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NAME
test — evaluate expression
SYNOPSIS
test [expression]
[ [expression] ]
DESCRIPTION
The test utility shall evaluate the expression and indicate the result of the evaluation
by its exit status. An exit status of zero indicates that the expression evaluated as true
and an exit status of 1 indicates that the expression evaluated as false.
In the second form of the utility, which uses "[]" rather than test, the application shall
ensure that the square brackets are separate arguments.
OPTIONS
The test utility shall not recognize the "−−" argument in the manner specified by
Guideline 10 in the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2008, Section 12.2, Utility Syntax
Guidelines.
No options shall be supported.
OPERANDS
The application shall ensure that all operators and elements of primaries are presented as
separate arguments to the test utility.
The following primaries can be used to construct expression:
−b pathname
True if pathname resolves to en existing directory entry for a block special
file. False if pathname cannot be resolved, or if pathname resolves to an
existing directory entry for a file that is not a block special file.
−c pathname
True if pathname resolves to an existing directory entry for a character special
file. False if pathname cannot be resolved, or if pathname resolves to an
existing directory entry for a file that is not a character special file.
−d pathname
True if pathname resolves to an existing directory entry for a directory. False
if pathname cannot be resolved, or if pathname resolves to an existing directory
entry for a file that is not a directory.
−e pathname
True if pathname resolves to an existing directory entry. False if pathname
cannot be resolved.
−f pathname
True if pathname resolves to an existing directory entry for a regular file.
False if pathname cannot be resolved, or if pathname resolves to an existing
directory entry for a file that is not a regular file.
−g pathname
True if pathname resolves to an existing directory entry for a file that has its
set-group-ID flag set. False if pathname cannot be resolved, or if pathname
resolves to an existing directory entry for a file that does not have its set-
group-ID flag set.
−h pathname
True if pathname resolves to an existing directory entry for a symbolic link.
False if pathname cannot be resolved, or if pathname resolves to an existing
directory entry for a file that is not a symbolic link. If the final component
of pathname is a symbolic link, that symbolic link is not followed.
−L pathname
True if pathname resolves to an existing directory entry for a symbolic link.
False if pathname cannot be resolved, or if pathname resolves to an existing
directory entry for a file that is not a symbolic link. If the final component
of pathname is a symbolic link, that symbolic link is not followed.
−n string True if the length of string is non-zero; otherwise, false.
−p pathname
True if pathname resolves to an existing directory entry for a FIFO. False if
pathname cannot be resolved, or if pathname resolves to an existing directory
entry for a file that is not a FIFO.
−r pathname
True if pathname resolves to an existing directory entry for a file for which
permission to read from the file will be granted, as defined in Section 1.1.1.4,
File Read, Write, and Creation. False if pathname cannot be resolved, or if
pathname resolves to an existing directory entry for a file for which permission
to read from the file will not be granted.
−S pathname
True if pathname resolves to an existing directory entry for a socket. False if
pathname cannot be resolved, or if pathname resolves to an existing directory
entry for a file that is not a socket.
−s pathname
True if pathname resolves to an existing directory entry for a file that has a
size greater than zero. False if pathname cannot be resolved, or if pathname
resolves to an existing directory entry for a file that does not have a size
greater than zero.
−t file_descriptor
True if file descriptor number file_descriptor is open and is associated with a
terminal. False if file_descriptor is not a valid file descriptor number, or if
file descriptor number file_descriptor is not open, or if it is open but is not
associated with a terminal.
−u pathname
True if pathname resolves to an existing directory entry for a file that has its
set-user-ID flag set. False if pathname cannot be resolved, or if pathname
resolves to an existing directory entry for a file that does not have its set-
user-ID flag set.
−w pathname
True if pathname resolves to an existing directory entry for a file for which
permission to write to the file will be granted, as defined in Section 1.1.1.4,
File Read, Write, and Creation. False if pathname cannot be resolved, or if
pathname resolves to an existing directory entry for a file for which permission
to write to the file will not be granted.
−x pathname
True if pathname resolves to an existing directory entry for a file for which
permission to execute the file (or search it, if it is a directory) will be
granted, as defined in Section 1.1.1.4, File Read, Write, and Creation. False
if pathname cannot be resolved, or if pathname resolves to an existing directory
entry for a file for which permission to execute (or search) the file will not
be granted.
−z string True if the length of string string is zero; otherwise, false.
string True if the string string is not the null string; otherwise, false.
s1 = s2 True if the strings s1 and s2 are identical; otherwise, false.
s1 != s2 True if the strings s1 and s2 are not identical; otherwise, false.
n1 −eq n2 True if the integers n1 and n2 are algebraically equal; otherwise, false.
n1 −ne n2 True if the integers n1 and n2 are not algebraically equal; otherwise, false.
n1 −gt n2 True if the integer n1 is algebraically greater than the integer n2; otherwise,
false.
n1 −ge n2 True if the integer n1 is algebraically greater than or equal to the integer n2;
otherwise, false.
n1 −lt n2 True if the integer n1 is algebraically less than the integer n2; otherwise,
false.
n1 −le n2 True if the integer n1 is algebraically less than or equal to the integer n2;
otherwise, false.
expression1 −a expression2
True if both expression1 and expression2 are true; otherwise, false. The −a
binary primary is left associative. It has a higher precedence than −o.
expression1 −o expression2
True if either expression1 or expression2 is true; otherwise, false. The −o
binary primary is left associative.
With the exception of the −h pathname and −L pathname primaries, if a pathname argument is
a symbolic link, test shall evaluate the expression by resolving the symbolic link and
using the file referenced by the link.
These primaries can be combined with the following operators:
! expression
True if expression is false. False if expression is true.
( expression )
True if expression is true. False if expression is false. The parentheses can be
used to alter the normal precedence and associativity.
The primaries with two elements of the form:
−primary_operator primary_operand
are known as unary primaries. The primaries with three elements in either of the two
forms:
primary_operand −primary_operator primary_operand
primary_operand primary_operator primary_operand
are known as binary primaries. Additional implementation-defined operators and
primary_operators may be provided by implementations. They shall be of the form −operator
where the first character of operator is not a digit.
The algorithm for determining the precedence of the operators and the return value that
shall be generated is based on the number of arguments presented to test. (However, when
using the "[...]" form, the <right-square-bracket> final argument shall not be counted in
this algorithm.)
In the following list, $1, $2, $3, and $4 represent the arguments presented to test:
0 arguments:
Exit false (1).
1 argument: Exit true (0) if $1 is not null; otherwise, exit false.
2 arguments:
* If $1 is '!', exit true if $2 is null, false if $2 is not null.
* If $1 is a unary primary, exit true if the unary test is true, false if
the unary test is false.
* Otherwise, produce unspecified results.
3 arguments:
* If $2 is a binary primary, perform the binary test of $1 and $3.
* If $1 is '!', negate the two-argument test of $2 and $3.
* If $1 is '(' and $3 is ')', perform the unary test of $2. On systems that
do not support the XSI option, the results are unspecified if $1 is '('
and $3 is ')'.
* Otherwise, produce unspecified results.
4 arguments:
* If $1 is '!', negate the three-argument test of $2, $3, and $4.
* If $1 is '(' and $4 is ')', perform the two-argument test of $2 and $3.
On systems that do not support the XSI option, the results are unspecified
if $1 is '(' and $4 is ')'.
* Otherwise, the results are unspecified.
>4 arguments:
The results are unspecified.
On XSI-conformant systems, combinations of primaries and operators shall be
evaluated using the precedence and associativity rules described previously.
In addition, the string comparison binary primaries '=' and "!=" shall have a
higher precedence than any unary primary.
STDIN
Not used.
INPUT FILES
None.
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
The following environment variables shall affect the execution of test:
LANG Provide a default value for the internationalization variables that are unset or
null. (See the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2008, Section 8.2,
Internationalization Variables for the precedence of internationalization
variables used to determine the values of locale categories.)
LC_ALL If set to a non-empty string value, override the values of all the other
internationalization variables.
LC_CTYPE Determine the locale for the interpretation of sequences of bytes of text data
as characters (for example, single-byte as opposed to multi-byte characters in
arguments).
LC_MESSAGES
Determine the locale that should be used to affect the format and contents of
diagnostic messages written to standard error.
NLSPATH Determine the location of message catalogs for the processing of LC_MESSAGES.
ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS
Default.
STDOUT
Not used.
STDERR
The standard error shall be used only for diagnostic messages.
OUTPUT FILES
None.
EXTENDED DESCRIPTION
None.
EXIT STATUS
The following exit values shall be returned:
0 expression evaluated to true.
1 expression evaluated to false or expression was missing.
>1 An error occurred.
CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS
Default.
The following sections are informative.
APPLICATION USAGE
The XSI extensions specifying the −a and −o binary primaries and the '(' and ')' operators
have been marked obsolescent. (Many expressions using them are ambiguously defined by the
grammar depending on the specific expressions being evaluated.) Scripts using these
expressions should be converted to the forms given below. Even though many implementations
will continue to support these obsolescent forms, scripts should be extremely careful when
dealing with user-supplied input that could be confused with these and other primaries and
operators. Unless the application developer knows all the cases that produce input to the
script, invocations like:
test "$1" −a "$2"
should be written as:
test "$1" && test "$2"
to avoid problems if a user supplied values such as $1 set to '!' and $2 set to the null
string. That is, in cases where maximal portability is of concern, replace:
test expr1 −a expr2
with:
test expr1 && test expr2
and replace:
test expr1 −o expr2
with:
test expr1 || test expr2
but note that, in test, −a has higher precedence than −o while "&&" and "||" have equal
precedence in the shell.
Parentheses or braces can be used in the shell command language to effect grouping.
Parentheses must be escaped when using sh; for example:
test \( expr1 −a expr2 \) −o expr3
This command is not always portable even on XSI-conformant systems depending on the
expressions specified by expr1, expr2, and expr3. The following form can be used instead:
( test expr1 && test expr2 ) || test expr3
The two commands:
test "$1"
test ! "$1"
could not be used reliably on some historical systems. Unexpected results would occur if
such a string expression were used and $1 expanded to '!', '(', or a known unary primary.
Better constructs are:
test −n "$1"
test −z "$1"
respectively.
Historical systems have also been unreliable given the common construct:
test "$response" = "expected string"
One of the following is a more reliable form:
test "X$response" = "Xexpected string"
test "expected string" = "$response"
Note that the second form assumes that expected string could not be confused with any
unary primary. If expected string starts with '−', '(', '!', or even '=', the first form
should be used instead. Using the preceding rules without the XSI marked extensions, any
of the three comparison forms is reliable, given any input. (However, note that the
strings are quoted in all cases.)
Because the string comparison binary primaries, '=' and "!=", have a higher precedence
than any unary primary in the greater than 4 argument case, unexpected results can occur
if arguments are not properly prepared. For example, in:
test −d $1 −o −d $2
If $1 evaluates to a possible directory name of '=', the first three arguments are
considered a string comparison, which shall cause a syntax error when the second −d is
encountered. One of the following forms prevents this; the second is preferred:
test \( −d "$1" \) −o \( −d "$2" \)
test −d "$1" || test −d "$2"
Also in the greater than 4 argument case:
test "$1" = "bat" −a "$2" = "ball"
syntax errors occur if $1 evaluates to '(' or '!'. One of the following forms prevents
this; the third is preferred:
test "X$1" = "Xbat" −a "X$2" = "Xball"
test "$1" = "bat" && test "$2" = "ball"
test "X$1" = "Xbat" && test "X$2" = "Xball"
EXAMPLES
1. Exit if there are not two or three arguments (two variations):
if [ $# −ne 2 ] && [ $# −ne 3 ]; then exit 1; fi
if [ $# −lt 2 ] || [ $# −gt 3 ]; then exit 1; fi
2. Perform a mkdir if a directory does not exist:
test ! −d tempdir && mkdir tempdir
3. Wait for a file to become non-readable:
while test −r thefile
do
sleep 30
done
echo '"thefile" is no longer readable'
4. Perform a command if the argument is one of three strings (two variations):
if [ "$1" = "pear" ] || [ "$1" = "grape" ] || [ "$1" = "apple" ]
then
command
fi
case "$1" in
pear|grape|apple) command ;;
esac
RATIONALE
The KornShell-derived conditional command (double bracket [[]]) was removed from the shell
command language description in an early proposal. Objections were raised that the real
problem is misuse of the test command ([), and putting it into the shell is the wrong way
to fix the problem. Instead, proper documentation and a new shell reserved word (!) are
sufficient.
Tests that require multiple test operations can be done at the shell level using
individual invocations of the test command and shell logicals, rather than using the
error-prone −o flag of test.
XSI-conformant systems support more than four arguments.
XSI-conformant systems support the combining of primaries with the following constructs:
expression1 −a expression2
True if both expression1 and expression2 are true.
expression1 −o expression2
True if at least one of expression1 and expression2 are true.
( expression )
True if expression is true.
In evaluating these more complex combined expressions, the following precedence rules are
used:
* The unary primaries have higher precedence than the algebraic binary primaries.
* The unary primaries have lower precedence than the string binary primaries.
* The unary and binary primaries have higher precedence than the unary string primary.
* The ! operator has higher precedence than the −a operator, and the −a operator has
higher precedence than the −o operator.
* The −a and −o operators are left associative.
* The parentheses can be used to alter the normal precedence and associativity.
The BSD and System V versions of −f are not the same. The BSD definition was:
−f file True if file exists and is not a directory.
The SVID version (true if the file exists and is a regular file) was chosen for this
volume of POSIX.1‐2008 because its use is consistent with the −b, −c, −d, and −p operands
(file exists and is a specific file type).
The −e primary, possessing similar functionality to that provided by the C shell, was
added because it provides the only way for a shell script to find out if a file exists
without trying to open the file. Since implementations are allowed to add additional file
types, a portable script cannot use:
test −b foo −o −c foo −o −d foo −o −f foo −o −p foo
to find out if foo is an existing file. On historical BSD systems, the existence of a file
could be determined by:
test −f foo −o −d foo
but there was no easy way to determine that an existing file was a regular file. An early
proposal used the KornShell −a primary (with the same meaning), but this was changed to −e
because there were concerns about the high probability of humans confusing the −a primary
with the −a binary operator.
The following options were not included in this volume of POSIX.1‐2008, although they are
provided by some implementations. These operands should not be used by new implementations
for other purposes:
−k file True if file exists and its sticky bit is set.
−C file True if file is a contiguous file.
−V file True if file is a version file.
The following option was not included because it was undocumented in most implementations,
has been removed from some implementations (including System V), and the functionality is
provided by the shell (see Section 2.6.2, Parameter Expansion.
−l string The length of the string string.
The −b, −c, −g, −p, −u, and −x operands are derived from the SVID; historical BSD does not
provide them. The −k operand is derived from System V; historical BSD does not provide it.
On historical BSD systems, test −w directory always returned false because test tried to
open the directory for writing, which always fails.
Some additional primaries newly invented or from the KornShell appeared in an early
proposal as part of the conditional command ([[]]): s1 > s2, s1 < s2, str = pattern, str
!= pattern, f1 −nt f2, f1 −ot f2, and f1 −ef f2. They were not carried forward into the
test utility when the conditional command was removed from the shell because they have not
been included in the test utility built into historical implementations of the sh utility.
The −t file_descriptor primary is shown with a mandatory argument because the grammar is
ambiguous if it can be omitted. Historical implementations have allowed it to be omitted,
providing a default of 1.
It is noted that '[' is not part of the portable filename character set; however, since it
is required to be encoded by a single byte, and is part of the portable character set, the
name of this utility forms a character string across all supported locales.
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
None.
SEE ALSO
Section 1.1.1.4, File Read, Write, and Creation, find
The Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2008, Chapter 8, Environment Variables, Section
12.2, Utility Syntax Guidelines
COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form from IEEE Std
1003.1, 2013 Edition, Standard for Information Technology -- Portable Operating System
Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 7, Copyright (C) 2013 by the
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. (This is
POSIX.1-2008 with the 2013 Technical Corrigendum 1 applied.) In the event of any
discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard, the
original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee document. The original Standard
can be obtained online at http://www.unix.org/online.html .
Any typographical or formatting errors that appear in this page are most likely to have
been introduced during the conversion of the source files to man page format. To report
such errors, see https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/reporting_bugs.html .