question mark used for non-existent bitmap files).

       The  following variables may be specified at the top of a ctwm startup file.  Lists of window name prefix
       strings are indicated by win-list.  Optional arguments are shown in square brackets:

       AlwaysOnTop { win-list }
               This variable specifies a list of windows (all windows if the list is defaulted) that  ctwm  will
               try its best to maintain on top of others. This doesn't work in all case.

       AlwaysShowWindowWhenMovingFromWorkspaceManager
               When  ReallyMoveInWorkspaceManager  is  present  and  the  user  is  moving  a  window  from  the
               WorkSpaceMap, ctwm display the actual window only if it crosses the current active workspace.  If
               AlwaysShowWindowWhenMovingFromWorkspaceManager  is  present,  the actual window is always visible
               during the move, regardless of whether it crosses the current workspace or  not.  The  Shift  key
               toggles this behaviour.

       AlwaysSqueezeToGravity [{ win-list }]
               This  variable  indicates  that ctwm should obey window gravity when squeezing a window even when
               the window has a titlebar.  Normally, ctwm will always squeeze  a  window  that  has  a  titlebar
               toward the north.  The optional win-list may be used to control which windows this applies on.

       AnimationSpeed speed
               The  speed  argument  is  a  non-negative  integer.  It  determines  the number of times a second
               animations (if any) are updated. If speed is 0, animations are freezed. The default value is 0.

       AutoFocusToTransients
               Transient windows get focus automatically when created.  Useful with programs that have  keyboard
               shortcuts that pop up windows.

       AutoLower { win-list }
               This  variable  specifies  a  list  of  windows  (all  windows  if  the  list is defaulted) to be
               automatically lowered whenever the point leaves a  window.   This  action  can  be  interactively
               enabled or disabled on individual windows using the function f.autolower.

       AutoOccupy
               This  variable  specifies that clients will automatically change their occupation when their name
               or icon name changes. The new occupation will be  recalculated  from  the  Occupy  and  OccupyAll
               fields in the .ctwmrc file.

       AutoRaise { win-list }
               This  variable  specifies  a  list  of  windows  (all  windows  if  the  list is defaulted) to be
               automatically raised whenever the pointer has come to rest in a window for  the  amount  of  time
               specified  by  the  RaiseDelay  variable. This action can be interactively enabled or disabled on
               individual windows using the function f.autoraise.

       AutoRaiseIcons
               Icons are raised when the cursor enters it. Useful with ShrinkIconTitles.

       AutoRelativeResize
               This variable indicates that dragging out a window size (either when initially sizing the  window
               with  pointer  Button2  or  when  resizing  it) should not wait until the pointer has crossed the
               window edges.  Instead, moving the pointer automatically causes the nearest edge or edges to move
               by  the same amount.  This allows the resizing of windows that extend off the edge of the screen.
               If the pointer is in the center of  the  window,  or  if  the  resize  is  begun  by  pressing  a
               titlebutton,  ctwm will still wait for the pointer to cross a window edge (to prevent accidents).
               This option is particularly useful for people who like the press-drag-release method of  sweeping
               out window sizes.

       AutoSqueeze { win-list }
               These  windows will be auto-squeezed (see f.squeeze). i.e. automatically unsqueezed when they get
               focus, and squeezed when they loose it. Useful for the workspace manager. Not authorized for icon
               managers.

       BeNiceToColormap
               By  defaults  new  colors  are allocated for shadows when a 3D look is used, but when you specify
               BeNiceToColormap ctwm uses stipling instead of new colors, the  effect  is  less  beautiful,  but
               acceptable. In this case ClearShadowContrast and DarkShadowContrast have no effects.

       BorderBottom pixels
               This  variable specifies the width in pixels of a forbidden zone at the bottom of the screen. All
               constrained window functions (f.movepack, f.move with DontMoveOff,  etc...)  will  consider  this
               zone as offscreen.  Default is 0.

       BorderColor string [{ wincolorlist }]
               This  variable  specifies  the  default color of the border to be placed around all non-iconified
               windows, and may only be given within a Color or  Monochrome  list.   The  optional  wincolorlist
               specifies  a  list  of  window  and  color name pairs for specifying particular border colors for
               different types of windows.  For example:
               BorderColor "gray50"
               {
                    "XTerm"   "red"
                    "xmh"     "green"
               }
               The default is ‘black’.

       BorderLeft pixels
               This variable specifies the width in pixels of a forbidden zone at the left of  the  screen.  All
               constrained  window  functions  (f.movepack,  f.move with DontMoveOff, etc...) will consider this
               zone as offscreen.  Default is 0.

       BorderResizeCursors
               This variable specifies that ctwm should use resizing cursors when the pointer is on  the  window
               border. To be used preferably when you have bound a button to f.resize in the frame context.

       BorderRight pixels
               This  variable  specifies the width in pixels of a forbidden zone at the right of the screen. All
               constrained window functions (f.movepack, f.move with DontMoveOff,  etc...)  will  consider  this
               zone as offscreen.  Default is 0.

       BorderShadowDepth pixels
               This  variable  specifies  the  depth  of  the  shadow  ctwm  uses  for  3D  window borders, when
               UseThreeDBorders is selected.

       BorderTileBackground string [{ wincolorlist }]
               This variable specifies the default background color in the gray pattern  used  in  unhighlighted
               borders (only if NoHighlight hasn't been set), and may only be given within a Color or Monochrome
               list.  The optional wincolorlist allows per-window colors  to  be  specified.   The  default   is
               ‘white’.

       BorderTileForeground string [{ wincolorlist }]
               This  variable  specifies  the default foreground color in the gray pattern used in unhighlighted
               borders (only if NoHighlight hasn't been set), and may only be given within a Color or Monochrome
               list.   The  optional  wincolorlist  allows  per-window  colors  to be specified.  The default is
               ‘black’.

       BorderTop pixels
               This variable specifies the width in pixels of a forbidden zone at the top  of  the  screen.  All
               constrained  window  functions  (f.movepack,  f.move with DontMoveOff, etc...) will consider this
               zone as offscreen.  Default is 0.

       BorderWidth pixels
               This variable specifies the width in pixels of the border surrounding all client window frames if
               ClientBorderWidth  has  not  been  specified.   This value is also used to set the border size of
               windows created by ctwm (such as the icon manager).  The default is 2.

       ButtonIndent pixels
               This variable specifies the amount by  which  titlebuttons  should  be  indented  on  all  sides.
               Positive  values  cause the buttons to be smaller than the window text and highlight area so that
               they stand out.  Setting this and the TitleButtonBorderWidth variables to 0 makes titlebuttons be
               as tall and wide as possible.  The default is 1 if UseThreeDTitles is not set, 0 if it is set.

       CenterFeedbackWindow
               The moving and resizing information window is centered in the middle of the screen instead of the
               top left corner.

       ClearShadowContrast contrast
               Indicates to ctwm how to calculate the clear shadow color for 3D items.  The value is a comprised
               between 0 and 100. The formula used is :
                   clear.{RGB} = (65535 - color.{RGB}) * (contrast / 100).
               Has no effect if BeNiceToColormap is active.

       ClientBorderWidth
               This variable indicates that border width of a window's frame should be set to the initial border
               width of the window, rather than to the value of BorderWidth.

       Color { colors-list }
               This variable specifies a list of color assignments to be made if the default display is  capable
               of  displaying  more  than  simple  black and white.  The colors-list is made up of the following
               color  variables  and  their  values:   DefaultBackground,   DefaultForeground,   MenuBackground,
               MenuForeground,  MenuTitleBackground,  MenuTitleForeground,  and  MenuShadowColor.  The following
               color variables may also be given a list of window and  color  name  pairs  to  allow  per-window
               colors  to  be  specified  (see  BorderColor  for  details):  BorderColor,  IconManagerHighlight,
               BorderTileBackground,  BorderTileForeground,  TitleBackground,  TitleForeground,  IconBackground,
               IconForeground, IconBorderColor, IconManagerBackground, and IconManagerForeground.  For example:
               Color
               {
                    MenuBackground      "gray50"
                    MenuForeground      "blue"
                    BorderColor              "red" { "XTerm" "yellow" }
                    TitleForeground          "yellow"
                    TitleBackground          "blue"
               }
               All of these color variables may also be specified for the Monochrome variable, allowing the same
               initialization file to be used on both color and monochrome displays.

       ConstrainedMoveTime milliseconds
               This variable specifies the length of time between button clicks needed to  begin  a  constrained
               move  operation.   Double clicking within this amount of time when invoking f.move will cause the
               window only be moved in a horizontal or vertical direction.  Setting this value to 0 will disable
               constrained moves.  The default is 400 milliseconds.

       Cursors { cursor-list }
               This variable specifies the glyphs that ctwm should use for various pointer cursors.  Each cursor
               may be defined either from the cursor font or from two bitmap files.  Shapes from the cursor font
               may be specified directly as:
                    cursorname     "string"
               where  cursorname  is  one of the cursor names listed below, and string is the name of a glyph as
               found in the file /usr/include/X11/cursorfont.h (without the ‘XC_’ prefix).  If the cursor is  to
               be defined from bitmap files, the following syntax is used instead:
                    cursorname     "image"   "mask"
               The  image  and  mask  strings  specify the names of files containing the glyph image and mask in
               bitmap(1) form.  The bitmap files are located in the same  manner  as  icon  bitmap  files.   The
               following example shows the default cursor definitions:
               Cursors
               {
                    Frame          "top_left_arrow"
                    Title          "top_left_arrow"
                    Icon      "top_left_arrow"
                    IconMgr   "top_left_arrow"
                    Move      "fleur"
                    Resize         "fleur"
                    Menu      "sb_left_arrow"
                    Button         "hand2"
                    Wait      "watch"
                    Select         "dot"
                    Destroy   "pirate"
               }

       DarkShadowContrast contrast
               Indicates  to ctwm how to calculate the dark shadow color for 3D items.  The value is a comprised
               between 0 and 100. The formula used is :
                   dark.{RGB}  = color.{RGB} * ((100 - contrast) / 100),
               Has no effect if BeNiceToColormap is active.

       DecorateTransients
               This variable indicates that transient windows (those  containing  a  WM_TRANSIENT_FOR  property)
               should have titlebars.  By default, transients are not reparented.

       DefaultBackground string
               This  variable specifies the background color to be used for sizing and information windows.  The
               default is ‘white’.

       DefaultForeground string
               This variable specifies the foreground color to be used for sizing and information windows.   The
               default is ‘black’.

       DontIconifyByUnmapping { win-list }
               This  variable  specifies  a list of windows that should not be iconified by simply unmapping the
               window (as would be the case if IconifyByUnmapping had been set).  This  is  frequently  used  to
               force some windows to be treated as icons while other windows are handled by the icon manager.

       DontMoveOff
               This variable indicates that windows should not be allowed to be moved off the screen.  It can be
               overridden by the f.forcemove function.

       DontPaintRootWindow
               This variable tells ctwm not to paint the root  window,  whatever  you  told  in  the  Workspaces
               specification. This is useful to have pixmaps in the Workspace Map but not on the root window.

       DontSave { win-list }
               These windows won't have their characteristics saved for the session manager.

       DontSetInactive { win-list }
               These windows won't be set to InactiveState when they become invisible due to a change workspace.
               This has been added because some ill-behaved clients (Frame5) don't like this.

       DontSqueezeTitle [{ win-list }]
               This variable indicates that titlebars should not be squeezed to their minimum size as  described
               under  SqueezeTitle  below.   If the optional window list is supplied, only those windows will be
               prevented from being squeezed.

       DontToggleWorkSpaceManagerState
               Turns off the feature toggling the workspace manager state  to/from  map/button  state  when  you
               press ctrl and the workspace manager window is in focus.

       DontWarpCursorInWMap
               Tells  ctwm  not  to warp the cursor to the corresponding actual window when you click in a small
               window in the workspace map.

       ForceIcons
               This variable indicates that icon pixmaps specified in the Icons  variable  should  override  any
               client-supplied pixmaps.

       FramePadding pixels
               This  variable  specifies the distance between the titlebar decorations (the button and text) and
               the window frame.  The default is 2 pixels if UseThreeDTitles is not set, 0 if it is set.

       IconBackground string [{ win-list }]
               This variable specifies the background color of icons, and may only  be  specified  inside  of  a
               Color  or  Monochrome  list.   The optional win-list is a list of window names and colors so that
               per-window colors may be specified.  See the BorderColor variable for a complete  description  of
               the win-list.  The default is ‘white’.

       IconBorderColor string [{ win-list }]
               This  variable specifies the color of the border used for icon windows, and may only be specified
               inside of a Color or Monochrome list.  The optional win-list is a list of window names and colors
               so  that  per-window  colors  may  be  specified.   See  the  BorderColor variable for a complete
               description of the win-list.  The default is ‘black’.

       IconBorderWidth pixels
               This variable specifies the width in pixels of the border surrounding icon windows.  The  default
               is 2.

       IconDirectory string
               This variable specifies the directory that should be searched if a bitmap file cannot be found in
               any of the directories in the bitmapFilePath resource.

       IconFont string
               This variable specifies the font to be used to display icon names within icons.  The  default  is
               ‘variable’.

       IconForeground string [{ win-list }]
               This  variable  specifies  the foreground color to be used when displaying icons, and may only be
               specified inside of a Color or Monochrome list.  The optional win-list is a list of window  names
               and  colors  so  that  per-window  colors  may  be specified.  See the BorderColor variable for a
               complete description of the win-list.  The default is ‘black’.

       IconifyByUnmapping [{ win-list }]
               This variable indicates that windows should be iconified by being unmapped without trying to  map
               any  icons.   This  assumes  that the user is will remap the window through the icon manager, the
               f.warpto function, or the TwmWindows menu.  If the optional  win-list  is  provided,  only  those
               windows   will  be  iconified  by  simply  unmapping.   Windows  that  have  both  this  and  the
               IconManagerDontShow options set may not be accessible if no binding to the TwmWindows menu is set
               in the user's startup file.

       IconifyStyle string
               Where string is either "normal", "mosaic", "zoomin", "zoomout" or "sweep". Tells ctwm to use some
               fancy graphical effects when iconifying windows.

       IconJustification string
               Where string is either "left", "center" or "right".  Tells ctwm how to  justify  the  icon  image
               against the icon title (if any).

       IconManagerBackground string [{ win-list }]
               This  variable  specifies  the  background color to use for icon manager entries, and may only be
               specified inside of a Color or Monochrome list.  The optional win-list is a list of window  names
               and  colors  so  that  per-window  colors  may  be specified.  See the BorderColor variable for a
               complete description of the win-list.  The default is ‘white’.

       IconManagerDontShow [{ win-list }]
               This variable indicates that the icon manager should not display any windows.   If  the  optional
               win-list  is  given,  only those windows will not be displayed.  This variable is used to prevent
               windows that are rarely iconified (such as xclock or xload) from taking  up  space  in  the  icon
               manager.

       IconManagerFont string
               This variable specifies the font to be used when displaying icon manager entries.  The default is
               ‘variable’.

       IconManagerForeground string [{ win-list }]
               This variable specifies the foreground color to be used when displaying icon manager entries, and
               may  only  be specified inside of a Color or Monochrome list.  The optional win-list is a list of
               window names and colors so that per-window colors may be specified.  See the BorderColor variable
               for a complete description of the win-list.  The default is ‘black’.

       IconManagerGeometry string [ columns ]
               This variable specifies the geometry of the icon manager window.  The string argument is standard
               geometry specification that indicates the initial full  size  of  the  icon  manager.   The  icon
               manager  window  is then broken into columns pieces and scaled according to the number of entries
               in the icon manager.  Extra entries are wrapped to form additional rows.  The default  number  of
               columns is 1.

       IconManagerHighlight string [{ win-list }]
               This variable specifies the border color to be used when highlighting the icon manager entry that
               currently has the focus, and can only be specified inside of a Color  or  Monochrome  list.   The
               optional  win-list  is  a  list  of  window  names  and  colors  so that per-window colors may be
               specified.  See the BorderColor variable for a complete description of the win-list.  The default
               is ‘black’.

       IconManagers { iconmgr-list }
               This variable specifies a list of icon managers to create.  Each item in the iconmgr-list has the
               following format:
                    "winname" ["iconname"]   "geometry" columns
               where winname is the name of the windows that should be put into this icon manager,  iconname  is
               the  name  of that icon manager window's icon, geometry is a standard geometry specification, and
               columns is the number of columns in this icon manager as described in  IconManagerGeometry.   For
               example:
               IconManagers
               {
                    "XTerm"   "=300x5+800+5" 5
                    "myhost"  "=400x5+100+5" 2
               }
               Clients  whose  name  or class is ‘XTerm’ will have an entry created in the ‘XTerm’ icon manager.
               Clients whose name was ‘myhost’ would be put into the ‘myhost’ icon manager.

       IconManagerShadowDepth pixels
               This variable specifies the depth of the shadow  ctwm  uses  for  3D  IconManager  entries,  when
               UseThreeDIconManagers is selected.

       IconManagerShow { win-list }
               This  variable  specifies a list of windows that should appear in the icon manager.  When used in
               conjunction with the IconManagerDontShow variable, only the windows in this list will be shown in
               the icon manager.

       IconMenuDontShow { win-list }
               Don't show the name of these windows in the TwmIcons menu.

       IconRegion geomstring vgrav hgrav gridwidth gridheight [iconjust]
               [iconregjust] [iconregalign] [{ win-list }]

               This  variable specifies an area on the root window in which icons are placed if no specific icon
               location is provided by the client.  The geomstring is a  quoted  string  containing  a  standard
               geometry  specification.  If more than one IconRegion lines are given, icons will be put into the
               succeeding icon regions when the first is full. The vgrav argument  should  be  either  North  or
               South   and  is  used  to control whether icons are first filled in from the top or bottom of the
               icon region.  Similarly, the hgrav argument should be either East or West and is used to  control
               whether  icons  should  be  filled  in from left or from the right. Icons are laid out within the
               region in a grid with cells gridwidth pixels wide  and  gridheight  pixels   high.  The  optional
               win-list argument tells ctwm that if such a window is iconified, and there is enough room in this
               icon region for its icon, then place it here. The optional iconjust, iconregjust and iconregalign
               can   be   used  to  give  specific  values  of  IconJustification,  IconRegionJustification  and
               IconRegionAlignement for this IconRegion.

       IconRegionAlignement string
               Where string is either "top", "center" "bottom" or "border".   Tells  ctwm  how  to  align  icons
               inside  their  place in the IconRegion.  If ‘border’ is given, the justification will be ‘top’ if
               the icon region gravity is ‘north’ and ‘bottom’ if the icon region gravity is ‘south’.

       IconRegionJustification string
               Where string is either "left", "center" "right" or "border".  Tells ctwm  how  to  justify  icons
               inside  their place in the IconRegion.  If ‘border’ is given, the justification will be ‘left’ if
               the icon region gravity is ‘west’ and ‘right’ if the icon region gravity is ‘east’.

       Icons { win-list }
               This variable specifies a list of window names and the bitmap filenames that should  be  used  as
               their icons.  For example:
               Icons
               {
                    "XTerm"   "xterm.icon"
                    "xfd"          "xfd_icon"
               }
               Windows  that  match  ‘XTerm’ and would not be iconified by unmapping, would try to use  the icon
               bitmap in the file ‘xterm.icon’.If ForceIcons is specified, this bitmap will be used even if  the
               client has requested its own icon pixmap.

       IgnoreCaseInMenuSelection
               Used when moving the pointer inside a menu with the keyboard. When you type a letter, the pointer
               goes to the next entry beginning with this letter. If IgnoreCaseInMenuSelection is present,  this
               selection ignores the case of this first letter.

       IgnoreLockModifier
               If  present,  all  bindings  (buttons and keys) will ignore the LockMask. Useful if you often use
               caps lock, and don't want to define twice all your bindings.

       IgnoreModifier
               All bindings (buttons and keys) will ignore the modifiers you specified. It is  useful  when  you
               use caps locks or num locks. You don't need IgnoreLockModifier any more with this option.

               IgnoreModifier { lock m2 }

       IgnoreTransient
               List of windows for which to ignore transients.

               IgnoreTransient { "Wine" }

       InterpolateMenuColors
               This  variable  indicates  that  menu entry colors should be interpolated between entry specified
               colors.  In the example below:
               Menu "mymenu"
               {
                    "Title"        ("black":"red")          f.title
                    "entry1"                 f.nop
                    "entry2"                 f.nop
                    "entry3"  ("white":"green")   f.nop
                    "entry4"                 f.nop
                    "entry5"  ("red":"white")          f.nop
               }
               the foreground colors for ‘entry1’ and ‘entry2’ will be interpolated between black and white, and
               the  background  colors  between  red  and green.  Similarly, the foreground for ‘entry4’ will be
               half-way between white and red, and the background will be half-way between green and white.

       MakeTitle { win-list }
               This variable specifies a list of windows on which a titlebar should be placed  and  is  used  to
               request titles on specific windows when NoTitle has been set.

       MapWindowBackground color [{ win-list }]
               This  variable  specifies  the  background  colors  to use for small windows in the workspace map
               window and may only be specified inside of a Color or Monochrome list. The optional win-list is a
               list  of  window names and colors so that per-window colors may be specified. If there is neither
               MapWindowBackground, nor MapWindowForeground the window title colors are used.

       MapWindowCurrentWorkSpace { border_color [background] [foreground] [bitmap] }
               Specify the appearence of the map window corresponding to the current workspace.

       MapWindowDefaultWorkSpace { border_color [background] [foreground] [bitmap] }
               Specify the appearence of the map window corresponding to the workspaces other than  the  current
               workspace when no root background information has been provided to ctwm in the WorkSpace command.
               Not used in others cases.

       MapWindowForeground color [{ win-list }]
               This variable specifies the foreground colors to use for  small  windows  in  the  workspace  map
               window and may only be specified inside of a Color or Monochrome list. The optional win-list is a
               list of window names and colors so that per-window colors may be specified. If there  is  neither
               MapWindowBackground, nor MapWindowForeground the window title colors are used.

       MaxIconTitleWidth width
               The  integer  argument tells ctwm the maximun width to use for an icon title. If an icon title is
               larger than width, it is truncated.

       MaxWindowSize string
               This variable specifies a geometry in which the width and height give  the  maximum  size  for  a
               given window.  This is typically used to restrict windows to the size of the screen.  The default
               is ‘30000x30000’.

       MenuBackground string
               This variable specifies the background color used for menus, and can only be specified inside  of
               a Color or Monochrome list.  The default is ‘white’.

       MenuFont string
               This variable specifies the font to use when displaying menus.  The default is ‘variable’.

       MenuForeground string
               This  variable specifies the foreground color used for menus, and can only be specified inside of
               a Color or Monochrome list.  The default is ‘black’.

       MenuShadowColor string
               This variable specifies the color of the shadow behind pull-down menus and can only be  specified
               inside of a Color or Monochrome list.  The default is ‘black’.

       MenuShadowDepth pixels
               This  variable  specifies  the depth of the shadow ctwm uses for 3D menus, when UseThreeDMenus is
               selected.

       MenuTitleBackground string
               This variable specifies the background color for f.title  entries  in  menus,  and  can  only  be
               specified inside of a Color or Monochrome list.  The default is ‘white’.

       MenuTitleForeground string
               This  variable  specifies  the  foreground  color  for  f.title  entries in menus and can only be
               specified inside of a Color or Monochrome list.  The default is ‘black’.

       Monochrome { colors }
               This variable specifies a list of color assignments that should be made if the screen has a depth
               of 1.  See the description of Color.

       MoveDelta pixels
               This  variable  specifies  the  number of pixels the pointer must move before the f.move function
               starts working.  Also see the f.deltastop function.  The default is zero pixels.

       MovePackResistance pixels
               This variable specifies the number of  pixels  of  the  movepack  and  movepush  resistance.  See
               f.movepack and f.movepush.

       MoveOffResistance pixels
               This  variable  specifies the number of pixels of the moveoff resistance.  If pixels is positive,
               DontMoveOff will only prevent you from going off the edge if you're within n pixels off the edge.
               If  you  go  further, DontMoveOff gives up and lets you go as far as you wish.  f.forcemove still
               allows you to totally ignore DontMoveOff.  A negative value puts you back  into  ‘never  moveoff’
               mode (it's the default).

       NoBackingStore
               This variable indicates that ctwm's menus should not request backing store to minimize repainting
               of menus.  This is typically used with servers that can  repaint  faster  than  they  can  handle
               backing store.

       NoBorder { win-list }
               These  windows  won't  have  borders.  If you want no borders on all windows, use the BorderWidth
               keyword.

       NoCaseSensitive
               This variable indicates that case should be ignored when sorting icon names in an  icon  manager.
               This  option  is  typically used with applications that capitalize the first letter of their icon
               name.

       NoDefaults
               This variable indicates that ctwm should not supply the default titlebuttons and bindings.   This
               option  should  only  be  used  if the startup file contains a completely new set of bindings and
               definitions.

       NoGrabServer
               This variable indicates that ctwm should not grab the server when popping  up  menus  and  moving
               opaque windows.

       NoHighlight [{ win-list }]
               This  variable  indicates  that  borders  should  not be highlighted to track the location of the
               pointer.  If the optional win-list is  given,  highlighting  will  only  be  disabled  for  those
               windows.   When the border is highlighted, it will be drawn in the current BorderColor.  When the
               border is not  highlighted,  it  will  be  stippled  with  an  gray  pattern  using  the  current
               BorderTileForeground and BorderTileBackground colors.

       NoIconTitle [{ win-list }]
               This  variable  indicates  that  icons  should  not  display the icon name of the client.  If the
               optional win-list is given, only those clients will not have icon titles.

       NoIconManagerFocus
               This variable indicates that ctwm will not set the focus on the  corresponding  window  when  the
               pointer is in an IconManager.

       NoIconManagers
               This variable indicates that no icon manager should be created.

       NoImagesInWorkSpaceManager
               This  variable  turns  off displaying of background images in the WorkSpaceMap.  Instead only the
               colors defined in WorkSpaces will be used as background in the WorkSpaceMap.

       NoMenuShadows
               This variable indicates that menus should not have drop  shadows  drawn  behind  them.   This  is
               typically  used  with slower servers since it speeds up menu drawing at the expense of making the
               menu slightly harder to read.

       NoOpaqueMove { window-list }
               The counterpart of OpaqueMove. See OpaqueMove.

       NoOpaqueResize { window-list }
               The counterpart of OpaqueResize. See OpaqueResize.

       NoRaiseOnDeiconify
               This variable indicates that windows that are deiconified should not be raised.

       NoRaiseOnMove
               This variable indicates that windows should not be raised when moved.  This is typically used  to
               allow windows to slide underneath each other.

       NoRaiseOnResize
               This  variable  indicates that windows should not be raised when resized.  This is typically used
               to allow windows to be resized underneath each other.

       NoRaiseOnWarp
               This variable indicates that windows should not be raised when the pointer is  warped  into  them
               with  the  f.warpto function.  If this option is set, warping to an occluded window may result in
               the pointer ending up in the occluding window instead the desired window (which causes unexpected
               behavior with f.warpring).

       NoSaveUnders
               This  variable  indicates that menus should not request save-unders to minimize window repainting
               following menu selection.  It is typically used with displays that can repaint faster  than  they
               can handle save-unders.

       NoShowOccupyAll
               This variable specifies that OccupyAll windows won't be displayed in the WorkSpaceMap window.

       NoStackMode [{ win-list }]
               This  variable  indicates that client window requests to change stacking order should be ignored.
               If the optional win-list is given, only requests on those  windows  will  be  ignored.   This  is
               typically  used  to prevent applications from relentlessly popping themselves to the front of the
               window stack.

       NoTitle [{ win-list }]
               This variable indicates that windows should not have titlebars.   If  the  optional  win-list  is
               given,  only  those  windows  will not have titlebars.  MakeTitle may be used with this option to
               force titlebars to be put on specific windows.

       NoTitleFocus
               This variable indicates that ctwm should not set keyboard input focus to each  window  as  it  is
               entered.   Normally,  ctwm sets the focus so that focus and key events from the titlebar and icon
               managers are delivered to the application.  If the pointer is moved quickly and ctwm is  slow  to
               respond,  input  can  be directed to the old window instead of the new.  This option is typically
               used to prevent this ‘input lag’ and to work around bugs in older applications that have problems
               with focus events.

       NoTitleHighlight [{ win-list }]
               This  variable  indicates  that the highlight area of the titlebar, which is used to indicate the
               window that currently has the input focus, should not be displayed.  If the optional win-list  is
               given,  only  those windows will not have highlight areas.  This and the SqueezeTitle options can
               be set to substantially reduce the amount of screen space required by titlebars.

       NoWarpToMenuTitle
               This variable indicates that the cursor should not be warped to the title of a  menu  which  does
               not have room to drop down below the current cursor position.

       Occupy { occupy-list }
               This variable specifies which windows occupy which workspaces at startup.

               occupy-list consists of entries of the form :
                       [Window]   win-name { wpsc1 wspc2 ... }
               or      Workspace  wspc-name {win1 win2 ... }
               Example :
               Occupy {
                              "xload"   {"all"}
                   Window     "xterm"   {"here" "there" "elsewhere"}
                              "xv"      {"images"}
                   WorkSpace  "images"  {"xloadimage"}
               }
               Note : The Occupy declaration should come after the WorkSpaces declaration.

       OccupyAll { window-list }

               This variable specifies a list of windows that will occupy all workspaces at startup.

               window-list is a list of window names.

               Example :
               OccupyAll
               {
                   "xload"
                   "xbiff"
                   "xconsole"
               }
               Note : The OccupyAll declaration should come after the WorkSpaces declaration.

       OpaqueMove { window-list }
               This  variable indicates that the f.move function should actually move the window instead of just
               an outline so that the user can immediately see what  the  window  will  look  like  in  the  new
               position.   This option is typically used on fast displays (particularly if NoGrabServer is set).
               The optional window list parameter indicates that only windows in this list  should  actually  be
               moved in opaque mode. The NoOpaqueMove counterpart is also available.

       OpaqueMoveThreshold { threshold }
               The  integer  parameter  is  a  percentage  and indicates that only windows (elligible for opaque
               moving) with a surface smaller than this percentage of the surface of the screen should  actually
               be moved in opaque mode.

       OpaqueResize { window-list }
               The   opaque   version   of  resize.  Extremely  resource  intensive,  but  beautiful  with  fast
               server/client/network. See OpaqueMove. The NoOpaqueResize counterpart is also available.

       OpaqueResizeThreshold { threshold }
               The resize version of OpaqueMoveThreshold.

       OpenWindowTimeout seconds
               seconds is an integer representing a number of  second.  When  a  window  tries  to  open  on  an
               unattended display, it will be automatically mapped after this number of seconds.

       PackNewWindows
               Use f.movepack algorithm instead of f.move when opening a new window.

       Pixmaps { pixmaps }
               This  variable  specifies  a  list of pixmaps that define the appearance of various images.  Each
               entry is a keyword indicating the pixmap to set, followed by a string  giving  the  name  of  the
               bitmap file.  The following pixmaps may be specified:
               Pixmaps
               {
                    TitleHighlight "gray1"

               }
               The default for TitleHighlight is to use an even stipple pattern.

       PixmapDirectory path
               This  variable  specifies  the  path where ctwm looks to find non-X11 bitmap files.  Whenever you
               want to use a image file that is not an X11  bitmap,  specify  :  xpm:filename,  for  xpm  files,
               xwd:filename  for  xwd  files,  im:filename,  for  other  files  supported by the imconv package,
               jpeg:file for jpeg file, or ‘|command’ for an on the fly generated xwd file. Use the %  character
               to specify an animation. path can be a colon separated list of directories.  Example :
               PixmapDirectory  "/usr/lib/X11/twm"
               Icons
               {
                   "Axe"    "xpm:edit.xpm"
                   "xterm"  "xpm:ball%.xpm"
               }
               N.B  This  is only valid if your version of ctwm has been compiled with the right extension (XPM,
               JPEG or IMCONV options).

       RaiseDelay milliseconds
               For windows that are to be automatically raised  when  the  pointer  enters  (see  the  AutoRaise
               variable  and  the  f.autoraise  function) this variable specifies the length of time the pointer
               should rest in the window before it is raised.  The default is 0 milliseconds.

       RaiseOnClick
               If present a window will be raised on top of others when clicked on, and  the  ButtonPress  event
               will  be  correctly  forwarded  to  the  client  that  owns  this  window  (if  it asked to). See
               RaiseOnClickButton.

       RaiseOnClickButton button_number
               Where button_number is a valid button number (generally 1 to 3). Specify the button  to  use  for
               RaiseOnClick.

       RaiseWhenAutoUnSqueeze
               Windows are raised when auto-unsqueezed (See AutoSqueeze).

       RandomPlacement [ string ]
               Where  string  is  either ‘on’, ‘off’, ‘all’ or ‘unmapped’.  This variable indicates that windows
               with no specified geometry should be placed in a pseudo-random location  instead  of  having  the
               user  drag out an outline. The argument ‘on’ or ‘all’ tells ctwm do do this for all such windows,
               ‘off’, not to do this, and ‘unmapped’, only for unmapped windows, e.g.  iconified or not  visible
               in the current workspace.

       ReallyMoveInWorkspaceManager
               This  keyword  tells  ctwm to move the actual window when the user is moving the small windows in
               the WorkSpaceMap window. If not  present  the  WorkSpaceMap  can  be  used  only  to  modify  the
               occupation of a window.

       ResizeFont string
               This  variable  specifies the font to be used for in the dimensions window when resizing windows.
               The default is ‘fixed’.

       RestartPreviousState
               This variable indicates that ctwm should attempt to use the WM_STATE property on  client  windows
               to  tell  which  windows should be iconified and which should be left visible.  This is typically
               used to try to regenerate the state that the screen was in before the previous window manager was
               shutdown.

       ReverseCurrentWorkspace string
               This  variable tells ctwm to reverse the background and foreground colors in the small windows in
               the workspace map for the current workspace.

       SaveColor { colors-list }
               This variable indicates a list of color assignments to be stored as  pixel  values  in  the  root
               window property _MIT_PRIORITY_COLORS.  Clients may elect to preserve these values when installing
               their own colormap.  Note that use of this mechanism is a way for an  application  to  avoid  the
               ‘technicolor’  problem,  whereby  useful  screen  objects  such  as  window borders and titlebars
               disappear when a program's custom colors are installed by the window manager.  For example:
               SaveColor
               {
                       BorderColor
                       TitleBackground
                       TitleForeground
                       "red"
                       "green"
                       "blue"
               }
               This would place on the root window 3 pixel values for borders and  titlebars,  as  well  as  the
               three color strings, all taken from the default colormap.

       ShrinkIconTitles
               A  la Motif shrinking of icon titles, and expansion when mouse is inside icon.  The old incorrect
               spelling SchrinkIconTitles is also still accepted.

       ShortAllWindowsMenus
               Don't show WorkSpaceManager and IconManagers in the TwmWindows and TwmAllWindows menus.

       ShowIconManager
               This variable indicates that the icon manager window should be displayed when  ctwm  is  started.
               It can always be brought up using the f.showiconmgr function.

       ShowWorkSpaceManager
               This variable specifies that the WorkSpaceManager should be visible.

       SloppyFocus
               Use sloppy focus.

       SortIconManager
               This  variable  indicates that entries in the icon manager should be sorted alphabetically rather
               than by simply appending new windows to the end.

       SoundHost
               The host on which sounds should be played.  See the SOUNDS section.

       SqueezeTitle [{ squeeze-list }]
               This variable indicates that ctwm should attempt to use the SHAPE  extension  to  make  titlebars
               occupy  only  as much screen space as they need, rather than extending all the way across the top
               of the window.  The optional squeeze-list may be used to control the  location  of  the  squeezed
               titlebar along the top of the window.  It contains entries of the form:
                    "name"         justification  num  denom
               where  name  is  a window name, justification is either left, center, or right, and num and denom
               are numbers specifying a  ratio  giving  the  relative  position  about  which  the  titlebar  is
               justified.   The  ratio is measured from left to right if the numerator is positive, and right to
               left if negative.  A denominator of 0 indicates that the numerator should be measured in  pixels.
               For convenience, the ratio 0/0 is the same as 1/2 for center and -1/1 for right.  For example:
               SqueezeTitle
               {
                    "XTerm"   left      0    0
                    "xterm1"  left      1    3
                    "xterm2"  left      2    3
                    "oclock"  center         0    0
                    "emacs"   right          0    0
               }
               The DontSqueezeTitle list can be used to turn off squeezing on certain titles.

       StartIconified [{ win-list }]
               This  variable  indicates  that client windows should initially be left as icons until explicitly
               deiconified by the user.  If the optional win-list is given, only those windows will  be  started
               iconic.   This  is  useful  for  programs  that  do not support an -iconic command line option or
               resource.

       StartInMapState
               This variable specifies that the WorkSpaceManager should be started in its map form when created.

       StartSqueezed { win-list }
               These windows will first show up squeezed (see f.squeeze).

       StayUpMenus
               Tells ctwm to use stayup menus. These menus will stay on the screen when ButtonUp, if either  the
               menu has not yet been entered by the pointer, or the current item is a f.title.

       SunkFocusWindowTitle
               This  variable  specifies that the title of the focus window (if exists) should be sunken instead
               of raised. Only valid if UseThreeDTitles is set.

       ThreeDBorderWidth  pixels
               The width of the 3D border in pixels, if any.

       TitleBackground string [{ win-list }]
               This variable specifies the background color used in titlebars, and may only be specified  inside
               of  a  Color  or  Monochrome list.  The optional win-list is a list of window names and colors so
               that per-window colors may be specified.  The default is ‘white’.

       TitleButtonBorderWidth pixels
               This variable specifies the width in pixels of the  border  surrounding  titlebuttons.   This  is
               typically  set  to 0 to allow titlebuttons to take up as much space as possible and to not have a
               border.  The default is 1 if UseThreeDTitles is not set, 0 if it is set.

       TitleButtonShadowDepth pixels
               This variable  specifies  the  depth  of  the  shadow  ctwm  uses  for  3D  title  buttons,  when
               UseThreeDTitles is selected.

       TitleFont string
               This  variable  specifies the font used for displaying window names in titlebars.  The default is
               ‘variable’.

       TitleForeground string [{ win-list }]
               This variable specifies the foreground color used in titlebars, and may only be specified  inside
               of  a  Color  or  Monochrome list.  The optional win-list is a list of window names and colors so
               that per-window colors may be specified.  The default is ‘black’.

       TitleJustification string
               This keyword needs a string value. The acceptable values are : ‘left’, ‘center’ and ‘right’.  The
               window titles will be justified according to this in the title window.

       TitlePadding pixels
               This  variable  specifies  the distance between the various buttons, text, and highlight areas in
               the titlebar.  The default is 8 pixels if UseThreeDTitles is not set, 0 if it is set.

       TitleShadowDepth pixels
               This variable specifies the depth of the shadow ctwm uses for 3D titles, when UseThreeDTitles  is
               selected.

       TransientHasOccupation
               This  variable  specifies  that  transient-for  and  non-group  leader windows can have their own
               occupation potentially different from their leader window. The default case is that these windows
               follow their leader, use this keyword if the default action doesn't please you.

       TransientOnTop percentage
               The  parameter  (required) is a percentage and tells ctwm to put transient (and non-group leader)
               windows always on top of their leader if and only if their surface is smaller than this  fraction
               of the surface of their leader. The surface of a window is its width times its weight.

       UnknownIcon string
               This  variable  specifies  the  filename  of  a bitmap file to be used as the default icon.  This
               bitmap will be used as the icon of all clients which do not provide an icon bitmap  and  are  not
               listed in the Icons list.

       UnmapByMovingFarAway [{ win-list }]
               These  windows  will  be  moved  out  of  the  screen  instead of being unmapped when they become
               invisible due to a change workspace.  This  has  been  added  because  some  ill-behaved  clients
               (Frame5) don't like to be unmapped.

       UsePPosition string
               This  variable  specifies  whether or not ctwm should honor program-requested locations (given by
               the PPosition flag in the WM_NORMAL_HINTS property) in the absence of a user-specified  position.
               The  argument  string  may  have  one  of three values:  "off" (the default) indicating that ctwm
               should ignore the program-supplied position, "on" indicating that the position  should  be  used,
               and  "non-zero"  indicating  that the position should used if it is other than (0,0).  The latter
               option is for working around a bug in older toolkits.

       UseSunkTitlePixmap
               This makes it so the shadows are inversed for title pixmaps when focus is lost.  This is  similar
               to having the SunkFocusWindowTitle, but it makes your xbm or 3d XPM (if any) sink instead of just
               the whole bar.

       UseThreeDBorders
               Tells ctwm to use 3D-looking window borders. The width ot the 3D  borders  is  ThreeDBorderWidth.
               The  color  of  the  3D  border  is BorderTileBackground, and if NoHighlight is not selected, the
               border of the Focus window is BorderColor.

       UseThreeDIconManagers
               Tells ctwm to use 3D-looking IconManagers if any.

       UseThreeDMenus
               Tells ctwm to use 3D-looking menus.

       UseThreeDTitles
               Tells  ctwm  to  use  3D-looking  windows  titles.  In  which  case   the   default   values   of
               TitleButtonBorderWidth,  FramePadding,  TitlePadding  and  ButtonIndent  are set to 0.  There are
               plenty of built-in scalable pixmaps  for  buttons,  :xpm:menu,  :xpm:dot,  :xpm:cross,  :xpm:bar,
               :xpm:vbar,  :xpm:iconify,  :xpm:resize,  :xmp:sunkresize and :xpm:box. There are several built-in
               scalable animations for buttons : %xpm:resize, %xpm:menu-up, %xpm:menu-down, %xpm:resize-out-top,
               %xpm:resize-in-top,   %xpm:resize-out-bot,   %xpm:resize-in-bot,   %xpm:maze-out,   %xpm:maze-in,
               %xpm:zoom-out, %xpm:zoom-in and %xpm:zoom-inout. Try them to see what they look like.

       UseThreeDWMap
               Tells ctwm to use 3D for the small windows in the workspace map.

       VirtualScreens { geometries-list }

               This variable specifies a list of geometries for virtual screens. Virtual screens are designed to
               be used when you have several physical screens bound together with the Xinerama X extension.

               geometries-list  is  a  list  of  valid geometry strings, that correspond to your actual physical
               screens.

               Example :
               VirtualScreens
               {
                   "1280x1024+0+0"
                   "1600x1200+1280+0"
               }

       WarpCursor [{ win-list }]
               This variable indicates that the pointer should be warped into windows when they are deiconified.
               If  the  optional  win-list  is  given,  the  pointer  will only be warped when those windows are
               deiconified.

       WindowBox [{ win-list }]
               creates a new window called a box, where all the client windows that match the windows  list  are
               opened  in,  instead  of  the  root window. This is useful to group small windows in the same box
               (xload for instance)
               WindowBox "xloadbox" "320x100+0-0" {
                   "xload"
               }

       WindowGeometries [{ win-list }]
               Used to give a default geometry to some clients :
               WindowGeometries {
                   "Mozilla*"       "1000x800+10+10"
                   "jpilot*"        "800x600-0-0"
               }

       WindowRing [{ win-list }]
               This variable specifies a list of windows along which  the  f.warpring  function  cycles.  If  no
               argument is given, all the windows are in the ring.

       WarpRingOnScreen
               Tells ctwm that f.warpring warps pointer only to windows visible in the current workspace.

       WarpToDefaultMenuEntry
               (Useful  only  with StayUpMenus) When using StayUpMenus, and a menu does stays up, the pointer is
               warped to the default entry of the menu.

       WarpUnmapped
               This variable indicates that that the f.warpto function should deiconify any iconified windows it
               encounters.  This is typically used to make a key binding that will pop a particular window (such
               as xmh), no matter where it is.  The default is for f.warpto to ignore iconified windows.

       WindowRingExclude [{ win-list }]
               All listed windows will be excluded from the WarpRing.

       WMgrButtonShadowDepth depth
               Control the depth of the shadow of the workspace manager buttons.

       WMgrHorizButtonIndent nb_pixels
               Specifies the horizontal space, in pixel, between the buttons of the workspace manager (in button
               mode).

       WMgrVertButtonIndent nb_pixels
               Specifies  the  vertical space, in pixel, between the buttons of the workspace manager (in button
               mode).

       WorkSpaceFont string
               This allows you to specify the font to use for the small windows in the  workspace  manager  map.
               (Try ‘-adobe-times-*-r-*--10-*-*-*-*-*-*-*’).

       WorkSpaceManagerGeometry string [ columns ]
               This  variable  specifies  the  geometry  of the workspace manager window. The string argument is
               standard geometry specification that indicates the initial full size of  the  workspace  manager.
               The columns argument indicates the number of columns to use for the workspace manager window.
               WorkSpaceManagerGeometry        "360x60+60-0" 8

       WorkSpaces { workspace-list }
               This variable specifies a list of workspaces that are created at startup, Where workspace-list is
               :
               name [{bg-button [fg-button] [bg-root] [fg-root] [pixmap-root]}]

               With :

               bg-button:
                       background color of the corresponding button in the workspace manager.

               fg-button:
                       foreground color of the corresponding button in the workspace manager.

               bg-root:
                       background color of the corresponding root screen.

               fg-root:
                       foreground color of the corresponding root screen.

               pixmap-root:
                       pixmap to display on the  corresponding  root  screen,  either  the  name  of  a  bitmap,
                       xpm:xpmfile, xwd:xwdfile, jpeg:jpgfile, im:imfile or |command_that generate_xwd.

               Example :
               WorkSpaces
               {
                 "One"   {"#686B9F" "white" "DeepSkyBlue3" "white" "jpeg:shark.jpg"}
                 "Two"   {"#619AAE" "white" "firebrick"}
                 "Three" {"#727786" "white" "MidnightBlue" "white" "xpm:ball%.xpm"}
                 "Four"  {"#727786" "white" "white" "white" "|(giftoppm | pnmtoxwd) < 2010.gif"}

                 "Five"  {"#727786" "white" "DeepSkyBlue3" "white" "plaid"}
                 "Six"   {"#619AAE" "white" "DeepSkyBlue3" "white" "xpm:background1"}
                 "Seven" {"#8C5b7A" "white" "chartreuse4"}
                 "Eight" {"#686B9F" "white" "MidnightBlue"}
               }

               The  WorkSpaces  declaration should come before the Occupy or OccupyAll declarations. The maximum
               number of workspaces is 32.

       XMoveGrid number
               This variable specifies the value to use to  constrain  window  movement.   When  moving  windows
               around,  the  x  coordinate will always be a multiple of this variable. Default is 1. f.forcemove
               ignores this variable.

       XorValue number
               This variable specifies the value to use when drawing window outlines for  moving  and  resizing.
               This  should  be  set  to  a  value  that will result in a variety of distinguishable colors when
               exclusive-or'ed with the contents of the user's typical screen.  Setting this variable to 1 often
               gives  nice  results  if  adjacent colors in the default colormap are distinct.  By default, ctwm
               will attempt to cause temporary lines to appear at the opposite end  of  the  colormap  from  the
               graphics.

       YMoveGrid number
               This  variable  specifies  the  value  to  use to constrain window movement.  When moving windows
               around, the y coordinate will always be a multiple of this variable. Default  is  1.  f.forcemove
               ignores this variable.

       Zoom [ count ]
               This  variable  indicates that outlines suggesting movement of a window to and from its iconified
               state should be displayed whenever a window is iconified  or  deiconified.   The  optional  count
               argument specifies the number of outlines to be drawn.  The default count is 8.

       The following variables must be set after the fonts have been assigned, so it is usually best to put them
       at the end of the variables or beginning of the bindings sections:

       ChangeWorkspaceFunction function
               This variable specifies the function to be executed when the user change  the  current  workspace
               (zap).

       DefaultFunction function
               This  variable  specifies  the function to be executed when a key or button event is received for
               which no binding is provided.  This is typically bound to f.nop, f.beep,  or  a  menu  containing
               window operations.

       DeIconifyFunction function
               This variable specifies the function to be executed when a window is deiconified.

       IconifyFunction function
               This variable specifies the function to be executed when a window is iconified.

       WindowFunction function
               This  variable  specifies  the  function to execute when a window is selected from the TwmWindows
               menu.  If this variable is not set, the window will be deiconified and raised.

BINDINGS

       After the desired variables have been set, functions may be attached to titlebuttons and key and  pointer
       buttons.   Titlebuttons  may  be  added  from  the  left  or  right  side and appear in the titlebar from
       left-to-right according to the order in which they are specified.  Key and pointer button bindings may be
       given in any order.

       Titlebuttons specifications must include the name of the pixmap to use in the button box and the function
       to be invoked when a pointer button is pressed within them:
       LeftTitleButton "bitmapname"  = function
       or
       LeftTitleButton "bitmapname" {
           Buttoni : function
           ...
           Buttonj : function
       }
       or
       RightTitleButton "bitmapname" = function
       or
       RightTitleButton "bitmapname" {
           Buttoni : function
           ...
           Buttonj : function
       }
       The bitmapname may refer to one of the  built-in bitmaps (which are scaled to match TitleFont)  by  using
       the appropriate colon-prefixed name described above.

       Key  and  pointer button specifications must give the modifiers that must be pressed, over which parts of
       the screen the pointer must be, and what function is to be invoked.  Keys are given as strings containing
       the appropriate keysym name; buttons are given as the keywords Button1-Button5:
       "FP1"          = modlist : context : function
       Button1   = modlist : context : function
       The  modlist is any combination of the modifier names shift, control, lock, meta, mod1, mod2, mod3, mod4,
       or mod5 (which may be abbreviated as s, c, l, m, m1,  m2,  m3,  m4,  m5,  respectively)  separated  by  a
       vertical  bar  (|).   Similarly,  the  context  is  any  combination of window, title, icon, root, frame,
       workspace, iconmgr, their first letters (iconmgr abbreviation is m), or all, separated by a vertical bar.
       The  function is any of the f.  keywords described below.  For example, the default startup file contains
       the following bindings:
       Button1   =    : root         : f.menu "TwmWindows"
       Button1   = m  : window | icon     : f.function "move-or-lower"
       Button2   = m  : window | icon     : f.iconify
       Button3   = m  : window | icon     : f.function "move-or-raise"
       Button1   =    : title        : f.function "move-or-raise"
       Button2   =    : title        : f.raiselower
       Button1   =    : icon         : f.function "move-or-iconify"
       Button2   =    : icon         : f.iconify
       Button1   =    : iconmgr : f.iconify
       Button2   =    : iconmgr : f.iconify
       A user who wanted to be able to manipulate windows from the keyboard could use the following bindings:
       "F1"      =    : all          : f.iconify
       "F2"      =    : all          : f.raiselower
       "F3"      =    : all          : f.warpring "next"
       "F4"      =    : all          : f.warpto "xmh"
       "F5"      =    : all          : f.warpto "emacs"
       "F6"      =    : all          : f.colormap "next"
       "F7"      =    : all          : f.colormap "default"
       "F20"          =    : all          : f.warptoscreen "next"
       "Left"         = m  : all          : f.backiconmgr
       "Right"   = m | s   : all          : f.forwiconmgr
       "Up"      = m  : all          : f.upiconmgr
       "Down"    = m | s   : all          : f.downiconmgr
       ctwm provides many more window manipulation primitives than can be conveniently  stored  in  a  titlebar,
       menu,  or  set  of key bindings.  Although a small set of defaults are supplied (unless the NoDefaults is
       specified), most users will want to have their most common operations bound to key  and  button  strokes.
       To  do  this,  ctwm  associates names with each of the primitives and provides user-defined functions for
       building higher level primitives and menus for interactively selecting among groups of functions.

       User-defined functions contain the name by which they are referenced in calls to f.function and a list of
       other functions to execute.  For example:
       Function "move-or-lower" { f.move f.deltastop f.lower }
       Function "move-or-raise" { f.move f.deltastop f.raise }
       Function "move-or-iconify"    { f.move f.deltastop f.iconify }
       Function "restore-colormap"   { f.colormap "default" f.lower }
       The function name must be used in f.function exactly as it appears in the function specification.

       In the descriptions below, if the function is said to operate on the selected window, but is invoked from
       a root menu, the cursor will be changed to the Select cursor and the next  window  to  receive  a  button
       press will be chosen:

       ! string
               This is an abbreviation for f.exec string.

       f.addtoworkspace string
               This function adds the selected window to the workspace whose name is string.

       f.adoptwindow
               This  function asks for the user to select a window with the mouse, and then adopt this window if
               it doesn't belong to the current ctwm. Useful only with the -w flag.

       f.altcontext
               Set the alternate context. The next key or button event ctwm reveives will be  interpreted  using
               the  alternate context. To define bindings in the alternate context, use the keyword alter in the
               context field of the binding command.  For example:
               "Return"= m    : all          : f.altcontext
               "n"  =    : alter        : f.nextworkspace
               "p"  =    : alter        : f.prevworkspace

       f.altkeymap number
               Set the alternate keymap number, where number is an integer between 1 and 5  included.  The  next
               key  or  button  event  ctwm  reveives will be interpreted using this alternate keymap. To define
               bindings in an alternate keymap, use the keyword a followed by number in the  modifier  field  of
               the binding command. For example:
               "Return"= c    : all          : f.altkeymap "1"
               "i"  = a1 : window|icon|iconmgr    : f.iconify
               "z"  = a1 : window  : f.zoom
               "d"  = a1 : window|icon  : f.delete
               "o"  = a1 : window|icon  : f.occupy
               "r"  = a1 : window|icon  : f.refresh

       When using an alternate keymaps, only the root, window, icon and iconmgr contexts are allowed.

       f.autolower
               This  function  toggles whether or not the selected window is lowered whenever the pointer leaves
               it.  See the description of the variable AutoLower.

       f.autoraise
               This function toggles whether or not the selected  window  is  raised  whenever  entered  by  the
               pointer.  See the description of the variable AutoRaise.

       f.backmapiconmgr
               This  function  warps  the  pointer in the same manner as f.backiconmgr but only stops at windows
               that are mapped.

       f.backiconmgr
               This function warps the pointer to the previous column in the current icon manager, wrapping back
               to the previous row if necessary.

       f.beep  This function sounds the keyboard bell.

       f.bottomzoom
               This  function  is  similar  to  the f.fullzoom function, but resizes the window to fill only the
               bottom half of the screen.

       f.changesize string
               This function allows you to change the size of the focused window. The format of the string  must
               be  either  "<border> <+|-><sizechange>" (where border must be one of Top, Bottom, Left or Right)
               or "<x size>x<y size>" (where the size is the requested new  window  size).  The  height  of  the
               window  can  never  be  set/changed  to less than the title height + 1 (or 1 if the window has no
               title) and the width can never be set/changed to less than 1.

               "Right"  = c|s: all      : f.changesize "right +10"
               "Left"   = c|s: all      : f.changesize "right -10"
               "Down"   = c|s: all      : f.changesize "bottom +10"
               "Up"     = c|s: all      : f.changesize "bottom -10"

               "F1"     = c|s: all      : f.changesize "640x480"
               "F2"     = c|s: all      : f.changesize "800x600"
               "F3"     = c|s: all      : f.changesize "1024x768"

       f.circledown
               This function lowers the top-most window that occludes another window.

       f.circleup
               This function raises the bottom-most window that is occluded by another window.

       f.colormap string
               This function rotates the colormaps  (obtained  from  the  WM_COLORMAP_WINDOWS  property  on  the
               window)  that ctwm will display when the pointer is in this window.  The argument string may have
               one of the following values: "next", "prev", and "default".  It should  be  noted  here  that  in
               general, the installed colormap is determined by keyboard focus.  A pointer driven keyboard focus
               will install a private colormap upon entry of the window owning the colormap.  Using the click to
               type  model, private colormaps will not be installed until the user presses a mouse button on the
               target window.

       f.deiconify
               This function deiconifies the selected window.  If the window is not an icon, this function  does
               nothing.

       f.delete
               This function sends the WM_DELETE_WINDOW message to the selected window if the client application
               has requested it through the WM_PROTOCOLS  window  property.   The  application  is  supposed  to
               respond  to  the  message  by  removing  the  indicated  window.  If the window has not requested
               WM_DELETE_WINDOW messages, the keyboard bell will be rung indicating that the user should  choose
               an alternative method.  Note this is very different from f.destroy.  The intent here is to delete
               a single window,  not necessarily the entire application.

       f.deleteordestroy
               First tries to delete the window (send it WM_DELETE_WINDOW message), or kills it, if  the  client
               doesn't accept such message.

       f.deltastop
               This  function  allows  a  user-defined function to be aborted if the pointer has been moved more
               than MoveDelta pixels.  See the example definition given  for  Function  "move-or-raise"  at  the
               beginning of the section.

       f.destroy
               This  function  instructs the X server to close the display connection of the client that created
               the selected window.  This should only be used  as  a  last  resort  for  shutting  down  runaway
               clients.  See also f.delete.

       f.downiconmgr
               This  function  warps  the  pointer  to  the next row in the current icon manger, wrapping to the
               beginning of the next column if necessary.

       f.downworkspace
               Goto the workspace immediately underneath the current workspace in the workspace manager. If  the
               current  workspace  is the bottom one, goto the top one in the same column. The result depends on
               the layout of the workspace manager.

       f.exec string
               This function passes the argument string to /bin/sh  for  execution.   In  multiscreen  mode,  if
               string  starts  a  new  X client without giving a display argument, the client will appear on the
               screen from which this function was invoked. If the string ‘$currentworkspace’ is present  inside
               the string argument, it will be substituted with the current workspace name.

       f.fill string
               Where  string  is either : ‘right’, ‘left’, ‘top’, ‘bottom’ or ‘vertical’.  The current window is
               resized in the specified direction until it reaches an obstacle (either another  window,  or  the
               screen  border).  f.fill ‘vertical’ sets the window status to ‘zoomed’ and toggles, ie calling it
               again will reset the previous window size.

       f.fittocontent
               Can be used only with window boxes. The result is to have the box  have  the  minimal  size  that
               contains all its children windows.

       f.focus This function toggles the keyboard focus of the server to the selected window, changing the focus
               rule from pointer-driven if necessary.  If the selected window already was focused, this function
               executes an f.unfocus.

       f.forcemove
               This function is like f.move except that it ignores the DontMoveOff variable.

       f.forwiconmgr
               This  function  warps the pointer to the next column in the current icon manager, wrapping to the
               beginning of the next row if necessary.

       f.forwmapiconmgr
               This function warps the  pointer in the same manner as f.forwiconmgr but only  stops  at  windows
               that are mapped.

       f.fullzoom
               This  function  resizes  the selected window to the full size of the display or else restores the
               original size if the window was already zoomed.

       f.function string
               This function executes the user-defined function whose name is specified by the argument string.

       f.gotoworkspace workspace_name
               This function warps you to the workspace whose name is workspace_name.

       f.hbzoom
               This function is a synonym for f.bottomzoom.

       f.hideiconmgr
               This function unmaps the current icon manager.

       f.hideworkspacemgr
               Unmap the WorkSpace manager.

       f.horizoom
               This variable is similar to the f.zoom function except that the selected window is resized to the
               full width of the display.

       f.htzoom
               This function is a synonym for f.topzoom.

       f.hypermove
               Use  this  function to ‘move’ a window between 2 captives ctwm (or between a captive and the root
               ctwm). Of course 2 ctwms are completely different universes. You have  to  go  in  hyperspace  to
               achieve this, hence the name.

       f.hzoom This function is a synonym for f.horizoom.

       f.iconify
               This function iconifies or deiconifies the selected window or icon, respectively.

       f.identify
               This  function  displays a summary of the name and geometry of the selected window.  Clicking the
               pointer or pressing a key in the window will dismiss it.

       f.initsize
               This function resets a window to its initial size given by the WM_NORMAL_HINTS hints.

       f.jumpdown step
               This function is  designed  to  be  bound  to  a  key,  it  moves  the  current  window  (step  *
               {X,Y}MoveGrid)  pixels  downward.  stopping if the window encounters another window or the screen
               border (ala f.pack).

       f.jumpleft step
               Leftward equivalent of f.jumpdown.

       f.jumpright step
               Rightward equivalent of f.jumpdown.

       f.jumpup step
               Upward equivalent of f.jumpdown.

       f.lefticonmgr
               This function similar to f.backiconmgr except that wrapping does not change rows.

       f.leftworkspace
               Goto the workspace immediately on the left of the current workspace in the workspace manager.  If
               the  current  workspace  is  the  leftest  one, goto the rightest one in the same row. The result
               depends on the layout of the workspace manager.

       f.leftzoom
               This variable is similar to the f.bottomzoom function but causes  the  selected  window  is  only
               resized to the left half of the display.

       f.lower This function lowers the selected window.

       f.menu string
               This  function invokes the menu specified by the argument string.  Cascaded menus may be built by
               nesting calls to f.menu. When a menu is popped up, you can use the arrow keys to move the  cursor
               around  it.  ‘Down’  or  space  goes  down,  ‘Up’ goes up, ‘Left’ pops down the menu, and ‘Right’
               activates the current entry. The first letter of an entry name activates this  entry  (the  first
               one if several entries match). If the first letter is ~ then Meta-the-second-letter activates it,
               if this first letter is ^ then Control-the-second-letter activates it, and if this  first  letter
               is space, then the second letter activates it.

       f.move  This  function  drags  an  outline of the selected window (or the window itself if the OpaqueMove
               variable is set) until the invoking pointer button  is  released.   Double  clicking  within  the
               number of milliseconds given by ConstrainedMoveTime warps the pointer to the center of the window
               and constrains the move to be either horizontal or vertical  depending  on  which  grid  line  is
               crossed.  To abort a move, press another button before releasing the first button.

       f.movepack
               This  function  is  like  f.move  except  that it tries to avoid overlapping of windows. When the
               moving window begin to overlap with another window, the move is stopped. If you go too  far  over
               the other window (more that MovePackResistance pixels), the move is resumed and the moving window
               can overlap with the other window. Useful to pack windows closely.

       f.movepush
               This function is like f.move except that it tries to  avoid  overlapping  of  windows.  When  the
               moving  window  begins  to overlap with another window, the other window is pushed. If you go too
               far over the other window (more that MovePackResistance pixels), there is no push and the  moving
               window can overlap with the other window. Only available if OpaqueMove is active.

       f.moveresize geometry
               Takes  one  string  argument  which  is  a  geometry  with  the  standard X geometry syntax (e.g.
               200x300+150-0). Sets the current window to the specified geometry. The width and height are to be
               given in pixel, no base size or resize increment are used.

       f.movetonextworkspace
               Move the window to the next workspace.

       f.movetoprevworkspace
               Move the window to the previous workspace.

       f.movetonextworkspaceandfollow
               Move the window to the next workspace and go to that workspace.

       f.movetoprevworkspaceandfollow
               Move the window to the previous workspace and go to that workspace.

       f.nexticonmgr
               This function warps the pointer to the next icon manager containing any windows on the current or
               any succeeding screen.

       f.nextworkspace
               Goto the next workspace in the list, using the order given in the .ctwmrc file.

       f.nop   This function does nothing and is typically  used  with  the  DefaultFunction  or  WindowFunction
               variables or to introduce blank lines in menus.

       f.occupy
               This function pops up a window for the user to choose which workspaces a window belongs to.

       f.occupyall
               This function makes the specified window occupy all the workspaces.

       f.pack string
               Where  string  is  either : ‘right’, ‘left’, ‘top’ or ‘bottom’ The current window is moved in the
               specified direction until it reaches an obstacle (either another window, or the  screen  border).
               The pointer follows the window.

       f.previconmgr
               This  function  warps  the  pointer  to  the  previous icon manager containing any windows on the
               current or preceding screens.

       f.prevworkspace
               Goto the previous workspace in the list, using the order given in the .ctwmrc file.

       f.pin   Valid only in a root menu. Make a menu permanent on the screen. This is a toggle function, if you
               select it while the menu is already permanent, it becomes non-permanent.

       f.quit  This  function causes ctwm to restore the window's borders and exit.  If ctwm is the first client
               invoked from xdm, this will result in a server reset.

       f.raiseicons
               This function raises all the icons in the current workspace.

       f.raise This function raises the selected window.

       f.raiselower
               This function raises the selected window to the top of the stacking order if it  is  occluded  by
               any windows, otherwise the window will be lowered.

       f.removefromworkspace string
               This function removes the selected window from the workspace whose name is string.

       f.refresh
               This function causes all windows to be refreshed.

       f.rereadsounds
               This function causes the .ctwm-sounds file to be re-read.  See the SOUNDS section.

       f.resize
               This  function  displays  an  outline  of  the  selected  window.   Crossing a border (or setting
               AutoRelativeResize) will cause the outline to begin to rubber band until the invoking  button  is
               released.  To abort a resize, press another button before releasing the first button.

       f.restart
               This function kills and restarts ctwm.

       f.restoregeometry
               Restore the current window geometry to what was saved in the last call to f.savegeometry.

       f.righticonmgr
               This function is similar to f.nexticonmgr except that wrapping does not change rows.

       f.rightworkspace
               Goto the workspace immediately on the right of the current workspace in the workspace manager. If
               the current workspace is the rightest one, goto the leftest one  in  the  same  row.  The  result
               depends on the layout of the workspace manager.

       f.rightzoom
               This  variable  is  similar  to the f.bottomzoom function except that the selected window is only
               resized to the right half of the display.

       f.ring  Selects a window and adds it to the WarpRing, or removes it if it was already in the  ring.  This
               command makes f.warpring  much  more useful, by making its configuration dynamic.

       f.savegeometry
               The geometry of the current window is saved. The next call to f.restoregeometry will restore this
               window to this geometry.

       f.saveyourself
               This function sends a WM_SAVEYOURSELF message to the selected window  if  it  has  requested  the
               message  in  its  WM_PROTOCOLS window property.  Clients that accept this message are supposed to
               checkpoint all state associated with the window and update the WM_COMMAND property  as  specified
               in  the  ICCCM.  If the selected window has not selected for this message, the keyboard bell will
               be rung.

       f.separator
               Valid only in menus. The effect is to add a line separator between the previous and the following
               entry. The name selector part in the menu is not used (but must be present).

       f.setbuttonsstate
               Set the WorkSpace manager in button state.

       f.setmapstate
               Set the WorkSpace manager in map state.

       f.showiconmgr
               This function maps the current icon manager.

       f.sorticonmgr
               This  function  sorts  the  entries in the current icon manager alphabetically.  See the variable
               SortIconManager.

       f.showbackground
               This function unmaps all windows in the current workspace. This is  a  toggle  function,  if  all
               windows are unmapped, they are all remapped. Better bind this function in the root context.

       f.showworkspacemgr
               Map the WorkSpace manager.

       f.slowdownanimation
               Decrease AnimationSpeed by 1.

       f.speedupanimation
               Increase AnimationSpeed by 1.

       f.squeeze
               f.squeeze  squeezes a window to a null vertical size. Works only for windows with either a title,
               or a 3D border (in order to have something  left  on  the  screen).  If  the  window  is  already
               squeezed, it is unsqueezed.

       f.startanimation
               Restart freezed animations (if any).

       f.stopanimation
               Freeze animations (if any).

       f.title This function provides a centered, unselectable item in a menu definition.  It should not be used
               in any other context.

       f.toggleoccupation string
               This function adds the selected window to the workspace  whose  name  is  string  if  it  doesn't
               already belongs to it, and removes it from this workspace if not.

       f.togglesound
               Toggle sound on/off.  See the SOUNDS section.

       f.togglestate
               Toggle the state of the WorkSpace manager.

       f.toggleworkspacemgr
               Toggle the presence of the WorkSpaceManager. If it is mapped, it will be unmapped and vice versa.

       f.topzoom
               This  variable  is  similar  to the f.bottomzoom function except that the selected window is only
               resized to the top half of the display.

       f.unfocus
               This function resets the focus back to pointer-driven.  This should be used when a focused window
               is no longer desired.

       f.upiconmgr
               This  function warps the pointer to the previous row in the current icon manager, wrapping to the
               last row in the same column if necessary.

       f.upworkspace
               Goto the workspace immediately above the current workspace  in  the  workspace  manager.  If  the
               current  workspace  is the top one, goto the bottom one in the same column. The result depends on
               the layout of the workspace manager.

       f.vanish
               The specified window vanishes from the current workspace  if  it  occupies  at  least  one  other
               WorkSpace. Do nothing in the others cases.

       f.vlzoom
               This function is a synonym for f.leftzoom.

       f.vrzoom
               This function is a synonym for f.rightzoom.

       f.warphere win_name
               This  function  adds  the  window  which  has  a name or class that matches string to the current
               workspace and warps the pointer to it. If the window is iconified, it will be deiconified if  the
               variable WarpUnmapped is set or else ignored.

       f.warpring string
               This  function  warps  the  pointer  to the next or previous window (as indicated by the argument
               string, which may be "next" or "prev") specified in the WindowRing variable.

       f.warpto string
               This function warps the pointer to the window which has a name or class that matches string.   If
               the  window  is  iconified,  it  will  be deiconified if the variable WarpUnmapped is set or else
               ignored.

       f.warptoiconmgr string
               This function warps the pointer to the icon manager entry associated with the  window  containing
               the  pointer in the icon manager specified by the argument string.  If string is empty (i.e. ""),
               the current icon manager is chosen.

       f.warptoscreen string
               This function warps the pointer to the screen specified by the argument string.  String may be  a
               number  (e.g.  "0"  or "1"), the word "next" (indicating the current screen plus 1, skipping over
               any unmanaged screens), the word "back" (indicating the current screen minus 1, skipping over any
               unmanaged screens), or the word "prev" (indicating the last screen visited.

       f.winrefresh
               This  function  is  similar  to  the  f.refresh  function except that only the selected window is
               refreshed.

       f.zoom  This function is similar to the f.fullzoom function, except that  the  only  the  height  of  the
               selected window is changed.

       Functions  may  be  grouped  and  interactively selected using pop-up (when bound to a pointer button) or
       pull-down (when associated with a titlebutton) menus.  Each menu specification contains the name  of  the
       menu  as it will be referred to by f.menu, optional default foreground and background colors, the list of
       item names and the functions they should invoke,  and  optional  foreground  and  background  colors  for
       individual items:
       Menu "menuname" [ ("deffore":"defback") ]
       {
            string1   [ ("fore1":"backn")]     function1
            string2   [ ("fore2":"backn")]     function2
                 .
                 .
                 .
            stringN   [ ("foreN":"backN")]     functionN
       }

       The  menuname  is  case-sensitive.  The optional deffore and defback arguments specify the foreground and
       background colors used on a color display to highlight menu entries.  The string  portion  of  each  menu
       entry  will  be the text which will appear in the menu.  The optional fore and back arguments specify the
       foreground and background colors of the menu entry when the pointer is not in the  entry.   These  colors
       will  only  be used on a color display.  The default is to use the colors specified by the MenuForeground
       and MenuBackground variables.  The function portion of the menu entry is one of the functions,  including
       any user-defined functions, or additional menus.

       There  are  3 special menus. TwmWindows contains the names of all of the client and ctwm-supplied windows
       in the current workspace.  Selecting an entry will cause  the  WindowFunction  to  be  executed  on  that
       window.   If  WindowFunction  hasn't  been  set, the window will be deiconified and raised. TwmWorkspaces
       contains the names of your workspaces, selecting an entry goto this workspace. In addition, these entries
       have  submenus  containing  the  names  of  all windows occupying this workspace, selecting such an entry
       executes f.warpto on this window. And finally, TwmAllWindows contains the names of all the  windows  ctwm
       manages. Selecting an entry executes f.warpto on this window.

       If  an entry name begins with a ‘*’ (star), this star won't be displayed and the corresponding entry will
       be the default entry for this menu. When a menu has a default entry and is used as a submenu  of  another
       menu,  this  default  entry  action  will be executed automatically when this submenu is selected without
       being displayed. It's hard to explain, but easy to understand.

ICONS

       ctwm supports several different ways of manipulating iconified windows.  The common pixmap-and-text style
       may  be laid out by hand or automatically arranged as described by the IconRegion variable.  In addition,
       a terse grid of icon names, called an icon manager, provides a more efficient use of screen space as well
       as the ability to navigate among windows from the keyboard.

       An  icon manager is a window that contains names of selected or all windows currently on the display.  In
       addition to the window name, a small button using the default iconify symbol will  be  displayed  to  the
       left  of  the  name  when  the window is iconified.  By default, clicking on an entry in the icon manager
       performs f.iconify.  To change the actions taken in the icon manager, use the the  iconmgr  context  when
       specifying button and keyboard bindings.

       Moving the pointer into the icon manager also directs keyboard focus to the indicated window (setting the
       focus explicitly or  else  sending  synthetic  events  NoTitleFocus  is  set).   Using  the  f.upiconmgr,
       f.downiconmgr f.lefticonmgr, and f.righticonmgr functions, the input focus can be changed between windows
       directly from the keyboard.

SOUNDS

       If compiled with the USE_SOUND flag, ctwm is able to play sounds for any X event.  ctwm will look for the
       file .ctwm-sounds in the user's home directory to map every X event to a sound file to be played.

       Each line in .ctwm-sounds has the following syntax:
       {X event}: {sound file}
       The currently known X events that can be given are:
       KeyPress
       KeyRelease
       ButtonPress
       ButtonRelease
       MotionNotify
       EnterNotify
       LeaveNotify
       FocusIn
       FocusOut
       KeymapNotify
       Expose
       GraphicsExpose
       NoExpose
       VisibilityNotify
       CreateNotify
       DestroyNotify
       UnmapNotify
       MapNotify
       MapRequest
       ReparentNotify
       ConfigureNotify
       ConfigureRequest
       GravityNotify
       ResizeRequest
       CirculateNotify
       CirculateRequest
       PropertyNotify
       SelectionClear
       SelectionRequest
       SelectionNotify
       ColormapNotify
       ClientMessage
       MappingNotify
       Additionally, the following two are recognised, and represent the time when ctwm is started or shut down:
       Startup
       Shutdown

BUGS

       The resource manager should have been used instead of all of the window lists.

       The IconRegion variable should take a list.

       Double  clicking  very fast to get the constrained move function will sometimes cause the window to move,
       even though the pointer is not moved.

       If  IconifyByUnmapping  is  on   and   windows   are   listed   in   IconManagerDontShow   but   not   in
       DontIconifyByUnmapping,  they may be lost if they are iconified and no bindings to f.menu "TwmWindows" or
       f.warpto are setup.

FILES

       $HOME/.ctwmrc.<screen number>
       $HOME/.ctwmrc
       /usr/lib/X11/twm/system.ctwmrc
       $HOME/.twmrc

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES

       DISPLAY This variable is used to determine which X server to use.  It is also set during f.exec  so  that
               programs come up on the proper screen.

       HOME    This  variable  is used as the prefix for files that begin with a tilde and for locating the ctwm
               startup file.

SEE ALSO

       X(1), Xserver(1), xdm(1), xrdb(1)

       Portions copyright 1988 Evans & Sutherland Computer Corporation; portions copyright 1989  Hewlett-Packard
       Company  and  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology,  See X(1) for a full statement of rights and
       permissions.

AUTHORS

       Tom LaStrange, Solbourne Computer; Jim Fulton, MIT X Consortium; Steve Pitschke, Stardent Computer; Keith
       Packard,  MIT  X  Consortium;  Dave  Sternlicht,  MIT  X  Consortium;  Dave Payne, Apple Computer; Claude
       Lecommandeur,  Swiss  Polytechnical  Institute   of   Lausanne   (lecom@sic.epfl.ch);   Richard   Levitte
       (richard@levitte.org).

                                                   Version 3.7                                           CTWM(1)