xenial (1) magic.1.gz

Provided by: magic_8.0.210-2_amd64 bug

NAME

       magic - VLSI layout editor

SYNOPSIS

       magic [ -T  technology ] [ -d  device_type ] [ -g  graphics_port ] [ -m  monitor_type ] [ -D ] [ file ]

DESCRIPTION

       Magic  is an interactive editor for VLSI layouts that runs under all variants of UNIX, including Mac OS-X
       and Cygwin.  This man page is a reference manual;  if you are a first-time user, you should use the Magic
       tutorials to get acquainted with the system (see the online resources links below).

       Magic  uses two windows: one for text and a separate window for displaying layouts.  Magic runs under the
       window system X11 (use under Cygwin requires the presence of an X11 server in Windows;  the  server  that
       comes  packaged  with  Cygwin  works well).  The command line switch "-d" can be used to tell Magic which
       kind of display you are running.  Specifically, this is useful to  tell  magic  to  use  OpenGL  graphics
       instead of plain X11 ("-d OGL"), or to use 24 bit plane graphics instead of 8 bit planes ("-d 24BITS") if
       both are available on a video card with overlay support.

       Here are the options accepted by Magic:

       -T     The next argument is the name of a technology.  The tile types, display  information,  and  design
              rules  for  this  technology  are  read  by  Magic  from a technology file when it starts up.  The
              technology defaults to ``scmos''.

       -d     The next argument is the type of workstation or graphics display being used.  Magic supports these
              types:

              NULL   A  null  device  for  running  Magic without using a graphics display, such as a batch job.
                     Note that the special case "-dnull" (lowercase, no space) has a  more  streamlined  startup
                     specifically for batch processing.

              X11    X-windows,  version  11.   The is the preferred interface.  Magic acts as a client to the X
                     window server and interfaces to all graphics terminals supported by the X server.

              OGL    OpenGL graphics running under X11.  This is  the  preferred  interface  on  systems  having
                     hardware-accelerated 3D graphics video cards and drivers.

                     Addition  information on Magic's X11 driver, including options for .Xdefaults files, may be
                     found in ``Magic Maintainer's Manual #4:  Using Magic Under X Windows''.

              XWIND  Simply another name for the X11 driver.
       If no device is specified, Magic tries to guess which driver is appropriate (by checking the  environment
       variables and by poking around in /dev).

       When Magic starts up it looks for a command file in ${CAD_ROOT}/magic/sys/.magicrc and processes it if it
       exists.  Then Magic looks for a file with the name ``.magicrc'' in the home directory and processes it if
       it  exists.   Finally, Magic looks for a .magicrc file in the current directory and reads it as a command
       file if it exists.  The .magicrc file format is described under the source command.  If magic is compiled
       with  Tcl/Tk support, then any magic or Tcl/Tk commands may be used inside the startup file.  The startup
       file name was changed to ".magicrc" to  avoid  conflicts  with  a  common  system  file  named  ".magic".
       However, the name ".magic" will be searched after ".magicrc" for backward compatibility.

COMMANDS -- GENERAL INFORMATION

       Magics  uses types of commands:  Key macros and long commands.  The first form consists of single-key (or
       button) abbreviations called ``macros''; macros are invoked by pressing a single  key  or  mouse  button.
       Certain macros are predefined in the systemwide ${CAD_ROOT}/magic/sys/.magicrc file, but you can override
       them and add your own macros using the macro command (described below under COMMANDS  FOR  ALL  WINDOWS).
       The special macro "." is reserved to mean "execute the last typed long command".

       You  can  enter long commands in the terminal console at the console prompt, or from the layout window by
       typing a : or ; key, which are the two other reserved  macros  meaning  "switch  keyboard  focus  to  the
       console window".  After typing the : or ; key, type the text of the command, which will be written to the
       terminal window.  Multiple commands may be specified on one line by separating them with semicolons.

       Most commands deal with the window underneath the cursor, so if a command doesn't do what you expect make
       sure  that  you  are  pointing  to the correct place on the screen.  There are several different kinds of
       windows in Magic (layout, color, and netlist); each window has a different command set,  described  in  a
       separate section below.

MOUSE BUTTONS FOR LAYOUT WINDOWS

       Magic  uses a three button mouse.  The buttons are interpreted in a way that depends on the current tool,
       as indicated by the shape of the cursor (see the tool command).  The various tools are  described  below.
       The initial tool is box.  These interpretations apply only when mouse buttons are pressed in the interior
       of a layout window.

       Box Tool
              This is the default tool, and is indicated by a crosshair cursor.  It is used to position the  box
              and to paint and erase:

              left   This  button is used to move the box by one of its corners.  Normally, this button picks up
                     the box by its lower-left corner.  To pick the box up by  a  different  corner,  click  the
                     right  button while the left button is down.  This switches the pick-up point to the corner
                     nearest the cursor.  When the button is released, the box is moved to position  the  corner
                     at  the  cursor  location.   If  the box has been set to snap to the window's grid (see the
                     :snap command), then the box corner is left aligned with the grid that the user has  chosen
                     for the window with the :grid command, even if that grid is not visible.

              right  Change  the  size  of  the box by moving one corner.  Normally this button moves the upper-
                     right corner of the box.  To move a different corner, click the left button while the right
                     button  is down.  This switches the corner to the one nearest the cursor.  When you release
                     the button, three corners of the box move in order to place  the  selected  corner  at  the
                     cursor location (the corner opposite the one you picked up remains fixed).  Snapping to the
                     window's grid is handled as for the left button.

              middle (bottom)
                     Used to paint or erase.  If the crosshair is over paint,  then  the  area  of  the  box  is
                     painted  with the layer(s) underneath the crosshair.  If the crosshair is over white space,
                     then the area of the box is erased.

       Wiring Tool
              The wiring tool, indicated by an arrow cursor, is used to provide an efficient  interface  to  the
              wiring commands:

              left   Same as the long command wire type.

              right  Same as the long command wire leg.

              middle (bottom)
                     Same as the long command wire switch.

       Netlist Tool
              This tool is used to edit netlists interactively.  It is indicated by a thick box cursor.

              left   Select the net associated with the terminal nearest the cursor.

              right  Find  the  terminal  nearest  the  cursor, and toggle it into the current net (if it wasn't
                     already in the current net) or out of the current net (if it was previously in the net).

              middle (bottom)
                     Find the terminal nearest the cursor, and join its net with the current net.

       Rsim Tool
              Used when running the IRSIM simulator under Magic.  A pointing hand is used as the cursor.

              left   Moves the box just like the box tool.

              right  Moves the box just like the box tool.

              middle (bottom)
                     Displays the Rsim node values of the selected paint.

LONG COMMANDS FOR LAYOUT WINDOWS

       These commands work if you are pointing to the interior of a layout  window.   Commands  are  invoked  by
       typing  a  colon  (``:'') or semi-colon (``;''), followed by a line containing a command name and zero or
       more parameters.  In addition, macros may be used to invoke  commands  with  single  keystrokes.   Useful
       default   macros   are   set   in   the   global   .magicrc   file  (in  ${CAD_ROOT}/magic/sys,  normally
       /usr/local/lib/magic/sys).  You can list all current macros  with  the  macro  command,  described  under
       ``LONG  COMMANDS  FOR  ALL  WINDOWS''.  Unique abbreviations are acceptable for all keywords in commands.
       The commands are:

       addpath searchpath
              Add more directories to the end of Magic's cell search path.  See the documentation for  the  path
              command for an explanation of the search path.

       array xsize ysize
              Make  many  copies  of  the selection.  There will be xsize instances in the x-direction and ysize
              instances in the y-direction.  Paint and labels are arrayed by copying  them.   Subcells  are  not
              copied,  but  instead each instance is turned into an array instance with elements numbered from 0
              to xsize-1 in the x-direction, and from 0 to ysize-1 in  the  y-direction.   The  spacing  between
              elements of the array is determined by the box x- and y-dimensions.

       array xlo ylo xhi yhi
              Identical to the form of array above, except that the elements of arrayed cells are numbered left-
              to-right from xlo to xhi and bottom-to-top from ylo to yhi.  It is legal for  xlo  to  be  greater
              than xhi, and also for ylo to be greater than yhi.

       box [args]
              Used  to change the size of the box or to find out its size.  There are several sorts of arguments
              that may be given to this command:

              (No arguments.)
                     Show the box size and its location in the edit cell, or root cell of its window if the edit
                     cell isn't in that window.

              direction [distance]
                     Move  the  box  distance  units in direction, which may be one of left, right, up, or down.
                     Distance defaults to the width of the box if direction is right or left, and to the  height
                     of the box if direction is up or down.

              width [size]

              height [size]
                     Set the box to the width or height indicated.  If size is not specified the width or height
                     is reported.

              x1 y1 x2 y2
                     Move the box to the coordinates specified (these are in edit cell coordinates if  the  edit
                     cell is in the window under the cursor;  otherwise these are in the root coordinates of the
                     window). x1 and y1 are the coordinates of the lower left corner of the box, while x2 and y2
                     are the upper right corner.  The coordinates must all be integers.

       calma [option] [args]
              This  command  is  used  to  read  and  write  files  in  Calma GDS II Stream format (version 3.0,
              corresponding to GDS II Release 5.1).  This format is like CIF, in that it describes physical mask
              layers  instead  of Magic layers.  In fact, the technology file specifies a correspondence between
              CIF and Calma layers.  The current CIF output style (see cif ostyle)  controls  how  Calma  stream
              layers  are generated from Magic layers.  If no arguments are given, the calma command generates a
              Calma stream file for the layout in the window beneath the cursor in file.strm, where file is  the
              name  of  the root cell.  This stream file describes the entire cell hierarchy in the window.  The
              name of the library is the same as the name of the root cell.  Option and  args  may  be  used  to
              invoke one of several additional operations:

              calma flatten
                     Ordinarily, Magic arrays are output using the Calma ARRAY construct.  After a calma flatten
                     command, though, arrays will be output instead as a collection of individual cell uses,  as
                     occurs when writing CIF.

              calma help
                     Print a short synopsis of all of the calma command options.

              calma labels
                     Output labels whenever writing a Calma output file.

              calma lower
                     Allow both upper and lower case to be output for label text.  This is the default behavior;
                     calma nolower causes lower case to be converted to upper case on output.

              calma noflatten
                     Undoes the effect of a prior :calma flatten command, re-enabling the output of Magic arrays
                     using the Calma ARRAY construct.

              calma nolabels
                     Don't output labels when writing a Calma output file.

              calma nolower
                     Convert lower to upper case when outputting labels.

              calma read file
                     The  file  file.strm  is read in Calma format and converted to a collection of Magic cells.
                     The current CIF input style determines how the Calma layers are converted to Magic  layers.
                     The  new cells are marked for design-rule checking.  Calma format doesn't identify the root
                     of the collection of cells read in, so none of the cells read will appear on  the  display;
                     use load to make them visible.  If the Calma file had been produced by Magic, then the name
                     of the root cell is the same as the library name printed by the :calma read command.

              calma write fileName
                     Writes a stream file just as if no arguments had been entered, except that  the  output  is
                     written into fileName.strm instead of using the root cell name for the file name.

       channels
              This  command  will run just the channel decomposition part of the Magic router, deriving channels
              for the area under the box.  The channels will be displayed as outlined feedback  areas  over  the
              edit cell.

       cif [option] [args]
              Read  or  write files in Caltech Intermediate Form (CIF).  If no arguments are given, this command
              generates a CIF file for the window beneath the cursor in file.cif, where file is the name of  the
              root  cell.   The CIF file describes the entire cell hierarchy in the window.  Option and args may
              be used to invoke one of several additional CIF operations:

              cif arealabels [yes | no]
                     Enables/disables the cif area-label extension.  If enabled, area labels are written via the
                     95  cif extension.  If disabled, labels are collapsed to points when writing cif and the 94
                     cif construct is used.  Area-labels are disabled by default (many programs don't understand
                     cif area-labels).

              cif help
                     Print a short synopsis of all of the cif command options.

              cif istyle [style]
                     Select  the  style  to be used for CIF input.  If no style argument is provided, then Magic
                     prints the names of all CIF input styles defined in the technology file and identifies  the
                     current style.  If style is provided, it is made the current style.

              cif ostyle [style]
                     Select  the  style to be used for CIF output.  If no style argument is provided, then Magic
                     prints the names of all CIF output styles defined in the technology file and identifies the
                     current style.  If style is provided, it is made the current style.

              cif read file
                     The  file file.cif is read in CIF format and converted to a collection of Magic cells.  The
                     current input style determines how the CIF layers are converted to Magic layers.   The  new
                     cells  are  marked  for design-rule checking.  Any information in the top-level CIF cell is
                     copied into the edit cell.  Note: this command is not undo-able (it would  waste  too  much
                     space and time to save information for undoing).

              cif see layer
                     In  this command layer must be the CIF name for a layer in the current output style.  Magic
                     will display on the screen all the CIF for that layer  that  falls  under  the  box,  using
                     stippled  feedback  areas.   It's  a  bad idea to look at CIF over a large area, since this
                     command requires the area under the box to be flattened and therefore is slow.

              cif statistics
                     Prints out statistics gathered by the CIF generator as it operates.  This is  probably  not
                     useful to anyone except system maintainers.

              cif write fileName
                     Writes  out  CIF  just  as if no arguments had been entered, except that the CIF is written
                     into fileName.cif instead of using the root cell name  for  the  file  name.   The  current
                     output style controls how CIF layers are generated from Magic layers.

              cif flat fileName
                     Writes  out CIF as in the cif write command, but flattens the design first (e.g. creates an
                     internal version with the cell hierarchy removed).  This is useful if one wishes to use the
                     and-not  feature  of  the  CIF  output  styles, but is having problems with interactions of
                     overlapping cells.

       clockwise [degrees]
              Rotate the selection by 90, 180 or 270 degrees.  After the rotation, the lower-left corner of  the
              selection's  bounding  box  will be in the same place as the lower-left corner of the bounding box
              before the rotation.  Degrees defaults to 90.  If the box is in the same window as the  selection,
              it is rotated too.  Only material in the edit cell is affected.

       copy [direction [amount]]

       copy to x y
              If no arguments are given, a copy of the selection is picking up at the point lying underneath the
              box lower-left corner, and placed so that this point lies at the cursor position.  If direction is
              given,  it  must be a Manhattan direction (e.g. north, see the ``DIRECTIONS'' section below).  The
              copy of the selection is moved in that direction by amount.  If the box is in the same  window  as
              the  selection, it is moved too.  Amount defaults to 1.  The second form of the command behaves as
              though the cursor were pointing to (x, y) in the edit cell; a copy of the selection is  picked  up
              by  the  point  beneath  the  lower-left  corner  of the box and placed so that this point lies at
              (x, y).

       corner direction1 direction2 [layers]
              This command is similar to fill, except that it generates L-shaped wires that  travel  across  the
              box  first  in  direction1 and then in direction2.  For example, corner north east finds all paint
              under the bottom edge of the box and extends it up to the top of the box and then  across  to  the
              right  side of the box, generating neat corners at the top of the box.  The box should be at least
              as tall as it is wide for this command to work  correctly.   Direction1  and  direction2  must  be
              Manhattan  directions (see the section DIRECTIONS below) and must be orthogonal to each other.  If
              layers is specified then only those layers are used;  otherwise all layers are considered.

       delete Delete all the information in the current selection that is in the  edit  cell.   When  cells  are
              deleted,  only  the  selected  use(s) of the cell is (are) deleted:  other uses of the cell remain
              intact, as does the disk file containing the cell.  Selected material outside the edit cell is not
              deleted.

       drc option [args]
              This  command  is  used to interact with the design rule checker.  Option and args (if needed) are
              used to invoke a drc command in one of the following ways:

              drc catchup
                     Let the checker process all the areas that need rechecking.  This command will  not  return
                     until design-rule checking is complete or an interrupt is typed.  The checker will run even
                     if the background checker has been disabled with drc off.

              drc check
                     Mark the area under the box for rechecking in  all  cells  that  intersect  the  box.   The
                     recheck will occur in background after the command completes.  This command is not normally
                     necessary, since Magic automatically remembers which areas need to be rechecked.  It should
                     only be needed if the design rules are changed.

              drc count
                     Print the number of errors in each cell under the box.  Cells with no errors are skipped.

              drc find [nth]
                     Place  the  box  over  the  nth error area in the selected cell or edit cell, and print out
                     information about the error just as if drc why had been typed.  If nth isn't given  (or  is
                     less than 1), the command moves to the next error area.  Successive invocations of drc find
                     cycle through all the error tiles in the  cell.   If  multiple  cells  are  selected,  this
                     command  uses the upper-leftmost one.  If no cells are selected, this command uses the edit
                     cell.

              drc help
                     Print a short synopsis of all the drc command options.

              drc off
                     Turn off the background checker.   From  now  on,  Magic  will  not  recheck  design  rules
                     immediately  after  each  command  (but it will record the areas that need to be rechecked;
                     the command drc on can be used to restart the checker).

              drc on Turn on the background checker.  The checker will check  whatever  modifications  have  not
                     already been checked.  From now on, the checker will reverify modified areas as they result
                     from commands.  The checker is run in the background, not synchronously with  commands,  so
                     it may get temporarily behind if massive changes are made.

              drc printrules [file]
                     Print  out the compiled rule set in file, or on the text terminal if file isn't given.  For
                     system maintenance only.

              drc rulestats
                     Print out summary statistics about the compiled rule set.  This is  primarily  for  use  in
                     writing technology files.

              drc statistics
                     Print  out  statistics kept by the design-rule checker.  For each statistic, two values are
                     printed:  the count since the last time drc statistics was invoked, and the total count  in
                     this editing session.  This command is intended primarily for system maintenance purposes.

              drc why
                     Recheck  the  area  underneath  the  box and print out the reason for each violation found.
                     Since this command causes a recheck, the box should normally be placed around a small  area
                     (such as an error area).

       dump cellName [child refPointC] [parent refPointP]
              Copy the contents of cell cellName into the edit cell so that refPointC in the child is positioned
              at point refPointP in the edit cell.  The reference points can either be the name of a  label,  in
              which  case  the lower-left corner of the label's box is used as the reference point, or as a pair
              of numbers giving the (x, y) coordinates of a point explicitly.  If refPointC  is  not  specified,
              the  lower-left  corner  of  cellName cell is used.  If refPointP is not specified, the lower-left
              corner of the box tool is used (the box must be in a window on the edit cell).  After this command
              completes, the new information is selected.

       edit   Make the selected cell the edit cell, and edit it in context.  The edit cell is normally displayed
              in brighter colors than other cells (see the see command to change this).  If more than  one  cell
              is  selected,  or  if  the selected cell is an array, the cursor position is used to select one of
              those cells as the new edit cell.  Generally, Magic commands modify only the current edit cell.

       erase [layers]
              For the area enclosed by the box, erase all paint in layers.  (See the ``LAYERS'' section for  the
              syntax  of  layer  lists).   If  layers  is  omitted it defaults to *,labels.  See your technology
              manual, or use the layers command, to find out about the available layer names.

       expand [toggle]
              If the keyword toggle is supplied, all of the selected cells that are unexpanded are expanded, and
              all  of  the selected cells that are expanded are unexpanded.  If toggle isn't specified, then all
              of the cells underneath the box are expanded recursively until there is nothing  but  paint  under
              the box.

       extract option [args]
              Extract  a  layout,  producing  one  or  more hierarchical .ext files that describe the electrical
              circuit implemented by the layout.   The  current  extraction  style  (see  extract  style  below)
              determines  the  parameters  for  parasitic  resistance, capacitance, etc. that will be used.  The
              extract command with no parameters checks timestamps and re-extracts as needed to bring  all  .ext
              files  up-to-date  for  the  cell  in  the window beneath the crosshair, and all cells beneath it.
              Magic displays any errors encountered during circuit extraction using stippled feedback areas over
              the  area  of  the  error, along with a message describing the type of error.  Option and args are
              used in the following ways:

              extract all
                     All cells in the window beneath the cursor are re-extracted regardless of whether they have
                     changed since last being extracted.

              extract cell name
                     Extract  only  the  currently  selected cell, placing the output in the file name.  If more
                     than one cell is selected, this command uses the upper-leftmost one.

              extract do [ option ]

              extract no option
                     Enable or disable various options governing how the extractor will work.  Use  :extract  do
                     with  no  arguments  to print a list of available options and their current settings.  When
                     the adjust option is enabled, the  extractor  will  compute  compensating  capacitance  and
                     resistance  whenever  cells  overlap  or  abut; if disabled, the extractor will not compute
                     these adjustments but will run faster.  If capacitance is  enabled,  node  capacitances  to
                     substrate  (perimeter  and  area) are computed; otherwise, all node capacitances are set to
                     zero.  Similarly, resistance governs whether or not node  resistances  are  computed.   The
                     coupling  option  controls  whether coupling capacitances are computed or not; if disabled,
                     flat extraction is  significantly  faster  than  if  coupling  capacitance  computation  is
                     enabled.  Finally, the length option determines whether or not pathlengths in the root cell
                     are computed (see extract length below).

              extract help
                     Prints a short synopsis of all the extract command options.

              extract length [ option args ]
                     Provides several options for controlling which point-to-point path  lengths  are  extracted
                     explicitly.  The extractor maintains two internal tables, one of drivers, or places where a
                     signal is generated, and one  of  receivers,  or  places  where  a  signal  is  sent.   The
                     components of each table are hierarchical label names, defined by means of the two commands
                     extract length driver name1 [name2 ...]  and extract length receiver name1 [name2 ...].  If
                     extraction  of  pathlengths is enabled (``:extract do length''), then when the root cell in
                     an extract command is being extracted, the extractor will compute the shortest and  longest
                     path between each driver and each receiver on the same electrical net, and output it to the
                     .ext file for the root cell.  Normally, one should create a file of  these  Magic  commands
                     for  the  circuit  drivers and receivers of interest, and use source to read it in prior to
                     circuit extraction.  Extract length clear removes all the entries from both the driver  and
                     receiver tables.

              extract parents
                     Extract  the  currently  selected  cell and all of its parents.  All of its parents must be
                     loaded in order for this to work correctly.  If  more  than  one  cell  is  selected,  this
                     command uses the upper-leftmost one.

              extract showparents
                     Like  extract  parents,  but  only  print the cells that would be extracted; don't actually
                     extract them.

              extract style [style]
                     Select the style to be used for extraction parameters.  If no style argument  is  provided,
                     then  Magic  prints  the names of all extraction parameter styles defined in the technology
                     file and identifies the current style.  If style is provided, it is made the current style.

              extract unique [#]
                     For each cell in the window beneath the cursor, check to insure that no label  is  attached
                     to more than one node.  If the # keyword was not specified, whenever a label is attached to
                     more than one node, the labels in all but one of the  nodes  are  changed  by  appending  a
                     numeric  suffix to make them unique.  If the # keyword is specified, only names that end in
                     a ``#'' are made unique; any other duplicate nodenames that  don't  end  in  a  ``!''   are
                     reported  by  leaving a warning feedback area.  This command is provided for converting old
                     designs that were intended for extraction with Mextra,  which  would  automatically  append
                     unique suffixes to node names when they appeared more than once.

              extract warn [ [no] option | [no] all ]
                     The  extractor  always  reports  fatal errors.  This command controls the types of warnings
                     that are reported.  Option may be one of the following: dup, to  warn  about  two  or  more
                     unconnected nodes in the same cell that have the same name, fets, to warn about transistors
                     with fewer than the minimum number of terminals, and labels, to warn  when  nodes  are  not
                     labeled  in  the  area  of  cell  overlap.   In  addition,  all may be used to refer to all
                     warnings.  If a warning is preceded by no, it is disabled.  To disable  all  warnings,  use
                     ``extract warn no all''.  To see which warning options are in effect, use ``extract warn''.

       extresist [cell [threshold] ]
              Postprocessor  for improving on the resistance calculation performed by the circuit extractor.  To
              use this command, you first have to extract the design rooted at cell with :extract cell, and then
              flatten  the  design  using  ext2sim(1),  producing  the  files cell.sim and cell.nodes.  Then run
              :extresist cell to produce a  file,  cell.res.ext,  containing  differences  between  the  network
              described  by  the  .ext files produced the first time around, and a new network that incorporates
              explicit two-point resistors where  appropriate  (see  below).   This  file  may  be  appended  to
              cell.ext, and then ext2simrun for a second time, to produce a new network with explicit resistors.
              The threshold parameter is used to control which nodes are turned into resistor networks: any node
              whose  total  resistance  exceeds  threshold  times  the  smallest on-resistance of any transistor
              connected to that node will be approximated as a resistor network.

       feedback option [args]
              Examine feedback information that is created by several of the Magic commands to  report  problems
              or highlight certain things for users.  Option and args are used in the following ways:

              feedback add text [style]
                     Used  to create a feedback area manually at the location of the box.  This is intended as a
                     way for other programs like Crystal to highlight things on a layout.  They can  generate  a
                     command file consisting of a feedback clear command, and a sequence of box and feedback add
                     commands.  Text is associated with the feedback (it will be printed  by  feedback  why  and
                     feedback  find).   Style  tells  how to display the feedback, and is one of dotted, medium,
                     outline, pale, and solid (if unspecified, style defaults to pale).

              feedback clear
                     Clears all existing feedback information from the screen.

              feedback count
                     Prints out a count of the current number of feedback areas.

              feedback find [nth]
                     Used to locate a particular feedback area.  If nth is specified, the box is  moved  to  the
                     location  of  the  nth feedback area.  If nth isn't specified, then the box is moved to the
                     next sequential feedback area after the last one located with  feedback  find.   In  either
                     event, the explanation associated with the feedback area is printed.

              feedback help
                     Prints a short synopsis of all the feedback command options.

              feedback save file
                     This  option  will  save  information  about  all  existing  feedback  areas  in file.  The
                     information is stored as a collection of Magic commands, so that it can be  recovered  with
                     the command source file.

              feedback why
                     Prints out the explanations associated with all feedback areas underneath the box.

       fill direction [layers]
              Direction  is  a  Manhattan direction (see the section DIRECTIONS below).  The paint visible under
              one edge of the box is sampled.  Everywhere that the edge touches paint, the paint is extended  in
              the  given  direction  to  the opposite side of the box.  For example, if direction is north, then
              paint is sampled under the bottom edge of the box and extended to the  top  edge.   If  layers  is
              specified,  then only the given layers are considered;  if layers isn't specified, then all layers
              are considered.

       findbox [zoom]
              Center the view on the box.  If the  optional  zoom  argument  is  present,  zoom  into  the  area
              specified by the box.  This command will complain if the box is not in the window you are pointing
              to.

       flush [cellname]
              Cell cellname is reloaded from disk.  All changes made to the cell since it  was  last  saved  are
              discarded.  If cellname is not given, the edit cell is flushed.

       garoute option [args]
              This  command,  with no option or arg, is like the route command: it generates routing in the edit
              cell to make connections specified in the current netlist.  (See the  route  command  for  further
              information).   Unlike the route command, this command is intended to be used for routing types of
              circuits, such as gate-arrays, whose routing channels can be  determined  in  advance,  and  which
              require  the  ability  to  river-route  across  the  tops  of  cells.  The channels must have been
              predefined using garoute channel commands prior to this command being invoked.  Unlike  the  route
              command, where the box indicates the routing area, this command ignores the box entirely.  The new
              wires are placed in the edit cell.  The netlist  used  is  that  selected  by  the  route  netlist
              command,  or  the current netlist being edited in a netlist window if no route netlist command has
              been given.  Options and args have the following effects:

              garoute channel [type]

              garoute channel xlo ylo xhi yhi [type]
                     Define a channel.  If xlo, ylo, xhi, and yhi are provided,  they  are  interpreted  as  the
                     coordinates  of  the  lower-left  and  upper-right  of  the  bounding  box  for the channel
                     respectively.  Otherwise, the coordinates of the  box  are  used.   The  boundary  of  each
                     channel  is  adjusted  inward  to lie halfway between routing grid lines if it does not lie
                     there already; if the channel is adjusted, a  warning  message  is  printed.   The  channel
                     defined  is  an  ordinary  routing  channel  if  type  is  not specified; such channels are
                     identical to those used by the router of the route command.  If type is given, it  must  be
                     either  h  or  v.  The channel thereby created will be a river-routing channel inside which
                     only left-to-right routes are possible (``h'') or top-to-bottom (``v'').  Unlike  a  normal
                     channel, a river-routing channel may contain terminals in its interior.

              garoute generate type [file]
                     Provides  a  primitive  form  of channel decomposition for regular structures such as gate-
                     array or standard-cell layouts.  Generates a collection of garoute channel commands, either
                     to  the standard output, or to file if the latter is specified.  The type parameter must be
                     either h or v.  The entire area contained within the box is turned into  routing  channels.
                     Each cell inside this area has its bounding box computed for purposes of routing by looking
                     only at those layers considered to be ``obstacles'' to routing (see ``Tutorial #7: Netlists
                     and Routing'' for details).  The bounding box just computed is then extended all the way to
                     the sides of the area of the box tool, vertically if type is h or horizontally if  type  is
                     v.  This extended area is then marked as belonging to a river-routing channel of type type;
                     adjacent channels of this type are merged into a  single  channel.   After  all  cells  are
                     processed,  the  areas  not  marked  as  being  river-routing channels are output as normal
                     channels.

              garoute help
                     Print a short synopsis of all the garoute command options.

              garoute nowarn
                     If a given terminal appears in more than one place inside a  cell,  the  router  can  leave
                     feedback  if  it  is not possible to route to all of the places where the terminal appears.
                     The garoute nowarn command instructs the router  to  leave  feedback  only  if  it  is  not
                     possible  to route to any of the locations of a terminal.  (This is the default behavior of
                     garoute router).

              garoute route [netlist]
                     Route the edit cell.  If netlist is not specified, the netlist used is  the  same  as  when
                     garoute is given with no options.  If netlist is given, then it is used instead.

              garoute reset
                     Clear  all  channels  defined by garoute channel in preparation for redefining a new set of
                     channels.

              garoute warn
                     The opposite of garoute nowarn, this command instructs the router to leave feedback  if  it
                     is  not possible to route to all of the places where a terminal appears when a terminal has
                     more than one location, even if not all  of  those  locations  are  actually  selected  for
                     routing by the global router.

       getcell cellName [child refPointC] [parent refPointP]
              This  command  adds  a  child  cell  instance  to  the edit cell.  The instance refers to the cell
              cellName;  it is positioned so that refPointC in the child is at point refPointP in the edit cell.
              The reference points can either be the name of a label, in which case the lower-left corner of the
              label's box is used as the reference point, or as a pair of numbers giving the (x, y)  coordinates
              of  a  point explicitly.  If refPointC is not specified, the lower-left corner of cellName cell is
              used.  If refPointP is not specified, the lower-left corner of the box tool is used (the box  must
              be  in  a  window  on  the  edit cell).  The new subcell is selected.  The difference between this
              command and dump is that dump copies the contents of  the  cell,  while  getcell  simply  makes  a
              reference to the original cell.  Cellname must not be the edit cell or one of its ancestors.

       getnode [alias on | alias off]

       getnode [abort [str]]
              Getnode  prints  out  the  node names (used by the extractor) for all selected paint.  If aliasing
              turned on, getnode prints all the names it finds for a given node.  It may not  print  every  name
              that exists, however.  When turned off, it just prints one name.  The abort option allows the user
              to tell getnode that it is not important to completely search nodes that have certain names.   For
              example,  getnode  abort Vdd will tell getnode not to continue searching the node if it determines
              that one of its names is Vdd.  A getnode abort, without a string argument, will erase the list  of
              names  previously  created  by calling getnode abort with string arguments.  Getnode can be safely
              aborted at any time by typing the interrupt character, usually ^C.  See Tutorial #11:  Using IRSIM
              and RSIM with Magic for more information on this command.

       grid [xSpacing [ySpacing [xOrigin yOrigin]]]

       grid off
              If  no  arguments  are  given,  a  one-unit grid is toggled on or off in the window underneath the
              cursor.  Grid off always turns the grid off, regardless of whether it was on  or  off  previously.
              If  numerical  arguments  are  given,  the arguments determine the grid spacing and origin for the
              window under the cursor.  In its most general form, grid takes four  integer  arguments.   XOrigin
              and  yOrigin specify an origin for the grid:  horizontal and vertical grid lines will pass through
              this point.  XSpacing and ySpacing determine the number of units between adjacent grid lines.   If
              xOrigin  and  yOrigin  are  omitted, they default to 0.  If ySpacing is also omitted, the xSpacing
              value is used for both spacings.  Grid parameters will be retained for a window  until  explicitly
              changed  by  another  grid  command.  When the grid is displayed, a solid box is drawn to show the
              origin of the edit cell.

       identify instance_id
              Set the instance identifier of the selected cell use to instance_id.  Instance_id must  be  unique
              among  all  instance  identifiers in the parent of the selected cell.  Initially, Magic guarantees
              uniqueness of identifiers by giving each  cell  an  initial  identifier  consisting  of  the  cell
              definition name followed by an underscore and a small integer.

       iroute subcommand [args]
              This  command  provides  an  interactive  interface to the Magic maze-router.  Routing is done one
              connection at a time.  Three internal hint layers, magnet, fence, and rotate, allow  the  user  to
              guide  routing  graphically.   Routes  are chosen close to magnets (if possible), routing does not
              cross fence boundaries, and rotate areas reverse the preferred routing directions for each  layer.
              The  maze-router seeks to find a lowest-cost path.  Parameters specifying costs for horizontal and
              vertical routing on each layer, cost for jogs and contacts, and cost (per unit area) for  distance
              between  a  path  and magnets, help determine the nature of the routes.  Several search parameters
              permit tuning to achieve acceptable routes in as short a time as possible.  Routing can always  be
              interrupted with ^C.  The iroute subcommands are as follows:

              iroute Routes from cursor to inside box.

              iroute contact [type] [parameter] [value1] ... [valuen]
                     An  asterisk,  *,  can  be  used  for  type and parameter.  This command is for setting and
                     examining parameters related to contacts.

              iroute help [subcommand]
                     Summarizes irouter commands.   If  a  subcommand  is  given,  usage  information  for  that
                     subcommand is printed.

              iroute layers [type] [parameter] [value1] ... [valuen]
                     An  asterisk,  *,  can  be  used  for  type and parameter.  This command is for setting and
                     examining parameters related to route layers.

              iroute route [options]
                     Invokes the router.  Options are as follows:
                          -sLayers layers = layers route may start on
                          -sCursor = start route at cursor (DEFAULT)
                          -sLabel name = start route at label of given name
                          -sPoint x y = start route at given coordinates
                          -dLayers layers = layers route may end on
                          -dBox = route to box (DEFAULT)
                          -dLabel name = route to label of given name
                          -dRect xbot ybot xtop ytop = route to rectangle of given coordinates
                          -dSelection = route to selection

              iroute saveParameters <filename>
                     Saves all current irouter parameter settings.  The parameters  can  be  restored  to  these
                     values with the command ``source filename''.

              iroute search [searchParameter] [value]
                     Allows  parameters  controlling  the  search  to  be  modified.  If routing is too slow try
                     increasing rate.  If the router is producing bad results, try reducing rate.   Its  a  good
                     idea to make width at least twice as big as rate.

              iroute spacings [route-type] [type] [spacing] ... [typen spacingn]
                     Default  minimum  spacings  between  a  route-type placed by the router and other types are
                     derived from the drc section of the technology file.  The defaults  can  be  overridden  by
                     this  command.   The  special type SUBCELL is used to specify minimum spacing to unexpanded
                     subcells.

              iroute verbosity [level]
                     Controls the number of messages printed during routing:
                          0 = errors and warnings only,
                          1 = brief,
                          2 = lots of statistics.

              iroute version
                     Prints irouter version information.

              iroute wizard [wizardparameter] [value]
                     Used to examine and set miscellaneous parameters.  Most of these are best left alone by the
                     unadventurous user.

       label string [pos [layer]]
              A  label  with  text string is positioned at the box location.  Labels may cover points, lines, or
              areas, and are associated with specific layers.  Normally the box is collapsed to either  a  point
              or  to  a line (when labeling terminals on the edges of cells).  Normally also, the area under the
              box is occupied by a single layer.  If no layer argument is specified, then the label is  attached
              to  the  layer under the box, or space if no layer covers the entire area of the box.  If layer is
              specified but layer doesn't cover the entire area of the box, the label will be moved  to  another
              layer  or  space.   Labels  attached  to space will be considered by CIF processing programs to be
              attached to all layers overlapping the area of the label.  Pos is optional,  and  specifies  where
              the label text is to be displayed relative to the box (e.g. ``north'').  If pos isn't given, Magic
              will pick a position to ensure that the label text doesn't stick out past the edge of the cell.

       layers Prints out the names of all the layers defined for the current technology.

       load [file]
              Load the cell hierarchy rooted at file.mag into the window underneath the cursor.  If no  file  is
              supplied,  a  new  unnamed  cell is created.  The root cell of the hierarchy is made the edit cell
              unless there is already an edit cell in a different window.

       move [direction [amount]]

       move to x y
              If no arguments are given, the selection is picked up  by  the  point  underneath  the  lower-left
              corner  of  the  box  and  moved  so that this point lies at the cursor location.  If direction is
              given, it must be a Manhattan direction (e.g. north).  The selection is moved in that direction by
              amount.   If  the box is in the same window as the selection, it is moved too.  Amount defaults to
              1.  Selected material that is not in the edit cell, is not  affected.   The  second  form  of  the
              command  is as though the cursor were pointing to (x, y) in the edit cell; the selection is picked
              up by the point beneath the lower-left corner of the box and moved so  that  this  point  lies  at
              (x, y).

       paint layers
              The area underneath the box is painted in layers.

       path [searchpath]
              This  command  tells  Magic  where  to  look for cells.  Searchpath contains a list of directories
              separated by colons or spaces (if spaces are used, then searchpath must be surrounded by  quotes).
              When  looking  for a cell, Magic will check each directory in the path in order, until the cell is
              found.  If the cell is not found anywhere in the path, Magic will look in the system  library  for
              it.  If the path command is invoked with no arguments, the current search path is printed.

       plot option [args]
              Used  to  generate  hardcopy  plots direct from Magic.  Options and args are used in the following
              ways:

              plot gremlin file [layers]
                     Generate  a  Gremlin-format  description  of  everything  under  the  box,  and  write  the
                     description in file.  If layers isn't specified, paint, labels, and unexpanded subcells are
                     all included in the Gremlin file  just  as  they  appear  on  the  screen.   If  layers  is
                     specified,  then  just  the  indicated  layers  are output in the Gremlin file.  Layers may
                     include the special layers labels and subcell.  The Gremlin file is scaled to have a  total
                     size  between  256  and  512  units; you should use the width and/or height Grn commands to
                     ensure that the printed version is the size you want.  Use the mg stipples in Grn.  No plot
                     parameters are used in Gremlin plotting.

              plot help
                     Print a short synopsis of all the plot command options.

              plot parameters [name value]
                     If  plot parameters is invoked with no additional arguments, the values for all of the plot
                     parameters are printed.  If name and value are provided, then name is the name  of  a  plot
                     parameter  and  value  is  a new value for it.  Plot parameters are used to control various
                     aspects of plotting;  all  of  them  have  ``reasonable''  initial  values.   Most  of  the
                     parameters available now are used to control Versatec-style plotting.  They are:

                     cellIdFont
                            The name of the font to use for cell instance ids in Versatec plots.  This must be a
                            file in Vfont format.

                     cellNameFont
                            The name of the font to use for cell names in Versatec plots.  This must be  a  file
                            in Vfont format.

                     color  If this is set to true, the :plot versatec command will generate output suitable for
                            a four-color Versatec plotter, using the styles defined in the  colorversatec  style
                            of  the  plot section of the technology file.  If color is false (the default), then
                            :plot versatec generates normal black-and-white plots.

                     directory
                            The name of the directory in which to create raster files  for  the  Versatec.   The
                            raster  files  have  names  of  the form magicPlotXXXXXX, where XXXXXX is a process-
                            specific identifier.

                     dotsPerInch
                            Indicates how many dots per inch there are on the Versatec printer.  This  parameter
                            is  used  only  for  computing  the  scale  factor for plotting.  Must be an integer
                            greater than zero.

                     labelFont
                            The name of the font to use for labels in Versatec plots.  This must be  a  file  in
                            Vfont format.

                     printer
                            The name of the printer to which to spool Versatec raster files.

                     showcellnames
                            If  ``true''  (the default) then the name and instance-identifier of each unexpanded
                            subcell is displayed inside its bounding box.  If this parameter is  ``false''  then
                            only the bounding box of the cell is displayed.

                     spoolCommand
                            The  command  used  to  spool  Versatec  raster  files.   This must be a text string
                            containing two ``%s'' formatting fields.  The first ``%s'' will be replaced with the
                            printer name, and the second one will be replaced with the name of the raster file.

                     swathHeight
                            How  many  raster  lines  of Versatec output to generate in memory at one time.  The
                            raster file is generated  in  swaths  in  order  to  keep  the  memory  requirements
                            reasonable.   This  parameter  determines  the  size  of  the swaths.  It must be an
                            integer greater than zero, and should  be  a  multiple  of  16  in  order  to  avoid
                            misalignment of stipple patterns.

                     width  The  number  of pixels across the Versatec printer.  Must be an integer greater than
                            0, and must be an even multiple of 32.

              plot versatec [size [layers]]
                     Generate a raster file describing all the the information underneath the box  in  a  format
                     suitable for printing on Versatec black-and-white or color printers, and spool the file for
                     printing.  See the plot parameters above for information about the parameters that are used
                     to  control  Versatec plotting. Size is used to scale the plot:  a scalefactor is chosen so
                     that the area of the box is size inches across on the printed page.  Size defaults  to  the
                     width of the printer.  Layers selects which layers (including labels and subcells) to plot;
                     it defaults to everything visible on the screen.

       plow direction [layers]

       plow option [args]
              The first form of this command invokes the plowing operation to stretch  and/or  compact  a  cell.
              Direction  is  a  Manhattan  direction.   Layers  is  an optional collection of mask layers, which
              defaults to *.  One of the edges of the box is treated as a plow and dragged to the opposite  edge
              of  the  box  (e.g.  the  left edge is used as the plow when plow right is invoked).  All edges on
              layers that lie in the plow's path are pushed ahead of it, and they push other edges ahead of them
              to  maintain  design rules, connectivity, and transistor and contact sizes.  Subcells are moved in
              their entirety without being modified internally.  Any  mask  information  overlapping  a  subcell
              moved  by  plowing  is  also  moved by the same amount.  Option and args are used in the following
              ways:

              plow boundary
                     The box specifies the area that may be modified by plowing.  This area is highlighted  with
                     a  pale  stipple outline.  Subsequent plows are not allowed to modify any area outside that
                     specified by the box; if they do, the distance the plow  moves  is  reduced  by  an  amount
                     sufficient to insure that no geometry outside the boundary gets affected.

              plow help
                     Prints a short synopsis of all the plow command options.

              plow horizon n

              plow horizon
                     The  first form sets the plowing jog horizon to n units.  The second form simply prints the
                     value of the jog horizon.  Every time plowing considers introducing a jog  in  a  piece  of
                     material,  it  looks  up  and  down  that piece of material for a distance equal to the jog
                     horizon.  If it finds an existing jog within this distance, it uses it.  Only if no jog  is
                     found  within the jog horizon does plowing introduce one of its own.  A jog horizon of zero
                     means that plowing will always introduce new jogs where needed.  A jog horizon of  infinity
                     (plow nojogs) means that plowing will not introduce any new jogs of its own.

              plow jogs
                     Re-enable jog insertion with a horizon of 0.  This command is equivalent to plow horizon 0.

              plow noboundary
                     Remove any boundary specified with a previous plow boundary command.

              plow nojogs
                     Sets  the  jog horizon to infinity.  This means that plowing will not introduce any jogs of
                     its own; it will only use existing ones.

              plow nostraighten
                     Don't straighten jogs automatically after each plow operation.

              plow selection [direction [distance]]
                     Like the move or stretch commands, this moves  all  the  material  in  the  selection  that
                     belongs  to the edit cell.  However, any material not in the selection is pushed out of its
                     way, just as though each piece of the selection were plowed individually.  If no  arguments
                     are  given, the selection is picked up by the point underneath the lower-left corner of the
                     box and plowed so that this point lies at the cursor location.  The box is moved along with
                     the  selection.  If direction is given, it must be a Manhattan direction (e.g. north).  The
                     selection is moved in that direction by amount.  If the box is in the same  window  as  the
                     selection,  it  is  moved  too.   Amount defaults to 1.  If there is selected material that
                     isn't in the edit cell, it is ignored (note that this is different from select  and  move).
                     If direction isn't given and the cursor isn't exactly left, right, up, or down from the box
                     corner, then Magic first rounds the cursor position off to a position that is one of  those
                     (whichever is closest).

              plow straighten
                     Straighten  jogs automatically after each plow operation.  The effect will be as though the
                     straighten command were invoked after each plow operation, with  the  same  direction,  and
                     over the area changed by plowing.

       resist cell [tolerance]
              This  command  is  similar  to  extresist  above,  but used for extracting resistance networks for
              individual nodes.  Only the node underneath the box is processed.  The network for  this  node  is
              output  to  the  file  cell.res.ext.   See  the  description  for  extresist for an explanation of
              tolerance.

       route option [args]
              This command, with no option or arg, is used to generate routing using the  Magic  router  in  the
              edit  cell  to make connections specified in the current netlist.  The box is used to indicate the
              routing area:  no routing will be placed outside the area of the box.  The new wires are placed in
              the edit cell.  Options and args have the following effects:

              route end [real]
                     Print  the  value  of  the  channel end constant used by the channel router.  If a value is
                     supplied, the channel end constant is set to that value.  The channel  end  constant  is  a
                     dimensionless  multiplier  used  to  compute  how  far  from  the end of a channel to begin
                     preparations to make end connections.

              route help
                     Print a short synopsis of all the route command options.

              route jog [int]
                     Print the value of the minimum jog length used by  the  channel  router.   If  a  value  is
                     supplied,  the  minimum  jog  length  is  set  to  that value.  The channel router makes no
                     vertical jogs shorter than the minimum jog length, measured in router grid  units.   Higher
                     values  for  this  constant  may improve the quality of the routing by removing unnecessary
                     jogs; however, prohibiting short jogs may make some channels unroutable.

              route metal
                     Toggle metal maximization on or off.  The route command routes the preferred routing  layer
                     (termed  ``metal'')  horizontally  and  the alternate routing layer vertically.  By default
                     wires on the alternate routing layer are then  converted,  as  much  as  possible,  to  the
                     preferred layer before being painted into the layout.  Enabling metal maximization improves
                     the quality of the resulting routing, since  the  preferred  routing  layer  generally  has
                     better  electrical  characteristics;  however,  designers  wishing to do hand routing after
                     automatic routing may find it easier to disable metal maximization and deal with  a  layer-
                     per-direction layout.

              route netlist [file]
                     Print  the  name  of  the  current  netlist.   If a file name is specified, it is opened if
                     possible, and the  new  netlist  is  loaded.   This  option  is  provided  primarily  as  a
                     convenience so you need not open the netlist menu before routing.

              route obstacle [real]
                     Print  the  obstacle  constant used by the channel router.  If a value is supplied, set the
                     channel router obstacle constant to that value.  The obstacle constant is  a  dimensionless
                     multiplier used in deciding how far in front of an obstacle the channel router should begin
                     jogging nets out of the way.  Larger values mean that nets will jog out of the way earlier;
                     however, if nets jog out of the way too early routing area is wasted.

              route origin [x y]
                     Print  the x- and y-coordinates of the origin of the routing grid.  By default, the routing
                     grid starts from (0,0).  However, by supplying an x and y coordinate to  the  route  origin
                     command,  the  origin can be set to any other value.  This command is primarily useful when
                     routing a chip that has been designed with routing on the same pitch  as  the  router  will
                     use, but where the left and bottom edges of the pre-existing routing don't line up with the
                     routing grid lines (for example, the pre-existing  routing  might  have  been  centered  on
                     routing grid lines).  The alternative to specifying a different origin for the routing grid
                     would be to translate all the material in the cell to be routed so that the prewiring lined
                     up properly with routing grid lines.

              route settings
                     Print the values of all router parameters.

              route steady [int]
                     Print  the  value of the channel router's steady net constant.  If a value is supplied, set
                     the steady net constant to the value.  The steady net constant,  measured  in  router  grid
                     units,  specifies  how  far  beyond  the next terminal the channel router should look for a
                     conflicting terminal before deciding that a net is rising or falling.  Larger  values  mean
                     that the net rises and falls less often.

              route tech
                     Print  the  router  technology information.  This includes information such as the names of
                     the preferred and alternate routing layers, their wire widths, the router grid spacing, and
                     the contact size.

              route viamin
                     Minimize  vias  in  (previously) routed netlist.  This subcommand removes unnecessary layer
                     changes in all nets in the current netlist to minimize via count.   The  preferred  routing
                     layer,  layer1  in  the router section of the technology file, is favored by the algorithm.
                     Note that ``route viamin'' is an independent routing postpass that can be applied  even  if
                     the  routing  was  not generated by the route command, provided the layers and widths agree
                     with the router section of the technology file.

              route vias [int]
                     Print the value of the metal maximization via constant.  If a value is  supplied,  set  the
                     via constant to the value.  The via constant, measured in router grid units, represents the
                     tradeoff between metal maximization and the via count.  In many cases  it  is  possible  to
                     convert  wiring  on the alternate routing layer into routing on the preferred routing layer
                     (``metal'') at the expense of introducing one or two vias.  The via constant specifies  the
                     amount of converted wiring that makes it worthwhile to add vias to the routing.

       rsim [options] [filename]
              Runs rsim under Magic.  See Tutorial #11:  Using IRSIM and RSIM with Magic for more information on
              what options and files are required by rsim.  Normally, IRSIM requires a parameter  file  for  the
              technology and a .sim file describing the circuit.

              The rsim command without any options can be used to interact with a previously-started rsim.  Type
              rsim and you will see the rsim prompt.  To get back to magic, type q.

       save [name]
              Save the edit cell on disk.  If the edit cell is currently the ``(UNNAMED)'' cell,  name  must  be
              specified;  in  this  case  the  edit  cell  is renamed to name as well as being saved in the file
              name.mag.  Otherwise, name is optional.  If  specified,  the  edit  cell  is  saved  in  the  file
              name.mag; otherwise, it is saved in the file from which it was originally read.

       see option
              This  command  is used to control which layers are to be displayed in the window under the cursor.
              It has several forms:

              see no layers
                     Do not display the given layers in the window under the cursor.  If labels is  given  as  a
                     layer  name, don't display labels in that window either.  If errors is given as a layer, no
                     design-rule violations will be displayed (the checker will continue to  run,  though).   If
                     layers  is given as "*", all mask layers will be disabled, but errors and labels will still
                     be shown.  See the "LAYERS" section at the end of this manual page for  an  explanation  of
                     layer naming in Magic.

              see layers
                     Reenable  display  of the given layers.  Note that "*" expands to all mask layers, but does
                     not include the label or error layers.  See the "LAYERS" section at the end of this  manual
                     page for details.

              see no Don't display any mask layers or labels.  Only subcell bounding boxes will be displayed.

              see    Reenable display of all mask layers, labels, and errors.

              see allSame
                     Display  all  cells  the  same  way.   This  disables  the  facility where the edit cell is
                     displayed in bright colors and non-edit cells are in paler colors.  After see allSame,  all
                     mask information will be displayed in bright colors.

              see no allSame
                     Reenable the facility where non-edit cells are drawn in paler colors.

       select option
              This  command is used to select paint, labels, and subcells before operating on them with commands
              like move and copy and delete.  It has several forms:

              select If the cursor is over  empty  space,  then  this  command  is  identical  to  select  cell.
                     Otherwise,  paint  is selected.  The first time the command is invoked, a chunk of paint is
                     selected: the largest rectangular area of material of the same type visible underneath  the
                     cursor.   If  the  command  is  invoked  again  without moving the cursor, the selection is
                     extended to include all material of the same type, regardless of shape.  If the command  is
                     invoked  a  third  time,  the  selection  is extended again to include all material that is
                     visible and electrically connected to the point underneath the cursor.

              select more
                     This command is identical to select except that the selection is not  first  cleared.   The
                     result is to add the newly-selected material to what is already in the selection.

              select less
                     This  chooses material just as select does, but the material is removed from the selection,
                     rather than added to it.  The result is to deselect the chosen material.

              select [more | less] area layers
                     Select material by area.  If  layers  are  not  specified,  then  all  paint,  labels,  and
                     unexpanded  subcells visible underneath the box are selected.  If layers is specified, then
                     only those layers are selected.  If more is specified, the new material  is  added  to  the
                     current  selection  rather  than  replacing  it.  If less is specified, the new material is
                     removed from the selection (deselected).

              select [more | less] cell name
                     Select a subcell.  If name isn't given, this  command  finds  a  subcell  that  is  visible
                     underneath the cursor and selects it.  If the command is repeated without moving the cursor
                     then it will step through all the subcells under the cursor.   If  name  is  given,  it  is
                     treated  as  a  hierarchical  instance  identifier  starting  from  the  root of the window
                     underneath the cursor.  The named cell is selected.  If more is specified, the new  subcell
                     is  added  to the current selection instead of replacing it.  If less is specified, the new
                     subcell is removed from the selection (deselected).

              select clear
                     Clear out the selection.  This does not affect the layout;  it merely deselects everything.

              select help
                     Print a short synopsis of the selection commands.

              select save cell
                     Save all the information in the selection as a Magic cell on disk.  The selection  will  be
                     saved in file cell.mag.

              select and the see command
                     Select  interacts with the see command.  When selecting individual pieces of material, only
                     visible layers are candidates for selection.  When selecting an entire area, however,  both
                     visible  and  non-visible  material  is  selected.   This behavior allows entire regions of
                     material to be moved, even if see has been used to turn off the  display  of  some  of  the
                     layers.

       sideways
              Flip  the  selection  left-to-right  about  a  vertical  axis  running  through  the center of the
              selection's area.  If the box is in the same window as the selection, it is flipped too.  Selected
              material not in the edit cell is not affected.

       simcmd cmd
              Sends  the  command cmd to rsim for execution.  See Tutorial #11:  Using IRSIM and RSIM with Magic
              for more information.

       snap [on]

       snap [off]
              Control whether the box and point are snapped to the grid selected for the windows in  which  they
              appear  (the  grid  was set by the grid command), or to the standard 1x1 grid.  The default is for
              snapping to be off, i.e., snapping to a 1x1 grid.  With no arguments, snap prints whether snapping
              is enabled or not.

       startrsim [options] [filename]
              Similar  to the rsim command, except it returns to Magic as soon as rsim is started.  See Tutorial
              #11:  Using IRSIM and RSIM with Magic for more information.

       straighten direction
              Straighten jogs in wires underneath  the  box  by  pulling  them  in  direction.   Jogs  are  only
              straightened if doing so will cause no additional geometry to move.

       stretch [direction [amount]]
              This  command is identical to move except that simple stretching occurs as the selection is moved.
              Each piece of paint in the selection causes the area through which it's moved to be erased in that
              layer.  Also, each piece of paint in the selection that touches unselected material along its back
              side causes extra material to be painted to fill in the gap left by the move.  If direction  isn't
              given  and the cursor isn't exactly left, right, up, or down from the box corner, then Magic first
              rounds the cursor position off to a position that is one of those (whichever is closest).

       tool [name | info]
              Change the current tool.  The result is that the cursor shape is different and the  mouse  buttons
              mean  different  things.   The  command  tool  info prints out the meanings of the buttons for the
              current tool.  Tool name changes the current tool to name, where name is one of  box,  wiring,  or
              netlist.   If  tool  is  invoked  with  no  arguments,  it  picks a new tool in circular sequence:
              multiple invocations will cycle through all of the available tools.

       unexpand
              Unexpand all cells that touch the box but don't completely contain it.

       upsidedown
              Flip the selection upside down  about  a  horizontal  axis  running  through  the  center  of  the
              selection's  area.   If  the  box  is  in the same window as the selection then it is flipped too.
              Selected material that is not in the edit cell is not changed.

       what   Print out information about all the things that are selected.

       wire option [args]
              This command provides a centerline-wiring  style  user  interface.   Option  and  args  specify  a
              particular  wiring  option,  as  described  below.   Some  of the options can be invoked via mouse
              buttons when the wiring tool is active.

              wire help
                     Print out a synopsis of the various wiring commands.

              wire horizontal
                     Just like wire leg except that the new segment is forced to be horizontal.

              wire leg
                     Paint a horizontal or vertical segment of wire from  one  side  of  the  box  over  to  the
                     cursor's x- or y-location (respectively).  The direction (horizontal or vertical) is chosen
                     so as to produce the longest possible segment.  The  segment  is  painted  in  the  current
                     wiring  material  and thickness.  The new segment is selected, and the box is placed at its
                     tip.

              wire switch [layer width]
                     Switch routing layers and place a contact at the box location.  The contact type is  chosen
                     to  connect  the  old  and new routing materials.  The box is placed at the position of the
                     contact, and the contact is selected.  If layer and width are specified, they are  used  as
                     the  new  routing  material  and  width,  respectively.  If they are not specified, the new
                     material and width are chosen to correspond to the material underneath the cursor.

              wire type [layer width]
                     Pick a material and width for wiring.  If layer and width are  not  given,  then  they  are
                     chosen  from  the material underneath the cursor, a square chunk of material is selected to
                     indicate the layer and width that were chosen, and the box is placed over this  chunk.   If
                     layer and width are given, then this command does not modify the box position.

              wire vertical
                     Just like wire leg except that the new segment is forced to be vertical.

       writeall [force]
              This  command  steps  through all the cells that have been modified in this edit session and gives
              you a chance to write them out.  If the force option is  specified,  then  ``autowrite''  mode  is
              used:  all modified cells are automatically written without asking for permission.

COMMANDS FOR ALL WINDOWS

       These  commands  are not used for layout, but are instead used for overall, housekeeping functions.  They
       are valid in all windows.

       closewindow
              The window under the cursor is closed.  That area of the screen will now show other windows or the
              background.

       echo [-n] str1 str2 ... strN
              Prints  str1  str2 ... strN in the text window, separated by spaces and followed by a newline.  If
              the -n switch is given, no newline is output after the command.

       help [pattern]
              Displays a synopsis of commands that apply to the window you are pointing to.  If pattern is given
              then  only  command  descriptions containing the pattern are printed.  Pattern may contain '*' and
              '?' characters, which match a string of non-blank  characters  or  a  single  non-blank  character
              (respectively).

       logcommands [file [update]]]
              If  file  is  given,  all  further  commands  are logged to that file.  If no arguments are given,
              command logging is terminated.  If the keyword update is present, commands are output to the  file
              to cause the screen to be updated after each command when the command file is read back in.

       macro [char [command]]
              Command  is  associated  with  char  such that typing char on the keyboard is equivalent to typing
              ``:'' followed by command.  If command is omitted, the current macro for char is printed.  If char
              is  also  omitted,  then  all  current  macros  are printed.  If command contains spaces, tabs, or
              semicolons then it must be placed in quotes.  The semicolon acts as a command  separator  allowing
              multiple commands to be combined in a single macro.

       openwindow [cell]
              Open  a  new, empty window at the cursor position.  Placement, sizing, and methods of manipulation
              are determined by the conventions of the window system in use.  If cell is  specified,  then  that
              cell  is  displayed in the new window.  Otherwise the area of the box will be displayed in the new
              window.

       pushbutton button action
              Simulates a button push.  Button should be left, middle, or right.  Action is one of up, or  down.
              This command is normally invoked only from command scripts produced by the logcommands command.

       quit   Exit  Magic and return to the shell.  If any cells, colormaps, or netlists have changed since they
              were last saved on disk, you are given a chance to abort the command and continue in Magic.

       redo [n]
              Redo the last n commands that were undone using undo (see below).  The number of commands to  redo
              defaults to 1 if n is not specified.

       redraw Redraw the graphics screen.

       scroll direction [amount]
              The  window  under the cursor is moved by amount screenfulls in direction relative to the circuit.
              If amount is omitted, it defaults to 0.5.

       send type command
              Send a command to the window client named by type.  The result is just  as  if  command  had  been
              typed in a window of type type.  See specialopen, below, for the allowable types of windows.

       setpoint [x y [windowID]]
              Fakes  the location of the cursor up until after the next interactive command.  Without arguments,
              just prints out the current point location.  This command is normally invoked  only  from  command
              scripts.

              If  windowID  is  given, then the point is assumed to be in that window's screen coordinate system
              rather than absolute screen coordinates.

       sleep n
              Causes Magic to go to sleep for n seconds.

       source filename
              Each line of filename is read and processed as one command.  Any  line  whose  last  character  is
              backslash  is  joined  to the following line.  The commands setpoint, pushbutton, echo, sleep, and
              updatedisplay are useful in command files, and seldom used elsewhere.

       specialopen [x1 y1 x2 y2] type [args]
              Open a window of type type.  If the optional x1 y1 x2 y2  coordinates  are  given,  then  the  new
              window  will  have its lower left corner at screen coordinates (x1, y1) and its upper right corner
              at screen coordinates (x2, y2).  The args arguments are interpreted differently depending upon the
              type of the window.  These types are known:

              layout This type of window is used to edit a VLSI cell.  The command takes a single argument which
                     is used as the name of a cell to be loaded.  The command
                                                            open filename
                     is a shorthand for the command
                                                    specialopen layout filename.

              color  This type of window allows the color map to  be  edited.   See  the  section  COMMANDS  FOR
                     COLORMAP EDITING below.

              netlist
                     This  type  of window presents a menu that can be used to place labels, and to generate and
                     edit net-lists.  See the section COMMANDS FOR NETLIST EDITING below.

       underneath
              Move the window pointed at so that it lies underneath the rest of the windows.

       undo [count]
              Undoes the last count commands.  Almost all  commands  in  Magic  are  now  undo-able.   The  only
              holdouts  left  are cell expansion/unexpansion, and window modifications (change of size, zooming,
              etc.).  If count is unspecified, it defaults to 1.

       updatedisplay
              Update the display.  This command is normally invoked only from command scripts.  Scripts that  do
              not contain this command update the screen only at the end of the script.

       view   Choose a view for the window underneath the cursor so that everything in the window is visible.

       windscrollbars [on|off]
              Set the flag that determines if new windows will have scroll bars.

       windowpositions [file]
              Write  out  the  positions of the windows in a format suitable for the source command.  If file is
              specified, then write it out to that file instead of to the terminal.

       zoom [factor]
              Zoom the view in the window underneath the cursor by factor.  If factor is less than  1,  we  zoom
              in; if it is greater than one, we zoom out.

MOUSE BUTTONS FOR NETLIST WINDOWS

       When  the   netlist  menu is opened using the command special netlist, a menu appears on the screen.  The
       colored areas on the menu can be clicked with various mouse buttons to perform various actions,  such  as
       placing  labels  and  editing  netlists.   For  details  on how to use the menu, see ``Magic Tutorial #7:
       Netlists and Routing''.  The menu buttons all correspond to commands that could be typed  in  netlist  or
       layout windows.

COMMANDS FOR NETLIST WINDOWS

       The commands described below work if you are pointing to the interior of the netlist menu.  They may also
       be invoked when you are pointing at another window by using the send netlist command.  Terminal names  in
       all  of  the  commands  below are hierarchical names consisting of zero or more cell use ids separated by
       slashes, followed by the label name, e.g. toplatch/shiftcell_1/in.  When processing the  terminal  paths,
       the search always starts in the edit cell.

       add term1 term2
              Add  the  terminal named term1 to the net containing terminal term2.  If term2 isn't in a net yet,
              make a new net containing just term1 and term2.

       cleanup
              Check the netlist to make sure that for every terminal named in the list there  is  at  least  one
              label  in  the  design.   Also  check  to  make sure that every net contains at least two distinct
              terminals, or one terminal with several labels by the same name.  When errors are found, give  the
              user  an  opportunity to delete offending terminals and nets.  This command can also be invoked by
              clicking the ``Cleanup'' menu button.

       cull   Examine the current netlist and the routing in the edit cell,  and  remove  those  nets  from  the
              netlist  that  are  already routed.  This command is often used after pre-routing nets by hand, so
              the router won't try to implement them again.

       dnet name name ...
              For each name given, delete the net containing that terminal.  If no name  is  given,  delete  the
              currently-selected net, just as happens when the ``No Net'' menu button is clicked.

       dterm name name ...
              For each name given, delete that terminal from its net.

       extract
              Pick a piece of paint in the edit cell that lies under the box.  Starting from this, trace out all
              the electrically-connected material in the edit cell.  Where this material touches subcells,  find
              any  terminals  in  the  subcells and make a new net containing those terminals.  Note:  this is a
              different command from the extract command in layout windows.

       find pattern [layers]
              Search the area beneath the box for labels  matching  pattern,  which  may  contain  the  regular-
              expression  characters  ``*''  ``?'',  ``['',  ``]'',  and  ``\''  (as  matched by csh(1); see the
              description of the find button in ``Magic Tutorial #7: Netlists and Routing'').   For  each  label
              found, leave feedback whose text is the layer on which the label appears, followed by a semicolon,
              followed by the full hierarchical pathname of the label.  The feedback surrounds the area  of  the
              label  by  one  unit  on  all  sides.   (The  reason  for  the one-unit extension is that feedback
              rectangles must have positive area, while labels may have zero width or height).   If  layers  are
              given, only labels attached to those layers are considered.

       flush [netlist]
              The  netlist  named  netlist  is reloaded from the disk file netlist.net.  Any changes made to the
              netlist since the last time it was written are discarded.  If netlist  isn't  given,  the  current
              netlist is flushed.

       join term1 term2
              Join  together  the  nets  containing  terminals  term1  and  term2.   The  result is a single net
              containing all the terminals from both the old nets.

       netlist [name]
              Select a netlist to work on.  If name is provided, read name.net (if it hasn't already  been  read
              before)  and  make  it the current netlist.  If name isn't provided, use the name of the edit cell
              instead.

       print [name]
              Print the names of all the terminals in the net containing name.  If name  isn't  provided,  print
              the  terminals  in the current net.  This command has the same effect as clicking on the ``Print''
              menu button.

       ripup [netlist]
              This command has two forms.  If netlist isn't typed as an argument, then find a piece of paint  in
              the  edit cell under the box.  Trace out all paint in the edit cell that is electrically connected
              to the starting piece, and delete all of this paint.  If netlist is typed, find all paint  in  the
              edit  cell  that  is  electrically  connected  to any of the terminals in the current netlist, and
              delete all of this paint.

       savenetlist [file]
              Save the current netlist on disk.  If file is given, write the netlist  in  file.net.   Otherwise,
              write the netlist back to the place from which it was read.

       shownet
              Find  a  piece  of  paint in any cell underneath the box.  Starting from this paint, trace out all
              paint in all cells that is electrically connected to the starting piece and highlight  this  paint
              on  the screen.  To make the highlights go away, invoke the command with the box over empty space.
              This command has the same effect as clicking on the ``Show'' menu button.

       showterms
              Find the labels corresponding to each of the terminals in the  current  netlist,  and  generate  a
              feedback  area  over  each.   This  command  has the same effect as clicking on the ``Terms'' menu
              button.

       trace [name]
              This command is similar to shownet except that instead of starting from a piece of paint under the
              box,  it  starts  from  each of the terminals in the net containing name (or the current net if no
              name is given).  All connected paint in all cells is highlighted.

       verify Compare the current netlist against the wiring in the edit cell to make sure  that  the  nets  are
              implemented  exactly  as specified in the netlist.  If there are discrepancies, feedback areas are
              created to describe them.  This command can also  be  invoked  by  clicking  the  ``Verify''  menu
              button.

       writeall
              Scan  through  all the netlists that have been read during this editing session.  If any have been
              modified, ask the user whether or not to write them out.

MOUSE BUTTONS FOR COLORMAP WINDOWS

       Color windows display two sets of colored bars and a swatch of the color being edited.  The left  set  of
       color  bars  is labeled Red, Green, and Blue;  these correspond to the proportion of red, green, and blue
       in the color being edited.  The right  set  of  bars  is  labeled  Hue,  Saturation,  and  Value;   these
       correspond  to  the  same  color but in a space whose axes are hue (spectral color), saturation (spectral
       purity vs. dilution with white), and value (light vs. dark).

       The value of a color is changed by pointing inside the region spanned  by  one  of  the  color  bars  and
       clicking  any  mouse  button.   The color bar will change so that it extends to the point selected by the
       crosshair when the button was pressed.  The color can also be changed by clicking a button  over  one  of
       the  ``pumps''  next to a color bar.  A left-button click makes a 1% increment or decrement, and a right-
       button click makes a 5% change.

       The color being edited can be changed by pressing the left button over  the  current  color  box  in  the
       editing  window,  then moving the mouse and releasing the button over a point on the screen that contains
       the color to be edited.  A color value can be copied from an existing  color  to  the  current  color  by
       pressing  the right mouse button over the current color box, then releasing the button when the cursor is
       over the color whose value is to be copied into the current color.

COMMANDS FOR COLORMAP WINDOWS

       These commands work if you are pointing to the interior of a colormap window.  The commands are:

       color [number]
              Load number as the color being edited in the window.  Number must be an octal number between 0 and
              377;  it  corresponds  to the entry in the color map that is to be edited.  If no number is given,
              this command prints out the value of the color currently being edited.

       load [techStyle displayStyle monitorType]
              Load a new color map.  If no arguments are specified, the color map  for  the  current  technology
              style (e.g, mos), display style (e.g, 7bit), and monitor type (e.g, std) is re-loaded.  Otherwise,
              the color map is  read  from  the  file  techStyle.displayStyle.monitorType.cmap  in  the  current
              directory or in the system library directory.

       save [techStyle displayStyle monitorType]
              Save  the  current  color  map.   If  no  arguments  are  specified,  save the color map in a file
              determined by the current technology style, display style, and monitor type as above.   Otherwise,
              save  it  in  the  file techStyle.displayStyle.monitorType.cmap in the current directory or in the
              system library directory.

DIRECTIONS

       Many of the commands take a direction as an argument.  The valid direction names are north, south,  east,
       west, top, bottom, up, down, left, right, northeast, ne, southeast, se, northwest, nw, southwest, sw, and
       center.  In some cases, only Manhattan directions are permitted, which means  only  north,  south,  east,
       west, and their synonyms, are allowed.

LAYERS

       The  mask  layers  are  different  for each technology, and are described in the technology manuals.  The
       layers below are defined in all technologies:

       *      All mask layers.  Does not include special layers like the label layer and the  error  layer  (see
              below).

       $      All layers underneath the cursor.

       errors Design-rule violations (useful primarily in the see command).

       labels Label layer.

       subcell
              Subcell layer.

       Layer  masks  may  be  formed  by  constructing  comma-separated  lists  of  individual layer names.  The
       individual layer names may be abbreviated, as long as the abbreviations  are  unique.   For  example,  to
       indicate  polysilicon  and n-diffusion, use poly,ndiff or ndiff,poly.  The special character - causes all
       subsequent layers to be subtracted from the  layer  mask.   For  example,  *-p  means  ``all  layers  but
       polysilicon''.   The  special  character + reverses the effect of a previous -; all subsequent layers are
       once again added to the layer mask.

SEE ALSO

       ext2sim(1), ext2spice(1), cmap(5), dstyle(5), ext(5), sim(5), glyphs(5), magic(5), displays(5), net(5)

       Online documentation can be found at the following URLs:
       http://opencircuitdesign.com/magic/
       http://vlsi.cornell.edu/magic/
       The OpenCircuitDesign website contains HTML versions of all the documentation found in  the  Magic  "doc"
       subdirectory,  including  tutorials,  technology file manual; download, compile and install instructions,
       and command reference.

FILES

       ${CAD_ROOT}/magic/sys/.magicstartup file to create default macros
       ~/.magic            user-specific startup command file
       ${CAD_ROOT}/magic/nmos/*some standard nmos cells
       ${CAD_ROOT}/magic/scmos/*some standard scmos cells
       ${CAD_ROOT}/magic/sys/*.cmapcolormap files, see CMAP(5) man page
       ${CAD_ROOT}/magic/sys/*.dstyledisplay style files, see DSTYLE(5) man page
       ${CAD_ROOT}/magic/sys/*.glyphscursor and window bitmap files, see GLYPH(5) man page
       ${CAD_ROOT}/magic/sys/*.techtechnology files, see ``Maintainer's Manual
                           #2: The Technology File''
       ${CAD_ROOT}/displaysconfiguration file for Magic serial-line displays

       CAD_ROOT variable.  If the shell environment variable CAD_ROOT is set, Magic uses that  location  instead
       of  the  installed location (/usr/local/lib, by default).  Normally one would change the search path (see
       below) rather than redirect the entire CAD_ROOT location.

       Search path.  Magic's system and library  files,  such  as  technology  files  and  display-style  files,
       normally are placed in the ${CAD_ROOT}/magic area.  However, Magic first tries to find them in the user's
       current directory.  This makes it easier for an individual user to override installed system files.   The
       search path is defined by the Magic command path,

AUTHORS

       Original:  Gordon Hamachi, Robert Mayo, John Ousterhout, Walter Scott, George Taylor

       Contributors:  Michael Arnold (Magic maze-router and Irouter command), Don Stark (new contact scheme, X11
       interface, various other things), Mike Chow (Rsim interface).  The X11 driver  is  the  work  of  several
       people, including Don Stark, Walter Scott, and Doug Pan.

       Developers:   Ongoing  development (magic version 6.5 and higher) made possible by Stefanos Sidiropolous,
       Tim Edwards, Rajit Manohar, Philippe Pouliquen, Michael Godfrey, and others.

       Many other people have contributed to Magic, but it is impossible to list them all here.   We  appreciate
       their help!

BUGS

       If  Magic  gets stuck for some reason, first try typing Control-C into the terminal window (in the Tcl/Tk
       version, this is the original terminal, not the Tk console window).  Most  of  Magic's  lengthy  database
       searches  are  interruptible.   If this doesn't work, kill the process.  The Tcl/Tk version automatically
       creates periodic backups that may be recovered with "magic -r".

       Report bugs to magic-dev@csl.cornell.edu.  Please be specific: tell us exactly what you did to cause  the
       problem, what you expected to happen, and what happened instead.  If possible send along small files that
       we can use to reproduce the bug.  A list of known bugs  and  fixes  is  also  available  from  the  above
       address.  Tell us which version of magic you are running.